TYPES OF SPEECH AND INTERVIEW

ESSENTIALS
A Comprehensive Report
Group 3

I.​ Types of Speech

(Saberon, Ventura)
​
II.​ Delivery and Speech Writing
(Suson, Rosaupan, Sumalinog)

III.​ Interview
(Pili, Sonido)
According to (Anastasiow), Speech is the oral expression of a child's cognitive processes,
reflecting their thought patterns, language development, and motor skills, all of which contribute
to their overall intellectual growth. Speech is the vocal expression of thoughts, ideas, and
emotions using spoken language.

TYPES OF SPEECH
1. according to:
●​ Purpose
In giving a speech you may have several purposes in mind. However, the principle
purpose of a speech will generally fall into four basic types: to inform, to persuade, to
entertain, and to instruct.

1.​ Informative - This type of speech serves to provide interesting and useful
information to your audience.
Example:
-​ A DRRM officer telling students about earthquakes.
Tips in doing Informative Speech:
1.​ Analyze your audience
2.​ Use Appropriate language
3.​ Explain the importance of the topic
4.​ Express interest in the subject material
5.​ Be specific

2.​ Persuasive - This type of speech works to convince people in some way; they
think, the way they do something, or to start doing something that they are not
currently doing.
Example:
-​ A parent trying to persuade their children to clean their room.
Tips in doing Persuasive Speech:
1.​ Identify the target audience
2.​ Become an Expert and Anticipate Counterarguments
3.​ Set and State a Clear Goal
4.​ Choose an Effective Approach
5.​ Provide Evidence and Examples

3.​ Entertainment - A speech designed to amuse, engage, or emotionally connect

with the audience.
Example:
-​ A best man's speech at a wedding uses humor and stories to entertain
guests while celebrating the couple.
​ ​ Tips in doing Entertainment Speech:
1.​ Use humor, storytelling, or anecdotes.
2.​ Be expressive and use body language effectively.
3.​ Adapt to the audience’s interests and reactions.
 4.​ Keep the speech light, engaging, and relatable.
5.​ Practice timing and delivery for maximum impact.

4. Demonstrative - A persuasive speech is crafted to convince the audience to

embrace a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.
Example:
-​ A cooking show segment demonstrates how to bake a cake, providing
step-by-step instructions and visual aids
Tips in doing Demonstrative Speech:
1.​ Choose a process that can be easily explained and demonstrated.
2.​ Use visual aids or real-life demonstrations.
3.​ Break down steps clearly and logically.
4.​ Engage the audience by encouraging participation.
5.​ Summarize key points at the end for reinforcement.

●​ Delivery
-​ It refers to the way a speech is presented to the audience. It includes factors
including body language, eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, speech
modulation, and overall presentation style. Effective delivery helps convey the
speaker’s message clearly, keeps the audience engaged, and improves
understanding.

A.​ Manuscript
-​ A speech in which the speaker writes down every word they plan to say.
-​ This can be seen, for example, when a newscaster reads from a teleprompter;
they have all of the words ready and on the page before they speak.

Another examples:
- SONA
- Religious Proclamations

Advantage of Manuscript:
- Speaker has access to every word they prepared in advance.
- No memorization needed

Disadvantage of Manuscript:

- speakers have MANY words in front of them on the page

 B.​ Memorized
-​ is prepared and memorized before the speaking event
-​ is reciting a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
-​ Example: Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a
stage play, television program, or movie.

Advantage of Memorized speech

-​ it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech.
Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your
hands to make gestures.

Disadvantage of Memorized Speech

-​ If you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find
your place and keep going.

C.​ Extemporaneous
-​ is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a
conversational manner using brief notes.
-​ A natural, conversational speaking style, never completely written out; not a manuscript
, never read or memorized.
-​ Example: Explaining to your parents why you arrived home after your curfew.

Advantage of Extemporaneous speech

-​ It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable
and credible since you know the speech well enough that you don’t need to read it.

Disadvantage of Extemporaneous speech

-​ can lead to forgetting points or struggling to stay on topic without extensive

preparation and practice.
 D.​ Impromptu
-​ Speaker is called upon with little or no preparation.
-​ Speech is unprepared
-​ Example: occurs when you answer a question such as, “What did you think of the
movie?” Your response has not been pre-planned, and you are constructing your
arguments and points as you speak.

Advantage of Impromptu speech

-​ It's spontaneous and responsive in a group context.

Disadvantage of Impromptu speech

-​ the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of their message.
As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.

Why Guidelines for Speech Writing are Important:

-Transforming Ideas into Impact: Speech writing guidelines act as a bridge between raw ideas
and a polished, persuasive message. They prevent a speech from becoming a jumbled
collection of thoughts, ensuring it serves its intended purpose.

-Ensuring Clarity and Focus: By emphasizing defining the purpose and audience, guidelines
force the speaker to prioritize key messages and eliminate irrelevant information. This leads to a
clear, focused speech that avoids confusion and keeps the audience engaged.

-Creating Logical Structure: A well-structured speech, with a strong introduction, body, and
conclusion, guides the audience through the speaker's ideas. This logical flow enhances
comprehension and retention, making the speech more effective.

-Fostering Emotional Connection: Guidelines encouraging accessible language and storytelling

help the speaker connect with the audience on an emotional level. By using relatable examples
and personal anecdotes, the speaker builds rapport and makes the message more memorable.

-Building Confidence and Persuasion: Practicing with delivery guidelines, such as vocal variety
and eye contact, builds confidence and allows for a more natural and persuasive presentation.
This ensures the speaker's message is delivered with conviction and resonates deeply with the
audience.
Essential Speech Writing Guidelines:

Define Purpose & Audience:

Purpose: Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire? Knowing the goal shapes the
content and tone.

Audience: Research demographics, interests, knowledge level, and potential biases.

Tailor language and examples to resonate with them.

Structure for Impact

Introduction: A compelling hook (question, statistic, story), clear thesis statement, and
preview of main points.

Body: Logically organized points, supported by evidence (facts, examples, statistics).

Use transitions for smooth flow.

Conclusion: Summarize key points, reiterate the thesis, and leave a lasting impression
(call to action, memorable quote).

Use Accessible Language:

Avoid jargon and technical terms unless the audience is specialized.

Use vivid imagery and concrete examples to illustrate abstract concepts.

Write in a conversational tone, as if speaking directly to the audience.

Incorporate Storytelling:

Use personal anecdotes or relatable stories to connect emotionally.

Stories make complex ideas more understandable and memorable.

Ensure stories are relevant and support the speech's main points.

Practice for Confident Delivery:

Rehearse aloud multiple times, focusing on pacing, vocal variety, and gestures.

Practice in front of a mirror or record yourself to identify areas for improvement.

Time your speech to ensure it fits within the allotted time.

Establish Connection:

Project confidence and enthusiasm through posture, eye contact, and vocal tone.
 Show genuine interest in the audience and their understanding.

Be authentic.

●​ Ten Elements of Good Speech Delivery:

Eye Contact:

Scan the audience, making eye contact with individuals to create a sense of connection.

Avoid staring at one point or looking over the audience's heads.

Vocal Variety:

Vary pitch, pace, and volume to emphasize key points and maintain audience interest.

Avoid monotone delivery, which can be dull and distracting.

Gestures:

Use natural hand movements to emphasize points and convey emotions.

Avoid distracting gestures, such as fidgeting or repetitive movements.

Posture:

Maintain an upright, confident stance to project authority and credibility.

Avoid slouching or leaning on the podium.

Movement:

Use strategic movement to engage the audience and create visual interest.

Avoid pacing or aimless wandering.

Pronunciation and Articulation:

Speak clearly and correctly, ensuring the audience can understand every word.

Practice difficult words or phrases beforehand.

Pacing:

Control the speed of delivery, varying it to emphasize key points and allow for pauses.
Avoid speaking too quickly or too slowly.

Enthusiasm:

Convey passion and interest in the topic to engage the audience and make the speech
more compelling.

Let your passion show.

Pauses:

Use strategic pauses for emphasis, to allow the audience to absorb information, and to
create dramatic effects.

Do not be afraid of silence.

Naturalness:

Present in a conversational, authentic manner, as if speaking to a friend.

Avoid sounding robotic or overly rehearsed.

2. Interview:

●​ What is an Interview?

An interview is a formal conversation between two or more people, typically with one
person, the interviewer, asking questions to obtain information, assess qualifications, or
evaluate the suitability of a candidate for a job, admission, or other purposes.
‎
‎Interviews are commonly used in various contexts, including employment, academic
admissions, journalism, and research, to gather insights, make informed decisions, or establish
a connection between individuals.

Interviews can take various forms, such as one-on-one, panel, or structured formats, and
can be conducted in person, over the phone, or virtually.
‎
‎Interviews are critical in gathering information, making decisions, and evaluating
candidates for specific roles.
‎
‎A good interview is structured to yield valuable insights while ensuring fairness and
effectiveness.

Below are 10 major characteristics of a well-conducted interview:

‎
‎1. Purposeful and Goal-Oriented:
‎Every interview has a clear objective, whether it’s to assess a job candidate, gather
information for a research study, or evaluate someone’s skills and experience.
‎
‎The purpose sets the tone and direction of the conversation.
‎
‎Before the interview, both the interviewer and interviewee should understand the goals.
‎
‎In a job interview, for example, the purpose might be to evaluate the candidate’s
suitability for a role based on their skills, experience, and cultural fit.
‎
‎In research, the goal could be gathering specific insights from the interviewee.
‎
‎2.Two-Way Communication:
‎Another essential characteristic of an interview is two-way communication. An interview
is a dialogue, not a monologue.
‎
‎It involves both the interviewer and interviewee communicating and exchanging
information.
‎
‎Effective interviews allow both parties to share their perspectives, ask questions, and
clarify points.
‎
‎The interviewer should ask clear, open-ended questions that allow the interviewee to
elaborate on their responses.
‎
‎Similarly, interviewees should have the opportunity to ask questions, whether about the
job, the organization, or the interviewer’s expectations.
‎
‎
‎This two-way communication fosters a better understanding.
‎
‎3.Structured or Semi-Structured Format:
A structured interview uses predetermined questions, while a semi-structured interview
allows for more flexibility, with some predetermined questions but also room for follow-up
queries.
‎​ ‎Both formats ensure that the interview remains focused and relevant.
‎​ ‎In a structured interview, questions are designed in advance to assess specific criteria
(such as qualifications or behavior).
‎​ ‎Semi-structured interviews, common in qualitative research or HR, allow for a natural
conversation while ensuring that core questions are addressed.
The balance between structure and flexibility can adapt to the interviewee’s responses.
‎
‎4. Non-verbal Communication:
‎Non-verbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact,
play a crucial role in communication.
‎​ ‎They can provide additional insights into the interviewee’s confidence, honesty, or level
of engagement.
‎​ ‎Interviewers should pay attention to these non-verbal cues and ensure they are
interpreted in context.
‎
‎For example, a candidate’s nervousness might not necessarily indicate a lack of
competence, but rather an anxiety about the interview setting.
‎
‎Similarly, interviewees should be mindful of their non-verbal behavior to convey professionalism.
‎
‎5.Fairness and Objectivity:
‎​ To avoid biases and discrimination, interviews should be fair and objective.
‎​ ‎The interviewer must evaluate all candidates based on the same criteria, ensuring that
the process is unbiased and consistent for all interviewees.
‎​ ‎Implementation: Interviewers should be aware of their own potential biases and ensure
that questions are based solely on the qualifications and competencies required for the position
or the research.
‎​ ‎Using standardized evaluation criteria helps maintain fairness.

‎6.Confidentiality and Privacy:

‎Privacy ensures that sensitive information shared during an interview is protected.
‎​ ‎This is crucial for building trust between the interviewer and interviewee, particularly in
job interviews, where personal details and experiences are often discussed.
‎​ ‎Interviewers should reassure candidates that their responses will be kept confidential,
and only shared with relevant decision-makers.
‎​ ‎In research interviews, consent forms and ethical guidelines help ensure that participant
information is handled securely and respectfully.
‎
‎7.Clear Communication:
‎Effective interviews require clear, concise communication.
‎The interviewer needs to ask precise questions, and the interviewee should respond in a
manner that is easy to understand.
‎​ ‎Miscommunication can lead to misunderstandings and unreliable evaluations.
‎​ ‎Both parties should avoid jargon or overly complex language.
‎​ ‎Interviewers should ask one question at a time and allow the interviewee time to respond
thoughtfully.
‎​ ‎Active listening from both parties can further clarify any points of confusion.

‎8.Timeliness:
‎Time management is a key feature of interviews.
‎​ ‎Long-winded conversations can lead to fatigue, while rushed interviews may prevent
meaningful exchanges.
‎Timely interviews allow for adequate exploration of the topics at hand without wasting
time.
‎​ Set clear time expectations at the start of the interview, and ensure both parties stick to
the agreed-upon schedule.
​‎ Interviewers should be prepared to steer the conversation back on track if it goes
off-course, maintaining focus while respecting the interviewee’s time.
‎9.Preparation and Research:
‎Successful interviews are well-planned. Interviewers should be knowledgeable about the
job, candidate, or topic they are discussing.
‎​ ‎Preparation leads to more insightful questions and a deeper understanding of the
interviewee’s background.
‎​ ‎Interviewers should review the resume or background information of the interviewee in
advance.
‎​ ‎For research interviews, it’s essential to familiarize oneself with the subject matter and
the interviewee’s previous work.
‎​ ‎A solid understanding of the context helps make the interview more meaningful.

‎10. Respect and Professionalism:

‎Respect for the interviewee’s time, thoughts, and experience is vital for building rapport
and creating a positive interview environment.
‎​ ‎Professionalism from both parties fosters mutual respect and trust.
‎​ ‎The interviewer should create a welcoming environment, be punctual, and show
courtesy.
‎​ ‎Interviewees, in turn, should be respectful and maintain a professional demeanor. A
polite and respectful atmosphere allows for more honest, open communication.
 ●​ W
‎ hat is an Interview Plan?
An interview plan is a document that outlines the steps and procedures to be followed
during an interview. It is a valuable tool for hiring managers, as it can help them organize their
thoughts, identify the key competencies required for the role in question, and develop
appropriate questions that will help assess whether a candidate meets those requirements.

An effective interview plan should include the following elements:

1.A clear understanding of the job requirements:

‎The hiring manager should have a thorough understanding of the skills, experience, and
abilities that are essential for success in the role. This information can be gathered from the job
description, the organization's strategic plan, and discussions with other stakeholders.
‎
‎2. A list of interview questions:
‎The interview questions should be designed to assess the candidate's knowledge, skills,
abilities, and fit for the role. The questions should be open-ended and probing, and they should
allow the candidate to demonstrate their skills and experience.
‎
‎3. A scoring rubric:
‎The hiring manager should develop a scoring rubric to help them evaluate the
candidate's responses to the interview questions. The scoring rubric should be specific and
objective, and it should be used consistently across all candidates.
‎
‎4. A plan for follow-up:
‎The hiring manager should have a plan for following up with the candidate after the
interview. This may include sending a thank-you note, providing feedback on the candidate's
performance, or making a decision about the candidate's candidacy.
‎​ ‎Using an interview plan can help hiring managers conduct more effective interviews.It
can also help ensure that all candidates are evaluated fairly and consistently.
‎
Here are some steps to create a successful interview plan:

‎1. Define your goals:

‎What do you hope to achieve through the hiring process? Do you want to find the best
possible talent for the job? Or do you want to find someone who fits in with your company
culture? Once you know your goals, you can start to develop your interview plan.
‎
‎2. Develop job-related questions:
‎Your interview questions should be relevant to the job you are hiring for. You can ask
common interview questions to start, but you should also ask more specific questions that will
help you assess the candidate's skills, experience, and qualifications. Be sure to include
behavioural interview questions and skills-based questions where the candidate can provide a
specific example.
‎
‎3. Create a structured format:
Organize your interview questions in a logical sequence so that the conversation flows
naturally. This will help put the interviewee at ease and create a better candidate experience.
‎
‎4. Assign roles for everyone involved:
Make sure everyone who will be involved in the interview process knows their role.
Interviewers should know which specific topics or areas they are responsible for covering. For
example, one interviewer may be responsible for asking behavioural questions while another
interviewer may ask career development questions.
‎
‎5. Schedule interviews strategically:
‎Plan when and where interviews will take place, taking into account the availability of
both interviewers and candidates. This may be easier if you conduct interviews via video chat or
phone, but it may not be possible depending on your hiring team's availability. Consider using
an applicant tracking system (ATS) to help you schedule interviews with potential candidates.
 ●​ Conducting an Interview

3 Types of Interviews

1.Structured interviews- have predetermined questions asked in a predetermined order.

2. Unstructured interviews - are more free-flowing.
Semi-structured interviews - fall in between.ussions where the interviewer adapts to the
participant’s responses.

●​ 6 Steps in Conducting an Interview

1. Introduce yourself and your colleagues

Build positive rapport by starting with lighter questions and ease applicants with a clear
overview

2. Carefully structure your interview

Ensure you give everyone the same time and stick to a plan, making sure you cover all
bases.

3. Listen and answer questions

Try 80% listening and 20% talking, letting candidates lead with answers and
explanations.

4. Be energetic and frame your company positively

Avoid negatively framed questions and share why the role and your company are worth
applying for.
 5. Communicate the next steps

Be polite and reassure applicants by laying out what happens next in the hiring process.

6. Remember to take notes

Keep notes on your impressions and any details you didn’t have time to addressy and
create a comfortable atmosphere.
ee’s responses.

●​ Guidelines for both the interviewer and interviewee

For the Interviewer:

1. Prepare Thoroughly – Research the topic, define objectives, and structure the interview
format.
2. Create a Comfortable Environment – Ensure privacy, minimize distractions, and make the
interviewee feel at ease.
3. Ask Clear and Open-Ended Questions – Avoid leading or biased questions to encourage
honest responses.
4. Practice Active Listening – Show engagement through eye contact, nodding, and verbal
affirmations.
5. Remain Neutral and Professional – Avoid personal opinions or reactions that may influence
responses.
6. Use Probing Techniques – Ask follow-ups for clarity and deeper insights.
7. Manage Time Effectively – Keep the conversation focused while allowing room for
elaboration.
8. Ensure Ethical Conduct – Obtain informed consent, respect confidentiality, and handle
sensitive topics with care.
For the Interviewee:
1. Be Honest and Open – Provide truthful and thoughtful responses.
2. Listen Carefully to Questions – Ensure understanding before responding.
3. Stay Focused – Stick to the topic and provide relevant details.
4. Clarify When Needed – Ask for question repetition or explanation if necessary.
5. Maintain Professionalism – Be respectful and cooperative.
6. Manage Time Well – Give concise yet informative answers.
7. Respect Confidentiality – Follow agreements regarding sensitive information.
8. Express Concerns if Needed – Feel free to discuss discomfort or request question
modifications.
‎
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