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Temperature considering the reaction btn;

1.CHEMICAL REACTION RATES sodium thiosulphate
and HCl
Concentration metal(Mg,Zn,Ca) and acid (HCl)

Serious notes while writing the following;

Aim :it should have key words related to the topic

Variables :measurements of experiment that can be changed or be controlled

Independent A measurement an experimenter(i.e a student) changes for each data

variable set collected

Dependent A measurement that changes in response to what the experimenter

variable has changed for each data set collected

Controlled A measurement that remains unchanged for all the data set
variable collected(kept constant)

Degree of accuracy for different apparatus

Apparatus unit Degree of accuracy Example

3
Measuring cylinder cm 1 d.p 0.0

20.0
Stop clock S
0
15.0
Thermometer C

Considering concentration

Effect of concentration on rate of a chemical reaction

Scenarios Considering the reaction between Considering the reaction between solid X (a
sodium thiosulphate and metal e.g Mg/Ca/Zn) and acid(hydrochloric
hydrochloric where we vary the acid) where we vary the volume of the acid
volume of sodium thiosulphate used by adding distilled water
used by adding distilled water

Aim An experiment to determine the An experiment to determine the effect of

effect of concentration on the rate concentration on the rate of a chemical
of a chemical reaction between reaction between solid X( Mg/Ca/Zn) and
sodium thiosuphate and Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid

Hypothesis Increase in concentration increases Increase in concentration increases the rate

the rate of a chemical reaction of a chemical reaction between solid X( Mg/
between sodium thiosulphate and Ca/Zn )and Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid

Variables Independent :volume of sodium Independent :volume of hydrochloric acid

thiosulphate
Dependent: time taken
Dependent: time taken
Controlled :mass of solid which is kept
Controlled :volume of hydrochloric constant
acid which is kept constant

Materials Sodium thiosulphate Solid X (Magnesium /calcium/zinc)

and
Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid
apparatus
Stop clock Stop clock

Measuring cylinder Measuring cylinder

Distilled water Distilled water

Piece of white paper Piece of white paper

Conical flask Plastic beaker

Risks and Acid spills hence causing burns/body irritations.mitigated by wearing gloves,lab
mitigations coat
3
Procedure 1. Across mark was written on a 1. 60cm of hydrochloric acid was
 white sheet of paper using a blue measured using a measuring
ink pen cylinder and transferred into a
3 clean plastic beaker
2. 50cm of sodium thiosulphate
solution was measured using a 2. Solid X was then added at once
measuring cylinder and in the plastic beaker containing
transferred into a clean conical the acid and immediately the
flask and placed on a white stop clock was started
sheet of paper
3. The mixture was swirled and
3
3. 10cm of hydrochloric acid was the time taken for the solid to
added into the conical flask and disappear was noted and
immediately the stop clock was recorded using a stop clock
started
4. Procedures 1 to 3 were repeated
3
4. The mixture was swirled and with 50,40,30,20,10cm of
the time taken for the cross to hydrochloric acid followed by
3
disappear was noted and 10,20,30,40 and 50cm of distilled
recorded using a stop clock water

5. Procedures 1 to 4 were 5. The values of 1/t are calculated

3
repeated with 40,30,20,10cm of
6. The results were tabulated
sodium thiosulphate solution
3
followed by 10,20,30,and 40cm
of distilled water

6. The values of 1/t are calculated

7. The results were tabulated

3
Data volume of hydrochloric acid;10cm mass of X ;……g
recording
Experiment Experiment
and
presentatio 1 1
n
2 2

3 3

4 4
3
Volume of acid(cm ) 5
3
Volume of acid(cm )
 3
Volume of sodium thiosulphate (cm )

3
Volume of water added(cm )

3
Volume of water added(cm )

Time (s)

Time (s)

-1
1/t (s )
-1
1/t (s )
Data
recording
and
presentatio
n

Data A graph of 1/t against volume of A graph of 1/t against volume of

analysis sodium thiosulphate used is plotted . solution X used is plotted .
and
Interpretation; Interpretation;
interpretati
on A graph of 1/t against volume of A graph of 1/t against volume of
sodium thiosulphate is a straight line solution X is a straight line with a
with a positive gradient indicating that positive gradient indicating that rate of
rate of reaction is directly proportional reaction is directly proportional to
to concentration concentration

Conclusion The rate of a chemical reaction The rate of a chemical reaction

increases with increase in concentration increases with increase in concentration

Considering Temperature

Effect of Temperature on rate of a chemical reaction

Scenarios Considering the reaction between Considering the reaction between solid X (a
sodium thiosulphate and metal e.g Mg/Ca/Zn) and acid(Hydrochloric
hydrochloric where we vary the acid) where we vary the temperature of the
temperature of sodium acid used by boiling it
thiosulphate used by boiling it

Aim An experiment to determine the An experiment to determine the effect of

effect of temperature on the rate temperature on the rate of a chemical
of a chemical reaction between reaction between solid X( Mg/Ca/Zn )and
sodium thiosuphate and Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hypothesis Increase in temperature increases Increase in temperature increases the rate of
the rate of a chemical reaction a chemical reaction between Solid X( Mg/Ca/
between sodium thiosulphate and Zn )and Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid

Variables Independent :Temperature of the Independent : Temperature of the reaction

reaction
Dependent: time taken
Dependent: time taken
Controlled :mass of solid which is kept
Controlled :volume of sodium constant
thiosulphate which is kept
constant

Materials Sodium thiosulphate Solid X (Magnesium /calcium/zinc)

and
Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid
apparatus
Stop clock Stop clock

Measuring cylinder Measuring cylinder

Distilled water Distilled water

Piece of white paper Thermometer

Conical flask Conical flask

Thermometer

Risks and Acid spills hence causing burns/body irritations.mitigated by wearing gloves,lab
mitigations coat

Breaking of the thermometer causing cuts hence pain.mitigated by proper

handling of the thermometer.
3
Procedure 1. Across mark was written on a 1. 20cm of hydrochloric acid was
white sheet of paper using a measured using a measuring
blue ink pen cylinder and transferred into a
3 clean conical flask
2. 30cm of sodium thiosulphate
solution was measured using a 2. Solid X was then added at once
measuring cylinder and in the plastic beaker containing
transferred into a clean conical the acid and immediately the
 flask and placed on a white sheet of stop clock was started
paper
3. The mixture was swirled and
3
3. 10cm of hydrochloric acid was the time taken for the solid to
added into the conical flask and disappear was noted and
immediately the stop clock was recorded using a stop clock
started
8. Procedures 1 to 3 were repeated
4. The mixture was swirled and by warming hydrochloric acid
0 0 0 0
the time taken for the cross to upto 45 C,55 C,65 C and 75 C
disappear was noted and
9. The values of 1/t are calculated
recorded using a stop clock
4. The results were tabulated
5. Procedures 1 to 4 were
repeated by warming sodium
0 0 0
thiosulphate upto 45 C,55 C,65 C
0
and 75 C

6. The values of 1/t are calculated

7. The results were tabulated

3
Data volume of sodium thiosulphate;30cm mass of X ;……g
recording
Experiment
and
presentatio 1 Experiment
n
2 1

3 2

4 3
0
Temperature of solution( C) 4

5
0
Temperature of solution( C)

3
Volume of sodium thiosulphate (cm )
 3
Volume of acid(cm )

3
Volume of acid(cm )

Time (s)

Time (s)

-1 -1
1/t (s ) 1/t (s )

Data A graph of 1/t against temperature is A graph of 1/t against temperature is

analysis plotted . plotted .
and
Interpretation; Interpretation;
interpretati
on A graph of 1/t against temperature is a A graph of 1/t against temperature is a
 straight line with a positive gradient straight line with a positive gradient
indicating that rate of reaction is indicating that rate of reaction is
directly proportional to temperature directly proportional to temperature

Conclusion The rate of a chemical reaction The rate of a chemical reaction

increases with increase in temperature increases with increase in temperature

2.REACTIVITY
SERIES