Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology ISET 2023

Volume 68 (2023)

Analysis of electromagnetic wave applications and

development
Zeyu Jin *
Oxford International College Oxford, OX4 1BD, Britain
* Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Abstract. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the variety of technological
products around our lives has also increased, and many of them use the characteristics of
electromagnetic waves. In order to make people better understand the relevant characteristics of
electromagnetic waves, this article will systematically introduce the basic theory, classification,
application and related safety issues of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves not only
have a wide range of applications in daily life, such as communications, remote sensing and other
fields, but also play an important role in military and medical fields. Although electromagnetic waves
bring many conveniences, there are also certain safety risks. Therefore,understanding the nature
and application of electromagnetic waves to better protect our health and promote scientific and
technological progress is important. In addition, for the limitations and shortcomings of
electromagnetic wave applications, It is also crucial to explore potential development directions, in
order to achieve comprehensive and efficient electromagnetic wave applications in the future.
Keywords: Electromagnetic waves, application, limitations, potential development.

1. Introduction
In life, electromagnetic waves are widely used in various fields, and they have also been deeply
studied in the field of physics [1]. After studying some contents of electromagnetic waves in physics
in high school, the author has a high interest in this topic, so this paper uses this paper to further study
the properties and applications of electromagnetic waves.
This paper analyzes the basic theory of electromagnetic waves including the classification of
electromagnetic waves, the research and development history of electromagnetic waves, and the
generation of electromagnetic waves and the application of contemporary electromagnetic waves,
among which the application of electromagnetic waves is called in the military and medical aspects of
life. At the end of this article, the author summarizes the above and discusses the shortcomings and
future expectations of the current application of electromagnetic waves.

2. Basic theoretical analysis of electromagnetic waves

2.1. Classification of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves can be divided into radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays. Fig.1. show the classification of electromagnetic wave.

Figure 1. Classification of electromagnetic waves [2]

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In Fig.1. the frequency of radio wave ranges from 10 Hz to 108 Hz, it is often utilized in
telecommunication and radio broadcast. Microwave's frequency is approximately 1010 Hz and
Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic wave that shares similarities with radio, light, radar, and
infrared waves. The main distinguishing factor is the frequency of the wave's motion [2]. When the
frequency is larger than 1012 Hz but lower than 1014 Hz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave is
infrared. Infrared is not only used in remote control, but in military field as well. Visible light possesses
frequencies from1014 HZ to 1016. 1016Hz to 1019Hz is a common frequency scope of ultraviolet. In
people's daily life, it can be used in ultraviolet disinfection. 1018 Hz to 1022 and 1023 to 1026 HZ are
frequencies of X-ray and gamma ray respectively. X-ray is most commonly utilized in medical field
while gamma ray is capable to do industrial inspection. Gamma ray is also applied to gamma knife.
2.2. Generation of electromagnetic waves
An electrically charged particle creates an electric field. When charged particles move, electric and
magnetic fields interact and influence each other, resulting in electromagnetic waves. Taking the
aluminum atom as an example, there are 13 negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus, the
middle is the nucleus, and there are 13 positively charged protons in the nucleus, at this time, the
number of positive and negative charges is equal, and the overall remains electrically neutral. Among
them, the outermost electrons are more active and tend to fly out, if the outside with a positive electric
field can easily attract it to move. When the outermost electrons are attracted to detachment, the
number of positive charges will be greater than the number of negative charges, and the whole will
appear positively charged, for convenience, the part with the same number of positive and negative
charges is hidden to see the whole as a positive charge. Similarly, adding an extra negatively charged
electron to another aluminum atom, at this time the whole is negatively charged, and the same number
of parts are also omitted as negative charge. When the positive and negative charges are close enough,
an electric field with positive terminal pointing to negative terminal will be generated. The positive
charge pair emits an electric field in each direction, and part of the electric field is an arc, and the
waveform of the electric field emitted outward is largest when the distance is large. When completely
close together, all electric fields are attracted by the negative charge, then arc disappears. According
to the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, A fluctuating magnetic field can generate a voltage
in an electrical circuit. The changing electric field will produce a magnetic field, the direction of the
magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the electric field, so such a magnetic field will be
generated in the arc electric field, and the changing magnetic field will also produce an electric field,
as long as the continuous change of oscillation will continue to propagate, then electromagnetic waves
are formed [3].
2.3. Development history of electromagnetic waves
The development history of electromagnetic waves is shown in Fig.2.

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Figure 2. The development of electromagnetic waves (Photo/Picture credit: Original)

In 1831, the British scientist Faraday began a series of crucial experiments, he discovered the
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, proving to the world that changing the magnetic field will
produce an electric field. The law of electromagnetic induction, which is a quantitative representation
of this phenomenon, was also discovered by Faraday. Faraday found that if the magnetic field of an
electromagnet was made to expand and contract by opening and closing the electrical circuit of which
it was a component, an electrical current could be detected in another nearby conductor. Similarly, a
wire coil could also induce a current while a permanent magnet was being moved in and out of it.
Additionally, whenever a conductor was moved near a stationary permanent magnet and as long as it
was in motion, a current flowed in the wire. In his later years, he demonstrated his profound physical
ideas by proposing that the electromagnetic force not only exists in conductors, but also extends into
nearby space [3].
James Clerk Maxwell began to study electromagnetism in 1855, and based on the achievements of
his predecessors, through superb mathematical attainment and imagination, published three significant
papers- “On Faraday's Lines of Force”, “On Physical Lines of Force”, “A dynamic theory of the
electromagnetic field”. This systematic and comprehensive study of electromagnetic phenomena
summarizes and summarizes the work of predecessors [4]. After being rewritten and organized, these
three papers became classic electrodynamic theory. In 1865, Maxwell predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves and concluded through theoretical reasoning that electromagnetic waves can
only be laterally conducted waves, and the propagation speed is equal to the speed of light. Maxwell
also revealed the connection between light and electromagnetic phenomena, proving that light is a
form of electromagnetic waves. In 1873, Maxwell published the well-known General Theory of
Electromagnetism, which later deeply impressed the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Hertz

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studied Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and experimentally demonstrated the existence of

electromagnetic waves in 1888. He also pointed out that electromagnetic waves can be reflected,
refracted and polarized at the same speed as the speed of light [5]. From 1888 to the present,
electromagnetic theory has been deepened and the field of application has been expanded.
Electromagnetic waves are widely used as a very important natural resource, such as in medicine, daily
life and military applications. In 1895, Russian scientist Popov invented the first wireless telegraph
system. In the same year, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-ray. In 1914, voice communication became
a reality. In 1920, commercial radio broadcasting began to be used. Radar was invented in the 30s of
the 20th centuries, and radar and energy information developed rapidly in the 40s. In the 50s, the first
artificial satellite was put into the sky, and the satellite communication industry developed rapidly.

3. Main applications of electromagnetic waves

3.1. Electromagnetic waves used in the field of life
The main use cases of electromagnetic waves are in food and transportation. One of the most classic
applications is microwave ovens, the core technology of which is microwaves generated by
magnetrons that converts electrical energy into an electromagnetic field with centers of positive and
negative charges that change direction billions of times a second. Inside each magnetron are two
powerful privacy bodies, where a constant magnetic field is created that allows the electron loop
emitted by the filament to fly and forms the outer wall of the electron-displaced magnetron's metal
cavity to generate charge separation and voltage [2]. Under the interaction of the electric field and the
magnetic field, microwaves are generated when electrons pass through the anode resonant cavity.
Microwaves in microwave ovens cause electrode molecules in food to vibrate at high frequencies, and
most of the food is water molecules. Both the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water molecules are
charged, so water molecules behave as electric dipoles, and when microwaves are applied to water
molecules, the water molecules begin to rotate due to the torque generated on the dipole. Microwave
energy passing through a food product causes these dipolar molecules to vibrate. The resulting internal
friction produces heat. Microwave ovens are more efficient than traditional heating methods because
microwaves can penetrate food, causing more heat to oscillate with water molecules inside, and
gradually heat food from the inside, while traditional heating methods, on the contrary, conduct heat
from the outside to the inside. A microwave oven is shown in Fig.3.

Figure 3. A microwave oven (Photo/Picture credit: Original)

Electromagnetic waves are mainly divided into two uses in food processing, one is for cooking, and
the other is for disinfection. Infrared is mainly used in the former - food processing and cooking.
Compared with traditional processing methods, infrared wavelength is longer, the ability to penetrate
objects is stronger, and energy can directly penetrate into the inside of the processed food, so that the
inside and outside are evenly heated, reducing the loss of nutrients caused by excessive heating. At the
same time, it can improve energy efficiency. Processes like thawing frozen foods, as well as fried
foods and baked foods can also be solved using infrared heating. Ultraviolet rays are mainly used to
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disinfect food. Its wavelength has a very obvious inhibitory effect on bacteria, and there is no adverse
effect on food whether it is the disinfection of the food itself or the processing environment [6].
In addition, electromagnetic waves are also widely used in the field of communication, and people
generally use the network to obtain information. The way of information transmission is generally to
make an analog signal at the information end, and then convert it into an electrical signal by means of
modulation, that is the process of altering a characteristic of a carrier wave to correspond with an
information signal, or modulating wave. Once transmitted over a channel, the modulated signal is then
processed through demodulation to recover the original information-bearing signal. The purpose of
which is to reduce the length of the antenna to reduce the cost and realize the multiplexing of the
antenna and the anti-interference ability of the modulated signal. Similarly, in numerous
telecommunications systems, it is essential to utilize a waveform to accurately transfer an information-
bearing signal through a transmission medium. This is completed by modulation [7]. The basic
principle of satellite communication is to regard artificial earth satellites as information transfer
stations to realize the reflection, propagation and transformation of electromagnetic information work.
Through the work done on the basis of artificial earth satellites, electromagnetic information can be
transmitted between satellites without hindrance, even if communication satellites are located in
different regions [8]. The specific principle is as follows, the antenna generates a signal and bundles
the signal to launch into space. Star link devices constantly control the wireless cluster, enabling it to
point directly at satellites moving in the sky, and television satellite dish uses parabolic reflectors to
focus and receive satellite signals. TV satellite dish accepts TV signals from space. Since satellite
communication is actually microwave information transmission, communication satellite stations can
transmit microwave information and need to cooperate with the transfer station to ensure the
completion of high-quality transportation and signal conversion work. A TV Satellite Dish is
illustrated in Fig.4.

Figure 4. TV Satellite Dish (Photo/Picture credit: Original)

The application of electromagnetic waves in the field of transportation is also popular. Common
velocimeters work by using the Doppler effect, that is, the phenomenon of changes in the frequency
of electromagnetic waves. According to the Doppler effect, when the car is close to a fixed speed
measuring instrument
𝑣
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓 (1)
𝑣−𝑣𝑠

Where 𝑓𝑜 Indicates the frequency at the velocimeter, 𝑣 Indicates the velocity of the wave, 𝑣𝑠
Indicates the speed of the carrier emitting the sound source, 𝑓 Represents the frequency of the sound
source wave.
The frequency of electromagnetic waves received by the speed measuring instrument will become
higher accordingly. When the car is far away from a fixed speed measuring instrument
𝑣
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓 (2)
𝑣+𝑣𝑠

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The frequency of electromagnetic waves received by the speed measuring instrument will become
lower. By measuring the rate of change of frequency, we can reflect the speed of the car. In this way,
within a certain period of time, through the frequency change of the received electromagnetic waves
reflected by the car, we can calculate the speed of the car. Due to the fast transmission speed of
electromagnetic waves and the small error, the use of electromagnetic waves for speed measurement
calculation is very accurate [6]. A traffic velocimeter is shown in Fig.5.

Figure 5. A traffic speedometer [6]

3.2. Electromagnetic waves used in the military field
Electromagnetic waves also have many applications of electromagnetic waves in the military field,
first of all, infrared thermal imaging technology by detecting and analyzing the infrared radiation
energy distribution emitted by the surface of the object, to obtain the surface temperature, heat
distribution and thermal characteristics of the object and other information. The radiant energy of the
surface of the object is related to its absolute temperature, and any object with a temperature higher
than absolute 0 degrees in reality radiates infrared energy, and the temperature difference information
on the surface and inside the object is contained by the thermal radiation infrared rays of these objects
with a temperature higher than -273 degrees [9]. Infrared sensors use detectors of infrared sensitive
materials to sense the infrared radiation emitted by an object and convert it into an electrical signal.
Thermal imaging systems convert the data acquired by the sensor into images and display them,
requiring infrared cameras with high spatial resolution to capture richer information and post-process
it to improve image quality. Infrared thermography enables accurate measurement and analysis of
surface temperature and thermal characteristics without touching the object. In military applications,
it mainly relies on capturing the infrared radiation emitted by the target to form a "thermal image" for
inter-combat. Here is a picture in Fig.6. showing the Herds under the infrared thermal imager.

Figure 6. Herd of elephants under infrared thermal imager [9]

The key technology of electronic warfare can be divided into information sorting, radiation source
identification technology interference strategy optimization technology, that is, after the information
sorting is done, the radiation source identification and interference strategy selection are carried out
sequentially, and signal sorting is the process of separating the pulse train of each radiation source
from the interleaved signal pulse flow, and further selecting the target signal. Radiation source

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identification technology can identify the working state and behavior of the radiation source, the
individual radiation source and the radiation source attributes. The state of the radiation source means
that the radiation source is represented by a certain sequence of pulses, and the parameter signals in
the pulse sequence conform to a certain modulation law, and the radiation source behavior is a
combination of working modes formed to achieve a special tactical purpose, generally used in military
search and tracking. Source attribute identification is a method of identifying the use of the radiation
source, identifying the type of emitting magnetic radiation source, and determining the threat degree
of the radiation source The identification of the individual radiation source is based on the
unintentional modulation characteristics of the signal in the pulse to determine the generation of the
signal, for example, from the characteristics of the signal itself, the two signals may be the same, that
is, two radiation sources of the same model. At this time, the radiation source can be accurately
determined by the individual identification technology of the radiation source, because different
radiation source individuals have different circuit device structure technology, working temperature
and environment, etc. The interference strategy of the radiation source can be divided into including
interference pattern selection and interference waveform optimization, and the interference pattern
selection is based on the threat perception of the target signal to establish the best correspondence
between the existing interference pattern and the target state, and then form an optimal set of
interference strategy. The interference waveform optimization is to use its own existing interference
resources to wait for the opportunity to do interference waveform optimization and use these resources
to independently generate new interference waveforms, which can form a better interference pattern
to interfere.
The second is the infrared guided missile, which works on the principle of operation: the infrared
light of the target passes through the glass cover of the guidance head of the infrared guided missile,
and the reflector reflected to the middle through the concave mirror is again reflected into the lens
group in the middle tube, and the focus of the infrared light falls on the lead sulfide photosensitive
element, and the infrared signal it perceives is processed by the unit modulation disc amplitude
modulation system, and the target becomes a bright spot for the infrared guided missile to carry out
target tracking. An infrared guided missile is demonstrated in Fig.7.[3].

Figure 7. IRIS-T infrared guided missile [3]

3.3. Electromagnetic waves used in the medical field
Diseases are inevitable in the human body, so electromagnetic waves are often used in the
examination and treatment of diseases [6]. In 1895, a physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
accidentally stumbled upon X-rays while conducting experiments with a cathode-ray tube in his
laboratory at Wuerzberg University in Germany. The tube had positive and negative electrodes
encapsulated as a bulb, and when applied to a high voltage, emitted a fluorescent green glow. Despite
taking precautions by shielding the tube with heavy black paper, Roentgen noticed green, fluorescent
light being generated by a material just a few feet away from the tube. Based on this observation, he
inferred that a new "ray" was being emitted from the tube and capable of passing through even heavy
black paper to excite phosphorescent materials in the room. Furthermore, Roentgen discovered that

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these rays could penetrate most solid objects, but not bones or metals. This unexpected discovery
marked a major breakthrough in medical imaging, and its implications are still felt today. X-ray
technology enabled doctors to see inside the human body without invasive procedures, allowing for
earlier and more accurate diagnoses. Roentgen's pioneering work and subsequent research laid the
foundation for the use of radiography in modern medicine [10]. His discovery then earned him the first
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. But now that the principle behind this is known, when high-energy
electrons hit metal material in the cathode tube, these high-energy electrons either reduce their velocity
and release some extra energy or knock these electrons out of the atom to initiate the electron
combination and continue to release energy. But in either case, the energy is released in the form of
X-rays, which hit electrons in the substance when they interact with other substances. Sometimes an
X-ray transfers all of his energy to other matter and is absorbed by that substance, but sometimes it
transfers only a portion of the energy, and the rest is dispersed. The frequency of these two results
depends on the number of electrons hit by the X-ray, and the tighter the structure of the substance or
the higher the electron number of the substance, the more likely collisions are occurring. The bones
are dense and rich in calcium, that is, they have a higher number of electrons. Therefore, bones are
more likely to absorb X-rays, and other soft tissues, such as muscles, are more easily penetrated by X-
rays (different tissues in the human body absorb X-rays to different degrees). This is the most basic
principle of X-ray filming. Using the sensitivity of X-rays to fluorescence, shadows of different
densities can be clearly observed on the fluorescence screen. This method does not require incision of
human epidermal tissue, the operation is simple, the harm to the human body is small, and the detection
cost is low. Now it has become the main equipment for clinical diagnosis, especially orthopedic
diagnosis. An X Ray instrument is shown in Fig.8.

Figure 8. Advanced X-ray medical instrument [10]

Gamma rays are used in medicine to treat tumors and other conditions. Among them, Gamma Knife
surgery is a type of radiotherapy therapy, and Gamma Knife is not a real knife. It uses 201 cobalt-60
radioactive sources to emit a single, high-dose beam focused on targets identified through advanced
imaging techniques and dose planning computer systems. In the target range, 201 beams of focused
radiation produce a lethal amount to irradiate tumor cells and destroy the lesion at one time without
damaging the surrounding normal tissues. Compared with conventional radiotherapy, gamma knife
has less impact on surrounding tissues, effectively protects the optic nerve, reduces risk, and effectively
reduces the recurrence rate of hypopituitarism [11]. Picture regarding gamma knife equipment put into
use is shown in Fig.9.

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Figure 9. Gamma Knife equipment [11]

4. Conclusion
This article explains the physical concepts and principles of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are fluctuations caused by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields at the
same speed as the speed of light. Electromagnetic waves can be divided into radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and γ rays according to different frequencies. Next, this
paper introduces the characteristics and applications of various electromagnetic waves: microwaves
are used in medical, military and daily life; Radio waves are widely used in the communications and
broadcasting industries; Infrared is used in remote controls, infrared guided missiles, thermal imagers,
etc.; The visible band is used in lighting and display technology; Ultraviolet light should be used for
disinfection and sterilization; X-ray for medical diagnosis; γ radiation is used in fields such as medical
imaging and radiation therapy.
Although electromagnetic waves have irreplaceable applications in life, military and medical
treatment, there are still certain problems in the existing electromagnetic wave technology. For
example, in daily life, ultraviolet rays have certain potential dangers and easily burn people's skin.
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet rays can also cause problems such as redness and peeling of the
skin. In addition, infrared night vision devices also have military disadvantages, because they are
easily disturbed by heat sources such as fires, making them ineffective. In microwave communication,
if the transmission distance is long, the communication between the base station and the user terminal
involves the transmission of signals, and these signals are not directly transmitted, but refract,
reflected, diffracted, scattered and transmitted in a variety of ways. Therefore, the staff needs to
increase the number of microwave reinforcements, which will lead to a significant increase in costs
and a decrease in transmission efficiency.
The most advanced technology for radio wave technology to transmit information today is 5G
technology, but 6G will achieve 10 to 100 times faster speeds than 5G, and peak rates will reach
hundreds or even Tbps. In terms of network deployment and operational efficiency, we will support
sustainable development and will improve the spectrum efficiency of 6G by 1.5 to 3 times, which is
better than 5G. Intelligence, as a key capability of wireless communication networks, is becoming a
technology that provides start-ups to enterprises. From 5G to 6G, artificial intelligence will complete
the role transformation from auxiliary to endogenous. The fundamental design principle of wireless
AI is to create an efficient and sustainable network of the future. We need to make efficient use of
fragmented spectrum and improve energy efficiency. From 5G to 6G, artificial intelligence will
complete the role transformation from auxiliary to endogenous. The fundamental design principle of
wireless artificial intelligence is to create an efficient and sustainable network of the future. We need
to make efficient use of fragmented spectrum and improve energy efficiency. In the future, the 6G
spectrum will be extended to frequency bands with more abundant spectrum resources, such as
terahertz and visible light. Larger bandwidth, higher frequency, and full-spectrum technologies have

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become an evolutionary trend. Mm Wave technology is already supported in the fifth generation of
wireless communication systems (5G) standards. In the 6G era, millimeter wave technology will
mature and be widely used. At the same time, the exploration of terahertz frequency bands has become
a hot topic in 6G research, millimeter wave and terahertz provide large bandwidth, forming a multi-
frequency collaborative ubiquitous group grid bureau. Meanwhile, demand in the medical field will
drive the development of X-ray and gamma rays in the future. In the military aspect, countries will
develop telegraph devices, electronic components and weapon systems with high protection against
electromagnetic hazards and establish corresponding identification equipment.

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