CHAPTER 07

Control
&
Coordination
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 Acknowledgment
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 Contents
Neuron Coordination in
animals
Reflex Action Endocrine glands
CNS Exercise (MCQ)
Coordination in
plants
Activity 7.2
Trophic movement
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 Need for control & coordination
In animals, the control and coordination
movements are provided by nervous and
muscular systems. The nervous system
sends messages to and away from the
brain. The spinal cord plays an important
role in the relay of messages. In the
absence of this system of control and
coordination, our body will not be able to
function properly.
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 Neuron
Neuron is the basic unit of the nervous
system.

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 Parts of Neuron
The parts of a neuron are cyton or cell
body, dendrites and axon.
Cyton or cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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 Synapse
The very fine gap between axon of one neuron
and dendrite of another neuron is called
synapse. Synapse

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 What happens at the synapse?
Synapse acts as a one way valve to
transmit impulses in one direction only.
This uni-direction transfer of impulses
occurs as the chemicals are produced
in only one side of the neuron

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 Functions of parts of neuron
1. Dendrite – It carries impulse
towards cyton.
2. Axon – It carries impulse from cyton
to effector organs like muscles and
glands.

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 Receptors
Receptors are sensory structures
(organs/tissues or cells) present all over
the body. The receptors are either grouped
in case of eye or ear, or scattered in case of
skin.

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How do we detect that we are touching a hot object?
The receptors of skin sets off chemical
reaction that creates an electric
impulse. This impulse travels from
neurons to other cells and reaches the
brain or spinal cord.

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 Reflex Action
Reflex action is a quick automatic
response to a stimulus without the
involvement of the brain.

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 Reflex Arc
The path that an impulse takes in a
reflex action is called reflex arc.

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Trace the sequence of events when a hot
object is touched
Heat/pain receptors in the
Skin Sensory neuron Relay neuron
 Motor neuron  Muscle in the
arms.

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 Difference between reflex action &
Walking
A reflex action is a rapid, automatic
response to a stimulus. It does not
involve any thinking. Walking is a
voluntary action. It is under our
conscious control.

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 Identify the parts of the reflex arc

A – Sensory neuron
B – Spinal cord (CNS)
C – Motor neuron
D – Effector (muscle in arm) 16
 Divisions of human nervous system
The human nervous system consists of
three components namely
a) Central Nervous System (CNS)
b) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
c) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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 Central Nervous System
Central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord.

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 Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system consists of
cranial nerves arising from the brain
and spinal nerves arising from the
spinal cord.

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 Parts of the brain
Brain is divided into three parts –
 Fore brain
 Mid brain
 Hind brain.

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 Functions of the brain
1. Brain receives information from all
parts of the body and integrates it.
2. It is involved in the voluntary
actions like writing, talking, etc.
3. It sends messages to the muscles.
4. The brain allows us to think and
take actions based on that thinking.

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 Functions of the fore-brain
1. The fore-brain is the main thinking
part of the brain.
2. It has regions which receives
sensory impulses from various
receptors.
3. It has separate areas for hearing,
smell, sight, etc.

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Functions of the fore-brain

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 Parts of hind brain
 Pons
 Medulla
 Cerebellum

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 Functions of the hind brain
All involuntary actions including blood
pressure, salivation, vomiting are
controlled by medulla in the hind-
brain.

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 Functions of the cerebellum
a) Cerebellum controls activities like
walking in a straight line, riding a
bicycle, picking up a pencil, etc.
b) It is responsible for precision of
voluntary actions and maintaining
the posture and balance of the
body.

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 Protection of brain
a) Brain sits inside a bony box.
b) Brain is contained in a fluid-filled
balloon which provides further
shock absorption.

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 Mention the part of the brain involved in
the following.
a) Walking in a straight line - Cerebellum
b) Picking up a pencil - Cerebellum
c) Blood pressure – Hind brain
d) A question is being asked by the
teacher in a class –cerebrum (fore brain)
e) Change in size of the pupil in response
to intensity of light – Mid brain

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 Types of movement in plants
a) Movement dependent on growth
b) Movement independent of growth.

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 Movement dependent on growth
The directional movement of a
seedling is caused by growth.

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 Movement independent on growth
The leaves of the sensitive plant move
very quickly in response to touch.

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Coordination in plants

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How does the plant detect the touch and
how do the leaves move in response?
In plants there is no specialized tissue in plants
for the conduction of information. The plants
use electrical-chemical means to convey this
information from cell to cell.
Plant cells change shape by changing the
amount of water in them, resulting in swelling
or shrinking, and therefore in changing shapes.

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 Growth in pea plants
In plants like the pea plant climb up other
plants or fences by means of tendrils.
These tendrils are sensitive to touch. When
they come in contact with any support, the
part of the tendril in contact with the
object does not grow as rapidly as the part
of the tendril away from the object. This
causes the tendril to circle around the
object and thus cling to it.
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Growth in pea plants

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 State how concentration of auxins stimulates the
cells to grow on the side of the shoot which is away
from light.
When growing parts detect light, a hormone
called auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip
which helps the cells to grow longer. When the
light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin
diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells
to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is
away from light. Thus, the plant appears to
bend towards light. 36
(Activity 7.2) Fill a conical flask with water. Cover the neck of the
flask with a wire mesh. Keep two or three freshly germinated
bean seeds on the wire mesh. Take a cardboard box which is
open from one side. Keep the flask in the box in such a manner
that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window.
After two or three days, you will notice that the shoots bend
towards light and roots away from light. Now turn the flask so
that the shoots are away from light and the roots towards light.
Leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days.

Have the old parts of the shoot and root changed direction?
The old parts of the roots and shoots change directions.
Are there differences in the direction of the new growth?
New growth in shoot is in direction of sunlight.
What can we conclude from this activity?
Shoot shows growth towards the light.
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 Phototropic movement
The growth in a plant part in response to light is
called phototropic movement.

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 Phototropic movement
The flower head of sunflower is positively
phototropic and hence it moves from east to
west along with the sun.

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 Phototropic movement
The ovary stalk of groundnut is positively
phototropic before fertilization and becomes
negatively phototropic after fertilization, so that
the fruit is formed underground.

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 Trophic movement
The growth in a plant part in response to the
gravity is called geotropic movement.

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 Hydrotropism
The growth of roots in the soil towards the
nearest source of water is called hydrotropism.

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 Experiment to demonstrate Hydrotropism
Take two small beakers and label them as A and
B. Fill beaker A with water. Now make a
cylindrical-shaped roll from a filter paper and
keep it as a bridge between beaker A and
beaker B, as shown in the figure. Attach few
germinating seeds in the middle of the filter
paper bridge. Now, cover the entire set-up with
a transparent plastic container so that the
moisture is retained.

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 Experiment to demonstrate Hydrotropism

Observation:
The roots of the germinating seeds will grow towards beaker
A. This experiment demonstrates the phenomenon of
hydrotropism.
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 Chemotropism
The growth or movement of a plant or plant
part in response to a chemical stimulus is called
chemotropism.

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 Controlled direction growth
Our arms and fingers grow in certain directions
and not haphazardly.

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 Limitations of electrical impulse
a) Electrical impulses will reach only those
cells that are connected by nervous tissue.
Not each and every cell in the animal body.
b) Cells cannot continually create and transmit
electrical impulses.

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 Cells cannot continually create and transmit
electrical impulses.
Once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell
and transmitted, the cell will take some time to
reset its mechanisms before it can generate and
transmit a new impulse.

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 Chemical communication between the cells
Stimulated cells release a chemical compound,
this compound would diffuse all around the
original cell. If other cells around are able to
detect this compound using special molecules
on their surfaces, then they would be able to
recognize information and transmit it.

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 Advantage of chemical communication
a) Chemical communication can reach all cells
of the body, regardless of nervous
connections.
b) It is steady and persistent.
c) They act by diffusion to the area of action.

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 Plant hormones
Hormones are chemical compounds which help
to coordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.

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 Functions of Plant hormones
a) Auxins help in the growth of shoot.
b) Gibberellins help in the growth of stem.
c) Cytokinins promote cell division.
d) Abscisic acid inhibits growth. It also help in
wilting of leaves.

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 Chemical
Coordination
in
animals
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 Chemical coordination
Chemical coordination in animals takes place
through hormones. There are several endocrine
glands which secrete various kinds of
hormones. These hormones regulate different
functions in the body. These hormones are
poured into blood through which they reach the
target tissue or organ to act. For example;
insulin is a hormone which regulates the blood
sugar level.

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 Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that
regulate the biological processes in living
organisms.

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 Characteristics of Hormones
1. Hormones are directly released into the
blood.
2. They are released in very little quantity.
3. They act on specific tissues or organs.
4. They are generally slow in action.
5. They act away from the site of production.

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 Target organs
Target organ are the specific tissues on which
hormones acts.

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 Adrenal gland
It is located above each kidney.
It secretes a hormone called adrenaline.

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 Adrenaline
• Adrenaline secreted acts on the heart.
• The heart beats faster, resulting in supply of more
oxygen to our muscles.
• The blood to the digestive system and skin is
reduced due to contraction of muscles around
small arteries in these organs.
• This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles.
• The breathing rate also increases because of the
contractions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.
• All these responses together enable the animal
body to be ready to deal with the situation.
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When a boy was followed by a stray dog, he got
frightened and started running.
a) Name the hormone that prepared him to escape
from the stray dog.
Adrenaline
b) Locate the position of the gland in our body which
secrets this hormone.
Adrenal gland is located on the upper part of each
kidney.
c) Mention two effects of this hormone in human
body.
The heart starts beating faster. More amount of
oxygen is supplied to the muscles.
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 Thyroid Gland
• Thyroid gland is located in the neck region.
• It secretes a hormone called thyroxin.

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 Thyroxin
Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein
and fat metabolism in the body so as to
provide the best balance for growth.
Deficiency of Thyroxin
Deficiency of thyroxin causes a disease
called goitre.
It is caused due to deficiency of iodine in
the diet.
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 Goitre
Symptom of goitre is swelling in the neck
caused due to enlarged thyroid gland.

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 Why is Iodised salt made compulsory?
Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to
make thyroxin hormone. Deficiency of
iodine in our diet causes goitre. To reduce
the occurrence of goitre, it is made
mandatory to use iodised salt.

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 Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is located at the base of the
brain.
It produces the growth hormone.

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 Growth hormone
Growth hormone regulates growth and
development of the body.

Puberty
Puberty is period (10 – 12 years of age)
during which there are physical changes in
boys and girls.

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 Dwarfism
Dwarfism is a condition caused due to
deficiency of growth hormone in
childhood.

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 Gigantism
Gigantism is a condition caused due to over
secretion of growth hormone in childhood.

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 Testosterone
Testosterone is a hormone produced in
males. It causes changes in the appearance
during puberty.
Oestrogen
Oestrogen is a hormone produced in
females. It causes changes in the
appearance during puberty.

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 Pancreas
Pancreas produces a hormone called
insulin.
Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar
levels.

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 How is the secretion of insulin regulated?
If the sugar levels in blood rise, they are
detected by the cells of the pancreas which
respond by producing more insulin. As the
blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is
reduced.

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 Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease caused due to low
secretion of insulin.
The sugar level in the blood rises causing
many harmful effects.
Some cases of diabetes can be controlled
by taking insulin injections.

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 Feedback mechanism
The feedback mechanism regulates the
timing and amount of hormone to be
secreted.

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 Name the disorder caused by the following
situations:
a) Under secretion of growth hormone
Dwarfism
b) Over secretion of growth hormone
Extremely tall (giants)
c) Under secretion of insulin
Diabetes
d) Deficiency of iodine
Goitre
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Name the hormone responsible for the
following functions.
a) Regulating the blood sugar level
Insulin
b) Regulating the carbohydrates, proteins and
fat metabolism in the body
Thyroxin
c) Changes at puberty in human females
Oestrogen
d) Regulating the growth and development of
the body
Growth hormone 75
Name the gland and the hormone secreted by the
gland, which are associated with the following
a) A girl has grown extremely tall
Pituitary gland, Growth hormone.
b) A woman has a swollen neck
Thyroid gland, Thyroxin
c) A gland present in female but not in
males
ovary
d) A gland associated with kidneys
Adrenal gland 76
Comparison between nervous system mechanism
and hormonal system mechanism
Nervous system mechanism Hormonal system
mechanism
1. The information is 1. The information is
conveyed in the form of conveyed in the form of
electric impulse. chemical messengers.
2. The axons and dendrites 2. The information is
transmit the information transmitted or transported
through a coordinated through blood.
effort.
3. The flow of information is 3. The information travels
rapid and the response is slowly and the response is
quick. slow.
4. Its effects are short lived. 4. It has prolonged effects.77
Comparison between movement in sensitive plants
and movement in our legs
Movement in sensitive plants Movement in our legs
1. The movement that takes place 1. Movement in our legs is an
in a sensitive plant such as example of voluntary actions.
Mimosa pudica occurs in response
to touch (stimulus).
2. For this movement, the 2. The signal or messages for
information is transmitted from these actions are passed to the
cell to cell by electrochemical brain and hence are consciously
signals as plants do not have any controlled.
specialized tissue for conduction
of impulses.
3. For this movement to occur, the 3. In animal muscle cells, some
plant cells change shape by proteins are found which allow
changing the amount of water in the movement to occur.
them. 78
 Given is an outline diagram of human body
showing the position of endocrine glands.
a) Name the parts 1 – 4.
1 – Pituitary gland
2 – Thyroid gland
3 – Pancreas
4 – Adrenal gland
b) Name the nutrient
which is essential for
the normal working of
part 2.
Iodine
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 Given alongside is the outline of the human
body showing important glands.
a) Name the glands marked 1 – 4
1 – Pituitary gland
2 – Thyroid gland
3 – Pancreas
4 – Adrenal gland
b) Give one important function
of part 2
Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism
in the body so as to provide the
best balance for growth.
c) Name the gland that secretes
the fight or flight hormone.
Adrenal gland
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Exercise (MCQ)

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1. Which of the following is a plant
hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin

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2. The gap between two neurons is
called a
(a) dendrite.
(b) synapse.
(c) axon.
(d) impulse.

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3. The brain is responsible for

(a) thinking.
(b) regulating the heart beat.
(c) balancing the body.
(d) all of the above.

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 END

Prepared by Girish.N, Bengaluru 9844217032 85