APPENDICES & REFERENCES

APPENDIX E—EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-METRIC, AND

U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
1 MPa 10 kgf/cm2 145 psi
fc′ = 21 MPa fc′ = 210 kgf/cm2 fc′ = 3000 psi
fc′ = 28 MPa fc′ = 280 kgf/cm2 fc′ = 4000 psi
fc′ = 35 MPa fc′ = 350 kgf/cm2 fc′ = 5000 psi
fc′ = 40 MPa fc′ = 420 kgf/cm2 fc′ = 6000 psi
fy = 280 MPa fy = 2800 kgf/cm2 fy = 40,000 psi
fy = 420 MPa fy = 4200 kgf/cm2 fy = 60,000 psi
fy = 550 MPa fy = 5600 kgf/cm2 fy = 80,000 psi
fy = 690 MPa fy = 7000 kgf/cm2 fy = 100,000 psi
fpu = 1725 MPa fpu = 17,600 kgf/cm2 fpu = 250,000 psi
fpu = 1860 MPa fpu = 19,000 kgf/cm2 fpu = 270,000 psi
f c′ in MPa 3.18 f c′ in kgf/cm2 12 f c′ in psi

0.313 f c′ in MPa f c′ in kgf/cm2 3.77 f c′ in psi

0.083 f c′ in MPa 0.27 f c′ in kgf/cm2 f c′ in psi

0.17 f c′ in MPa 0.53 f c′ in kgf/cm2 2 f c′ in psi

6.6.4.5.4 M2,min = Pu(15 + 0.03h) M2,min = Pu(1.5 + 0.03h) M2,min = Pu(0.6 + 0.03h)
 fy   fy   fy 

C Conv. Tables
7.3.1.1.1  0.4 + 700   0.4 + 7000   0.4 + 100, 000 

7.3.1.1.2 (1.65 – 0.0003wc) (1.65 – 0.0003wc) (1.65 – 0.005wc)

bw s bw s bw s
7.7.3.5(c) 0.41 4.2 60
f yt f yt f yt

 fy   fy   fy 
 n  0.8 +   n  0.8 +  0.8 + 200, 000 
8.3.1.2(b)  1400   14, 000  n

h= ≥ 125 mm h = ≥ 12.5 cm h= ≥ 5 in.

36 + 5β(α fm − 0.2) 36 + 5β(α fm − 0.2) 36 + 5β(α fm − 0.2)

 fy   fy   fy 
 n  0.8 +  n  0.8 +  n  0.8 +
8.3.1.2(d)  1400   14, 000   200, 000 
h= ≥ 90 mm h= ≥ 9 cm h= ≥ 3.5 in.
36 + 9β 36 + 9β 36 + 9β

8.3.4.1 ft ≤ 0.50 f c′ ft ≤ 1.6 f c′ ft ≤ 6 f c′

0.17 f c′ 0.53 f c′ 2 f c′
8.6.2.3
0.50 f c′ 1.6 f c′ 6 f c′

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 ACI 318-25: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)

0.37 f c′c2 d 1.2 f c′c2 d 4.5 f c′c2 d

As = As = As =
8.7.5.6.3.1(a) fy fy fy
and (b) 2.1c2 d 21c2 d 300c2 d
As = As = As =
fy fy fy

8.7.7.1.2 ϕ0.5 f c′ ϕ1.6 f c′ ϕ6 f c′

 fy   fy   fy 
9.3.1.1.1  0.4 + 700   0.4 + 7000   0.4 + 100, 000 

9.3.1.1.2 (1.65 – 0.0003wc) (1.65 – 0.0003wc) (1.65 – 0.005wc)

0.25 f c′ 0.80 f c′ 3 f c′
bw d bw d bw d
9.6.1.2(a) and fy fy fy
(b)
1.4 14 200
bw d bw d bw d
fy fy fy

9.6.3.1 Vu > 0.083ϕλ f c′ bwd Vu > 0.27ϕλ f c′ bwd Vu > ϕλ f c′ bwd

Av , min bw Av , min bw Av , min bw

 0.062 f c  0.2 f c  0.75 f c
s f yt s f yt s f yt
9.6.3.4
Av , min bw Av , min bw Av ,min bw
 0.35 f c  3.5 f c  50 f c
s f yt s f yt s f yt

bw bw bw
 Av  2 At min / s  0.062 f c  Av  2 At min / s  0.2 f c  Av  2 At min / s  0.75 f c
f yt f yt f yt
9.6.4.2(a) and
(b) bw bw
bw  Av  2 At min / s  3.5 f c  Av  2 At min / s  50 f c
 Av  2 At min / s  0.35 f c
f yt f yt
f yt

0.42 f c′Acp A f yt 1.33 f c′Acp A f yt 5 f c′Acp A f yt

Aℓ,min ≤ −  t  ph Aℓ,min ≤ −  t  ph Aℓ,min ≤ −  t  ph
fy  s fy fy  s fy fy  s fy
9.6.4.3(a) and
(b)  1.75bw  5 f c′Acp  25bw  f yt
0.42 f c′Acp  0.175bw  f yt 1.33 f c′Acp f yt
Aℓ,min ≤ −  ph f Aℓ,min ≤ −  ph f Aℓ,min ≤ −  ph
fy  f yt  y
fy  f yt  y
fy  f yt  fy

bw s bw s bw s
9.7.3.5(c) 0.41 4.2 60
f yt f yt f yt

9.7.6.2.2 0.33 f c′ bwd 1.1 f c′ bwd 4 f c′ bwd

9.9.2.1 Vu ≤ ϕ0.83 f c′ bwd Vu ≤ ϕ2.65 f c′ bwd Vu ≤ ϕ10 f c′ bwd

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 APPENDICES & REFERENCES

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
bw s bw s bw s
Av,min ≥ 0.062 f c′ Av,min ≥ 0.2 f c′ Av,min ≥ 0.75 f c′
f yt f yt f yt
10.6.2.2 bw s bw s bw s
Av,min ≥ 0.35 Av,min ≥ 3.5 Av,min ≥ 50
f yt f yt f yt

10.7.6.5.2 0.33 f c′ bwd 1.1 f c′ bwd 4 f c′ bwd

11.5.4.2 0.67 f c′ Acv 2.12 f c′ Acv 8 f c′ Acv

Vn = (αcλ f c′ + ρt fy)Acv Vn = (αcλ f c′ + ρt fy)Acv Vn = (αcλ f c′ + ρt fy)Acv

hw hw hw
αc = 0.25 for ≤ 1.5 αc = 0.80 for ≤ 1.5 αc = 3.0 for ≤ 1.5
11.5.4.3 w w w

hw hw hw
αc = 0.17 for ≥ 2.0 αc = 0.53 for ≥ 2.0 αc = 2.0 for ≥ 2.0
w w w

 Nu   N   Nu 
11.5.4.4 α c = 0.17 1 +  ≥ 0.0 α c = 0.53 1 + u  ≥ 0.0 α c = 2 1 +  ≥ 0.0
 3.5 Ag   35 Ag   500 Ag 

11.6.1 Vu ≤ 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv Vu ≤ 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv Vu ≤ 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv

11.6.2 Vu > 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv Vu > 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv Vu > 0.5ϕαcλ f c′ Acv
Vn = Acv(0.17λ f c′ + ρt fy) Vn = Acv(0.53λ f c′ + ρt fy) Vn = Acv(2λ f c′ + ρt fy)
12.5.3.3
f c′ ≤ 8.3 MPa f c′ ≤ 27 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 100 psi

C Conv. Tables
Vu ≤ ϕ0.66Acv f c′ Vu ≤ ϕ2.1Acv f c′ Vu ≤ ϕ8Acv f c′
12.5.3.4
f c′ ≤ 8.3 MPa f c′ ≤ 27 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 100 psi

13.2.6.2(a) Vc  0.17 f cbw d Vc  0.53 f cbw d Vc  2 f cbw d

13.3.6.1.1 Vc  0.17 f cbw d Vc  0.53 f cbw d Vc  2 f cbw d

13.3.7.1(c) Vc  0.17 f cbw d Vc  0.53 f cbw d Vc  2 f cbw d

13.4.6.8(a) Vc  0.17 f cbw d Vc  0.53 f cbw d Vc  2 f cbw d

14.5.2.1(a) Mn = 0.42λ f c′ Sm Mn = 1.33λ f c′ Sm Mn = 5λ f c′ Sm

M u Pu M u Pu M u Pu
14.5.4.1(a) − ≤ φ0.42λ f c′ − ≤ φ1.33λ f c′ − ≤ φ5λ f c′
Sm Ag Sm Ag Sm Ag

4
14.5.5.1(a) Vn = 0.11λ f c′ bwh Vn = 0.35λ f c′ bwh Vn = λ f c′ bwh
3

   2  2 4
V= 0.11 1 +  λ f c′bo h Vn = 0.35 1 +  λ f c′bo h Vn =1 + β  3 λ f c′bo h
14.5.5.1(b) n
 β  β  
and (c) 4 
Vn 2  λ f c′bo h
=
Vn 0.22 λ f c′bo h
= Vn 0.71λ f c′bo h
= 3 

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 ACI 318-25: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)

2.0λ f c′ Aj 6.4λ f c′ Aj 24λ f c′ Aj

1.7λ f c′ Aj 5.3λ f c′ Aj 20λ f c′ Aj

15.5.2.1
1.3λ f c′ Aj 4.0λ f c′ Aj 15λ f c′ Aj

1.0λ f c′ Aj 3.2λ f c′ Aj 12λ f c′ Aj

 Av f yt   Av f yt   Av f yt 
λ 1.8 + 0.6 bv d λ 18 + 0.6 bv d λ  260 + 0.6 bv d
 bv s   bv s   bv s 
16.4.4.1
3.5bvd 35bvd 500bvd
0.55bvd 5.6bvd 80bvd
bv s bv s bv s
16.4.6.1 Avf , min ≥ 0.35 Avf , min ≥ 3.5 Avf ,min ≥ 50
fy fy fy
(3.3 + 0.08fc′)bwd (34 + 0.08fc′)bwd (480 + 0.08fc′)bwd
16.5.2.4(b)
and (c)
11bwd 110bwd 1600bwd
 av   av   av 
16.5.2.5(b)  5.5 − 1.9 d  bw d  55 − 20 d  bw d  800 − 280 d  bw d

Nb = kcλa f c′ hef1.5 Nb = kcλa f c′ hef1.5 Nb = kcλa f c′ hef1.5

17.6.2.2.1
kc = 10 or 7 kc = 10 or 7 kc = 24 or 17
17.6.2.2.3 Nb = 3.9λa f c′ hef5/3 Nb = 5.8λa f c′ hef5/3 Nb = 16λa f c′ hef5/3

17.6.4.1 Nsb = 13ca1 Abrg λa f c′ Nsb = 42.5ca1 Abrg λa ′ Nsb = 160ca1 Abrg λa f c′

τ uncr τ uncr τ uncr

17.6.5.1.2b 10d a 10d a 10d a
7.6 76 1100
0.2 0.2 0.2
     
17.7.2.2.1a
= Vb 0.6  e  da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5 Vb 1.9  e 
= da λ a f c′(c=
a1 )
1.5
Vb 7  e  da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5
 da   da   da 

f c′ ( ca1 ) f c′ ( ca1 ) f c′ ( ca1 )

1.5 1.5 1.5
17.7.2.2.1b Vb = 3.7λa Vb = 3.8λa Vb = 9λa
0.2 0.2 0.2
     
17.7.2.2.2
= Vb 0.66  e  f c′(ca1 )1.5 Vb 2.1 e 
da λ a = da λ a f c′(c=
a1 )
1.5
Vb 8  e  da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5
 da   da   da 

 350 − hx   35 − hx   14 − hx 
18.7.5.3 so 100 + 
= s= 10 +  so= 4 + 
3   3   3 
o


f c′ f c′ f c′
18.7.5.4(a) kf = + 0.6 ≥ 1.0 kf = + 0.6 ≥ 1.0 =kf + 0.6 ≥ 1.0
175 1750 25, 000

1.7λ f c′ Aj 5.3λ f c′ Aj 20λ f c′ Aj

1.3λ f c′ Aj 4.0λ f c′ Aj 15λ f c′ Aj

18.8.4.3
1.0λ f c′ Aj 3.2λ f c′ Aj 12λ f c′ Aj

0.66λ f c′ Aj 2.1λ f c′ Aj 8λ f c′ Aj

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 APPENDICES & REFERENCES

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
18.8.5.1  dh = f y db /(5.4λ f c′) = dh f y db /(17λ f c′) = dh f y db /(65λ f c′)

18.10.2.1 0.083λ f c′ Acv 0.27λ f c′ Acv λ f c′ Acv

18.10.2.2 0.17λ f c′ Acv 0.53λ f c′ Acv 2λ f c′ Acv

f c′ f c′ f c′
18.10.2.4 0.50 1.6 6
fy fy fy


Vn   c  f c  t f y Acv  
Vn   c  f c  t f y Acv  
Vn   c  f c  t f y Acv 
hw hw hw
αc = 0.25 for ≤ 1.5 αc = 0.80 for ≤ 1.5 αc = 3.0 for ≤ 1.5
18.10.4.1 w w w

hw hw hw
αc = 0.17 for ≥ 2.0 αc = 0.53 for ≥ 2.0 αc =2.0 for ≥ 2.0
w w w

 sh 0.66 f c Acv  sh 2.12 f c Acv  sh 8 f c Acv

18.10.4.4
 sh 0.83 f c Acv  sh 2.65 f c Acv  sh 10 f c Acv

18.10.4.5 0.83 f c′ Acw 2.65 f c′ Acw 10 f c′ Acw

δc 1  1  l   c Vu  δc 1  1  l   c Vu  δc 1  1  l   c Vu 
18.10.6.2b = 4 −  w    −
hwcs 100 

50  b   b  0.66 f c′Acv 
= 4 −  w    −
hwcs 100 

50  b   b  2.1 f c′Acv 
= 4 −  w    −
hwcs 100 

50  b   b  8 f c′Acv 

18.10.6.5(a) 0.083λ f c′ Acv 0.27λ f c′ Acv λ f c′ Acv

C Conv. Tables
18.10.6.5(b) 2.8/fy 28/fy 400/fy

18.10.7.2 0.33λ f c′ Acw 1.1λ f c′ Acw 4λ f c′ Acw

18.10.7.4 Vn = 2Avd fysinα ≤ 0.83 f c′ Acw Vn = 2Avd fysinα ≤ 2.65 f c′ Acw Vn = 2Avd fysinα ≤ 10 f c′ Acw

bw s bw s bw s
Av,min ≥ 0.062 f c′ Av,min ≥ 0.2 f c′ Av,min ≥ 0.75 f c′
f yt f yt f yt
18.12.7.7
bw s bw s bw s
Av,min ≥ 0.35 Av,min ≥ 3.5 Av,min ≥ 50
f yt f yt f yt

18.12.9.1 Vn = Acv(0.17λ f c′ + ρt fy) Vn = Acv(0.53λ f c′ + ρt fy) Vn = Acv(2λ f c′ + ρt fy)

18.12.9.2 0.66 f c′ Acv 2.12 f c′ Acv 8 f c′ Acv

18.14.5.3 0.29 f c′ 0.93 f c′ 3.5 f c′

19.2.2.1(a) Ec = wc1.50.043 f c′ Ec = wc1.50.14 f c′ Ec = wc1.533 f c′

19.2.2.1(b) Ec = 4700 f c′ Ec = 15,100 f c′ Ec = 57,000 f c′

19.2.3.1 fr = 0.62λ f c′ fr = 2λ f c′ fr = 7.5λ f c′

19.2.4.1 0.00047 wc ≤ 1.0 0.00047 wc ≤ 1.0 0.0075wc ≤ 1.0

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 ACI 318-25: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
f c′ f c′ f c′
fse + 70 + fse + 700 + fse + 10,000 +
100ρ p 100ρ p 100ρ p
fse + 420 fse + 4200 fse + 60,000
20.3.2.4.1
f c′ f c′ f c′
fse + 70 + fse + 700 + fse + 10,000 +
300ρ p 300ρ p 300ρ p
fse + 210 fse + 2100 fse + 30,000
 f   f   f 
21.2.3 ℓtr =  se  db ℓtr =  se  db ℓtr =  se  db
 21   210   3000 

0.05 ( f c′ − 28) 0.05 ( f c′ − 280) 0.05 ( f c′ − 4000 )

22.2.2.4.3(b) 0.85 − 0.85 − 0.85 −
7 70 1000

22.5.1.2 Vu ≤ ϕ(Vc + 0.66 f c′ bwd) Vu ≤ ϕ(Vc + 2.2 f c′ bwd) Vu ≤ ϕ(Vc + 8 f c′ bwd)

 Nu   Nu   Nu 
22.5.5.1(a)  0.17λ f c′ + 6 A  bw d  0.53λ f c′ + 6 A  bw d  2λ f c′ + 6 A  bw d
 g   g   g 

 1
Nu   1
N   1
Nu 
22.5.5.1(b)  0.66 λ (ρ ) 3
f c′ + bw d 2.1λ (ρ ) 3
f c′ + bw d 8λ (ρ ) 3
f c′ + bw d
6 Ag   6 Ag   6 Ag 
w w w
  

 1
Nu   1
Nu   1
Nu 
22.5.5.1(c)  0.66λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ + bw d  2.1λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ + bw d  8λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ + bw d
3 3 3

 6 Ag   6 Ag   6 Ag 

22.5.5.1.1 0.42λ f c′bw d 1.33λ f c′bw d 5λ f c′bw d

2 2 2
s  1 s  1 s  1
22.5.5.1.3 d d d
1 1 1
254 25.4 10

Vi M cre Vi M cre Vi M cre

22.5.6.2.1a Vci = 0.05λ f c′ bwdp + Vd + Vci = 0.16λ f c′ bwdp + Vd + Vci = 0.6λ f c′ bwdp + Vd +
M max M max M max

22.5.6.2.1b Vci = 0.14λ f c′ bwd Vci = 0.45λ f c′ bwd Vci = 1.7λ f c′ bwd

22.5.6.2.1c Vci = 0.17λ f c′ bwd Vci = 0.53λ f c′ bwd Vci = 2λ f c′ bwd

 I  I  I
22.5.6.21d Mcre =   (0.5λ f c′ + fpe – fd) Mcre =   (1.6λ f c′ + fpe – fd) Mcre =   (6λ f c′ + fpe – fd)
 yt   yt   yt 

22.5.6.2.2 Vcw = (0.29λ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp Vcw = (0.93λ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp Vcw = (3.5λ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp

22.5.6.2.3 0.33λ f c′ 1.1λ f c′ 4λ f c′

22.5.8.6.2(b) Vs = 0.25 f c′ bwd Vs = 0.8 f c′ bwd Vs = 3 f c′ bwd

22.6.3.1 f c′ ≤ 8.3 MPa f c′ ≤ 27 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 100 psi

22.6.5.2(a) vc = 0.33λsλ f c′ vc = 1.1λsλ f c′ vc = 4λsλ f c′

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 APPENDICES & REFERENCES

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
 2  2  4
22.6.5.2(b) =vc 0.17 1 +  λ s λ f c′ =vc 0.53 1 +  λ s λ f c′ vc=  2 +  λ s λ f c′
 β  β  β

 α d  α d  α d
22.6.5.2(c) =vc 0.083  2 + s  λ s λ f c′ =vc 0.27  2 + s  λ s λ f c′ vc=  2 + s  λ s λ f c′
 bo   bo   bo 

′ ≤ 5.8 MPa f c′ ≤ 19 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 70 psi

22.6.5.5
fpc ≤ 3.5 MPa fpc ≤ 35 kgf/cm 2
fpc ≤ 500 psi

22.6.5.5a vc = 0.29λs f c′ + 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod) vc = 0.93λs f c′ + 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod) vc = 3.5λs f c′ + 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod)

 α d  α d  α d
vc = 0.083 1.5 + s  λ f c′ vc = 0.27 1.5 + s  λ f c′ =vc 1.5 + s  λ f c′
22.6.5.5b  bo   bo   bo 
+ 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod) + 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod) + 0.3fpc + Vp/(bod)
22.6.6.1(a)
0.17λsλ ′ 0.53λsλ f c′ 2λsλ f c′
and (e)

22.6.6.1(b) 0.25λsλ f c′ 0.80λsλ f c′ 3λsλ f c′

 0.33   1.06   4
22.6.6.1(c)  0.17 + β  λ s λ f c′  0.53 + β  λ s λ f c′  2 + β λ s λ f c′

 0.083α s d   0.27α s d   αsd 

22.6.6.1(d)  0.17 + b  λ s λ f c′  0.53 + b  λ s λ f c′  2 + b  λ s λ f c′
o o o

C Conv. Tables
Av b Av b Av b
22.6.6.2(a) ≥ 0.17 f c′ o ≥ 0.53 f c′ o ≥ 2 f c′ o
s f yt s f yt s f yt

Av b Av b Av b
22.6.6.2(b) ≥ 0.17 f c′ o ≥ 0.53 f c′ o ≥ 2 f c′ o
s f yt s f yt s f yt

22.6.6.3(a) ϕ0.5 f c′ ϕ1.6 f c′ ϕ6 f c′

22.6.6.3(b) ϕ0.66 f c′ ϕ2.1 f c′ ϕ8 f c′

Av b Av b Av b
22.6.8.3 ≥ 0.17 f c′ o ≥ 0.53 f c′ o ≥ 2 f c′ o
s f yt s f yt s f yt

22.7.2.1 f c′ ≤ 8.3 MPa f c′ ≤ 27 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 100 psi

 Acp2   Acp2   Acp2 

22.7.4.1(a)(a) Tth = 0.083λ f c′   Tth = 0.27λ f c′   Tth = λ f c′  
 pcp   pcp   pcp 

 Acp2  f pc  Acp2  f pc  Acp2  f pc

0.083λ f c′ 
22.7.4.1(a)(b) Tth =  1+ Tth = 0.27λ f c′   1+ Tth = λ f c′   1+
p
 cp  0.33λ f c′  pcp  1.1λ f c′  pcp  4λ f c′

 Acp2  Nu  Acp2  Nu  Acp2  Nu

0.083λ f c′ 
22.7.4.1(a)(c) Tth =  1+ Tth = 0.27λ f c′   1+ Tth = λ f c′   1+
 pcp  0.33 Ag λ f c′  pcp  1.1Ag λ f c′ p
 cp  4 Ag λ f c′

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 ACI 318-25: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
 Ag2   Ag2   Ag2 
22.7.4.1(b)(a) Tth = 0.083λ f c′  Tth = 0.27λ f c′  Tth = λ f c′ 
 p   p   p 
 cp   cp   cp 

 Ag2  f pc  Ag2  f pc  Ag2  f pc

T
22.7.4.1(b)(b) th 0.083
= λ f ′   1 + Tth = 0.27λ f c′   1+ Tth = λ f c′   1+
c 
p   
 pcp  0.33λ f c′  cp  1.1λ f c′  pcp  4λ f c′

Ag  2
Nu  g
 A2  N  Ag2  Nu
0.083λ f c′  Tth = 0.27λ f c′   1 + u
Tth = λ f c′  1+
 p 
22.7.4.1(b)(c) Tth = 1+
 p  0.33 Ag λ f c′ p 1.1Ag λ f c′
 cp   cp   cp  4 Ag λ f c′

 Acp2   Acp2   Acp2 

22.7.5.1(a) Tcr = 0.33λ f c′   Tcr = λ f c′   Tcr = 4λ f c′  
 pcp   pcp   pcp 

 Acp2  f pc  Acp2  f pc  Acp2  f pc

22.7.5.1(b) 0.33λ f c′ 
Tcr =  1+ Tcr = λ f c′   1+ Tcr = 4λ f c′   1+
 pcp  0.33λ f c′  pcp  1.1λ f c′  pcp  4λ f c′

 Acp2  Nu  Acp2  Nu  Acp2  Nu

22.7.5.1(c) 0.33λ f c′ 
Tcr =  1+ Tcr = λ f c′   1+ Tcr = 4λ f c′   1+
p
 cp  0.33 Agλ f c′ p
 cp  1.1Ag λ f c′  pcp  4 Ag λ f c′

2 2 2 2 2 2
 Vu   Tu ph   Vc   Vu   Tu ph   Vc   Vu   Tu ph   Vc 
22.7.7.1a  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 0.66 f c′  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 2 f c′  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 8 f c′
w oh w w oh w w oh w

 Vu   Tu ph   Vc   Vu   Tu ph   Vc   Vu   Tu ph   Vc 
22.7.7.1b  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 0.66 f c′  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 2 f c′  b d  +  1.7 A2  ≤ φ  b d + 8 f c′
w oh w w oh w w oh w

(3.3 + 0.08fc′)Ac (34 + 0.08fc′)Ac (480 + 0.08fc′)Ac

22.9.4.4(b),
11Ac 110Ac 1600Ac
(c), and (e)
5.5Ac 55Ac 800Ac

23.4.4 Vu ≤ φ0.42 tan ( θ) λλ s f c′bw d Vu ≤ φ1.33 tan ( θ) λλ s f c′bw d Vu ≤ φ5 tan ( θ) λλ s f c′bw d

2
2 2 =
λs ≤ 1.0
23.4.4.1 =λs ≤ 1.0 =λs ≤ 1.0 d
1 + 0.004d 1 + 0.04d 1+
10

 280   2800   40, 000 

s = 380  – 2.5cc s = 38  – 2.5cc s = 15  – 2.5cc
 f s   f s   f s 
24.3.2
 280   2800   40, 000 
s = 300  s = 30  s = 12 
 f s   f s   f s 

ft ≤ 0.62 f c′ ft ≤ 2 f c′ ft ≤ 7.5 f c′

0.62 f c′ < ft ≤ 1.0 f c′ 2 f c′ < ft ≤ 3.2 f c′ 7.5 f c′ < ft ≤ 12 f c′

24.5.2.1
ft > 1.0 f c′ ft > 3.2 f c′ ft > 12 f c′

ft ≤ 0.50 f c′ ft ≤ 1.6 f c′ ft ≤ 6 f c′

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 APPENDICES & REFERENCES

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)

0.50 f ci′ 1.6 f ci′ 6 f ci′

24.5.3.2
0.25 f ci′ 0.8 f ci′ 3 f ci′

25.4.1.4 f c′ ≤ 8.3 MPa f c′ ≤ 27 kgf/cm2 f c′ ≤ 100 psi

25.4.2.3 (top  f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g 

left)   db   db   db
 2.1λ f c′   6.6λ f c′   25λ f c′ 

25.4.2.3 (top  f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g 

right)   db   db   db
 1.7λ f c′   5.3λ f c′   20λ f c′ 

25.4.2.3  f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g   3 f yψt ψeψ g 

(lower left)   db   db   db
 1.4λ f c′   4.4λ f c′   50λ f c′ 

25.4.2.3  f yψt ψeψ g   f yψt ψeψ g   3 f yψt ψeψ g 

(lower right)   db   db   db
 1.1λ f c′   3.5λ f c′   40λ f c′ 

fy ψt ψeψ sψ g fy ψt ψeψ sψ g 3 fy ψt ψeψ sψ g

ℓd = db ℓd = db ℓd = db
25.4.2.4a 1.1λ f c′  cb + K tr  3.5λ f c′  cb + K tr  40λ f c′  cb + K tr 
 d   d   db 
b b

 f y e s cc r   f y e s cc r   f y ψeψr ψoψc 

25.4.3.1(a)   db   db   db

C Conv. Tables
 21 f    21 f    50λ f ′ 
 c   c   c 

  y e p o c  1.5   y e p o c  1.5   y e p o c  1.5

25.4.4.2(a)   db   db   db
 37 f    38 f    90 f  
 c   c   c 

f c′ f c′
25.4.4.3 0.01fc′ + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6
1055 15, 000

 f y − 240   f y − 2460   f y − 35, 000 

25.4.6.3(a) 
 f y  
 fy 


 fy 


 f y   Ab   f y   Ab   f y   Ab 
25.4.7.2(b) 3.3       0.27   
 λ f c′   s   λ f c′   s   λ f c′   s 

25.4.8.1(a)  f se  d +  f ps − f se  d  f se  d +  f ps − f se  d  f se  d +  f ps − f se  d
 21  b  7 
b
 210  b  70  b  3000  b  1000  b

 0.24ψ r f y   0.075ψ r f y   ψr fy 
25.4.9.2(a)   db   db   db
 λ f c′   λ f c′   50λ f c′ 
25.4.9.2(b) (0.043ψr fy)db (0.0044ψr fy)db (0.0003ψr fy)db
25.4.11.4 kc = 15 or 17 kc = 15 or 17 kc = 35 or 40

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 ACI 318-25: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
25.5.5.1(a), 0.071fydb 0.0073fydb 0.0005fydb
(b) and (c) (0.13fy – 24)db (0.013fy – 24)db (0.0009fy – 24)db
db f yt db f yt db f yt
25.7.1.3(b) 0.17 0.053 0.014
λ f c′ λ f c′ λ f c′

0.17 db f yt 0.053db f yt 0.014db f yt

25.7.1.8.3
f c′ f c′ f c′

25.9.4.5.1 fps = fse + 70 fps = fse + 700 fps = fse + 10,000

26.12.8.1 0.62 f c′ 2 f c′ 7.5 f c′

A.10.2b(ii) ℓp = 0.08hw + 0.022fydb ℓp = 0.08hw + 0.0021fydb ℓp = 0.08hw + 0.00015fydb

A.11.3.2.1.1 Vne = 1.5Acv(0.17 λ f ce′ + ρt fye) Vne = 1.5Acv(0.53 λ f ce′ + ρt fye) Vne = 1.5Acv(2 λ f ce′ + ρt fye)

1.0Acv f ce′ 3.2Acv f ce′ 12Acv f ce′

A.11.3.2.1.2
1.25Acv f ce′ 4.0Acv f ce′ 15Acv f ce′

A.11.3.2.2 2.1Acv f ce′ 6.6Acv f ce′ 25Acv f ce′

A.12.3.4 0.33Acv λ f c′ 1.1Acv λ f c′ 4Acv λ f c′

0.5 f c′ 1.6 f c′ 6 f c′
B.13.2.2
fy fy fy

B.13.9.2.2 0.29 f c′ 0.93 f c′ 3.5 f c′

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