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Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology

EDITION 9

Constance G. Visovsky, PhD, RN, ACNP,

FAAN
Associate Professor and Director of Diversity
College of Nursing
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Cheryl H. Zambroski, PhD, RN

Associate Professor
College of Nursing
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Shirley Meier Hosler, RN, BSN, MSN

Adjunct Faculty
Santa Fe Community College
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Special Editor

M. Linda Workman, PhD, RN, FAAN

Formerly, Gertrude Perkins Oliva Professor of Oncology
Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio

2
3
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title Page

Copyright

Reviewers

LPN/LVN Advisory Board

Preface
Organization and Features

Teaching and Learning Package for the Instructor

For the Student

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

To the Student
Reading and Review Tools

Chapter Features

Unit I General Principles

1 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice

The LPN/VN's Role and the Nursing Process

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

2 Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects of Drug Administration

4
 Introduction

Regulation of Drug Administration

The Drug Order

Drug Administration Systems

Drug Errors

Protection of Healthcare Workers

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

3 Principles of Pharmacology
Drug Names

Drug Attachment

Basic Drug Processes

Drug Actions

Drug Therapy and Special Populations

Drug Cards

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

Unit II Principles of Drug Administration

4 Drug Calculation
Calculating Drug Dosages

Calculations for IV Infusions

General Principles of Drug Administration

Enteral Drugs

Parenteral Drugs

Percutaneous Drugs

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

Unit III Drug Categories

5 Anti-Infective Drugs
Infection

Antibiotics

Antitubercular Drugs

Antifungal Drugs

Antiparasitic Drugs

5
 Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

6 Antivirals and Antiretrovirals

Virus

Antivirals

Retrovirus

Antiretrovirals

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

7 Drugs for Allergy and Respiratory Problems

Allergy

Drug Therapy for Allergy

Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Drug Therapy for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Mucolytics and Antitussives

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

8 Drugs Affecting the Renal/Urinary and Cardiovascular Systems

Drugs That Affect the Renal/Urinary System

Drugs That Affect the Cardiovascular System

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

9 Drug Therapy for Central Nervous System Problems

Drugs for Epilepsy

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

10 Drug Therapy for Mental Health

Drug Therapy and Mental Illness

Drugs for Sleep and Anxiety

Antipsychotics

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

11 Drugs for Pain Management

Pain

6
 Analgesic Drugs for Pain Management

Miscellaneous Drugs for Pain Management

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

12 Anti-Inflammatory, Antiarthritis, and Antigout Drugs

Inflammation Causes and Action

Inflammation Management

Gout

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

13 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Problems

The Digestive System

Antiemetic Drugs

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Drugs for Constipation and Diarrhea

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

14 Drugs Affecting the Hematologic System

Blood Clotting

Anticoagulants

Fibrinolytic Drugs

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

15 Drugs for Immunization and Immunomodulation

Overview of Immunity

Vaccination

Immunomodulating Therapy

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

16 Hormones and Drugs for Osteoporosis

Overview of the Endocrine System

Drugs for Thyroid Problems

Drugs for Adrenal Gland Problems

Female Sex Hormones

7
 Male Sex Hormones

Drugs for Osteoporosis

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

17 Drug Therapy for Diabetes

Drug Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

18 Drugs for Ear and Eye Problems

Ear Problems

Eye Problems

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

19 Over-the-Counter Drugs, Herbal and Alternative Drugs, and Vitamins and

Minerals
Overview

Over-the-Counter Drugs

Herbal Products and Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Vitamins

Minerals

Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination!

Bibliography

Glossary
A

8
 M

Index

9
Copyright

3251 Riverport Lane

St. Louis, Missouri 63043

INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

ISBN: 978-0-323-52911-2

Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2013, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1995, 1991.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found
at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under
copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and
knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or
experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in
particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors,
editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Visovsky, Constance G., editor. | Preceded by (work): Edmunds, Marilyn W.

Introduction to clinical pharmacology.
Title: Introduction to clinical pharmacology / special editor, M. Linda Workman.
Description: 9th edition. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier Inc., [2019] | Preceded by
Introduction to clinical pharmacology / Marilyn Winterton Edmunds. 2016. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.

10
Identifiers: LCCN 2017054727 | ISBN 9780323529112 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Pharmaceutical Preparations–administration & dosage | Drug
Therapy | Nurses' Instruction
Classification: LCC RM300 | NLM QV 748 | DDC 615.5/8–dc23 LC record available
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054727

Senior Content Strategist: Nancy O'Brien

Senior Content Development Specialist: Laura Goodrich
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
Senior Project Manager: Tracey Schriefer
Design Direction: Renee Duenow

Printed in China

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

11
Reviewers
Linda Gambill RN, MSN/Ed
LPN Instructor/Clinical Coordinator
Southwest Virginia Community College
Cedar Bluff, Virginia

James Graves PharmD

Clinical Pharmacist
University of Missouri Hospital Inpatient Pharmacy
Columbia, Missouri

Teresa Peirce RN, BSN

Nursing Instructor
Locklin Technical Center
Milton, Florida

Jackie Taylor-Wynkoop RN, MSN, EMS-I, PHRN, FAEN

Coordinator
PITC Practical Nursing Program
Wyncote, Pennsylvania

Tiffany Vollmer RN, BSN

Nursing Department Director
Locklin Technical Center
Milton, Florida

12
LPN/LVN Advisory Board
Nancy Bohnarczyk MA
Adjunct Instructor
College of Mount St. Vincent
New York, New York

Sharyn P. Boyle MSN, RN-BC

Instructor, Associate Degree Nursing
Passaic County Technical Institute
Wayne, New Jersey

Nicola Contreras BN, RN

Faculty
Galen College
San Antonio, Texas

Dolores Cotton MSN, RN

Practical Nursing Coordinator
Meridian Technology Center
Stillwater, Oklahoma

Patricia Donovan MSN, RN

Director of Practical Nursing and Curriculum Chair
Porter and Chester Institute
Rocky Hill, Connecticut

Nancy Haughton MSN, RN

Practical Nursing Program Faculty
Chester County Intermediate Unit
Downingtown, Pennsylvania

Dawn Johnson DNP, RN, Ed

Practical Nurse Program Director
Great Lakes Institute of Technology
Erie, Pennsylvania

Mary E. Johnson RN, MSN

Director of Nursing
Dorsey Schools
Roseville, Michigan

Bonnie Kehm PhD, RN

Faculty Program Director

13
Excelsior College
Albany, New York

Tawnya S. Lawson MS, RN

Dean, Practical Nursing Program
Hondros College
Westerville, Ohio

Kristin Madigan MS, RN

Nursing Faculty
Pine Technical and Community College
Pine City, Minnesota

Hana Malik DNP, FNP-BC

Academic Director
Illinois College of Nursing
Lombard, Illinois

Mary Lee Pollard PhD, RN, CNE

Dean, School of Nursing
Excelsior College
Albany, New York

Barbara Ratliff MSN, RN

Program Director, Practical Nursing
Cincinnati State
Cincinnati, Ohio

Mary Ruiz-Nuve RN, MSN

Director of Practical Nursing Program
St. Louis College of Health Careers
St. Louis, Missouri

Renee Sheehan RN, MSN/Ed

Director of Nursing, Vocational Nursing
Nursing Assistant Programs
Summit College
Colton, California

Fleur de Liza S. Tobias-Cuyco BSc, CPhT

Dean, Director of Student Affairs, and Instructor
Preferred College of Nursing
Los Angeles, California

14
Preface
This ninth edition of Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology offers the fresh and exciting
perspectives of authors who have years of experience teaching pharmacology. Most
students believe that pharmacology is a very important part of their nursing
education and one that is difficult to learn. The author team has strived to make the
pharmacology learning experience one that combines updated information in an
easy-to-remember format that promotes high levels of content retention.
This textbook is written using the second person throughout to engage students
and help them understand the nursing responsibilities required for use in the clinical
setting. The textbook's new organization and style are intended to engage students
and help them develop an in-depth understanding of the “need to know” content
that is critical for safely administering medications in all environments in which
licensed practical nurses/vocational nurses (LPN/VNs) are employed. The
components of the nursing process most important to this function are emphasized.
The number of illustrations has been greatly expanded to explain drug actions and
techniques for administration. The textbook uses current terminology for education
and healthcare practice. For example, more settings include nurse practitioners and
physician assistants as legal prescribers in addition to the physician. To reflect this
change, the term healthcare provider is used throughout. Learning outcomes replace
chapter objectives. These outcomes concisely and clearly let the student know which
content represents the highest priority for safe medication administration. Drugs and
drug categories no longer in common usage, or that do not apply to the LPN/VN
role, have been eliminated. The textbook also helps students learn to make use of
prevailing technology. Internet resources and references have been identified and
highlighted with Bookmark This features.
Newly created drug tables are divided by drug category and organized to provide
students with concise access to mechanisms, common adult drug dosages, and
essential nursing implications for administration and patient teaching. Key terms
critical for pharmacology are first listed at the beginning of the chapters and include
phonetic pronunciations, definitions, and page numbers where each term is first
used. This textbook takes advantage of the use of medical and nonpharmacologic
terminology, with short definitions placed alongside the terms, as well in the
Glossary, to aid student reading and retention.
Throughout this textbook, ensuring patient safety remains a major theme. The
new safety features are the Top Tip for Safety boxes that highlight very specific
precautions, unusual drug dosages, or critical nursing interventions. This author
team deeply believes that it is critical to provide patient safety information to reduce
drug errors. In addition, patients and families who understand the why of directions
are more likely to adhere to them. Toward this purpose, nursing actions are
accompanied by the appropriate rationale. In the discussion of each drug category,
the sections on patient and family teaching provide direct examples of exactly what

15
Other documents randomly have
different content
garrison at Friedberg and Giessen, and then to go to Alsfeld to shoot
Auerhähne [capercailzies]. He will return on the 21st or 22d probably.
We shall indeed be so pleased, if later you wish to have any of the
granddaughters with you, to comply with any such wish, for I often think so
sadly for your dear sake, how lonely it must be when one child after another
grows up and leaves home; and even if they remain, to have no children in
the house is most dreary. Surely you can never lack to have some from
amongst the many grandchildren; and there are none of us, who would not
gladly have our children live under the same roof where we passed such a
happy childhood, with such a loving Grandmama to take care of them.
April 25th.
* * * May I only know the way to give my children as much pleasure
and happiness as you have ever known to give me!
The dinner of family and suite is here in the house to-day—or rather I
should call it a luncheon, as it is at two o’clock.
The Irish Church question, I quite feel with you, will neither be solved
nor settled in this way; and instead of doing something which would bring
the Catholics more under the authority of the State, they will, I fear, be the
more powerful. It seems to me that one injustice (with regard to the
Protestants) is to be put in the place of a former one, instead of doing justice
to both, which would not have been an impossibility through some well-
considered settlement and giving in on both sides. Such a changement
requires so much thought and wisdom, and, above all, impartiality.
May 3d.
* * * My children are, on the whole, very well behaved and obedient,
and, save by fits and starts, which don’t last long, very manageable. I try to
be very just and consistent in all things toward them, but it is sometimes a
great trial of patience, I own. They are so forward, clever, and spirited, that
the least spoiling would do them great harm.
How glad I am that the dear Countess [Blücher] is with you again; she is
the pleasantest companion possible, and so dear and loving, and she is
devoted to you and dear Papa’s memory as never any one was.
Potsdam, May 25th.
How much we thought of you yesterday, I can’t say! Lord Augustus
Loftus lunched with us three and the elder children; and we drank your
health, the band playing “God Save the Queen!” All our girls had wreaths
of natural flowers in honor of the day.
Potsdam, June 1st.
* * * To-day is regular March weather, and the palace is cold and
draughty.
We were in Berlin yesterday, to visit the Gewerbe-Museum [Industrial
Museum]; then luncheon at Lord Augustus Loftus’, and from thence to the
Victoria bazaar and Victoria Stift, and then home.
It is always so tiring to see things at Berlin; an hour’s rail there and the
same back takes so much time. Before returning, we paid a short visit to
Baron Stockmar and his wife, who is very pleasing, and seems to suit him
perfectly. They look as if they had always belonged to each other.
Potsdam, June 13th.
Our time here is soon drawing to a close, much to my regret; for the life
with dear Vicky—so quiet and pleasant—reminds me in many things of our
life in England in former happy days, and so much that we had Vicky has
copied for her children. Yet we both always say to each other, no children
were so happy, and so spoiled with all the enjoyments and comforts
children can wish for, as we were; and that we can never (of course, still
less I) give our children all that we had. I am sure dear Papa and you, if you
could ever hear how often, how tenderly, Vicky and I talk of our most
beloved parents, and how grateful we are for what they did for us, would in
some measure feel repaid for all the trouble we gave, and all the anxiety we
caused. I ever look back to my childhood and girlhood as the happiest time
of my life. The responsibilities, and often the want of many a thing, in
married life can never give unalloyed happiness.
We are looking for a governess for the two elder girls for next year, and a
lady with the necessary knowledge and character, and yet of a certain rank,
is so difficult to find.
Potsdam, June 19th.
Louis went two days ago to Fischbach for his mother’s birthday, and
returns to-morrow morning. Vicky was very low yesterday; she has been so
for the last week, and she told me much of what an awful time she went
through in 1866, when dear Siggie [Sigismund] died. The little chapel is
very peaceful and cheerful, and full of flowers. We go there en passant
nearly daily, and it seems to give dear Vicky pleasure to go there.
Vicky goes on the 7th of July to Norderney.
Fischbach Schlesien, July 2d.
We arrived here in this exquisitely-lovely country two days ago, and
were received by our parents-in-law and Aunt Mariechen, whose guests we
are in the pretty old Castle of Fischbach, surrounded by fine old trees, with
a view on the beautiful Riesengebirge, which reminds me a little of
Scotland, and also of Switzerland. The valleys are most lovely and the
numberless wooded hills, before one reaches the high mountains, are quite
beautiful. The trees are splendid and the country looks very rich and green.
All the people of the village and the neighborhood came out to see us
and our children, and old servants of Louis’ grandparents, who were so
delighted and pleased that I and my children should be here, and that they
should have lived to see the younger generation.
We are out seeing the beautiful spots nearly all day long. The weather is
fine and not very warm, so that one can go about comfortably. Yesterday we
went over for tea to Erdmannsdorf. If only dear Vicky and Fritz were there
now! We must hope for another year to be there together. The parting from
them, who had made our séjour under their hospitable roof such a very
happy one, was very sad, and the pouring rain was in accordance with our
feelings. We left them and dear lovely Potsdam and the pleasant life there
with much regret, and many a blessing do I send back in thought to its dear
inmates.
Yesterday afternoon we were at Schmiedeberg. We went to see a very
interesting carpet-manufactory, worked by hand, and all by girls, and a very
simple process, much like making fringe, which you used to do and then
make footstools of after Beatrice’s birth.
Yesterday our wedding-day—already seven years ago—made me think
so much of Osborne, and of you, darling Mama, and of all that passed
during that time. It was a quiet wedding in a time of much sorrow, and I
often think how trying it must have been for you.
Kranichstein, July 21st.
Yesterday after eighteen hours’ very hot railway journey, we arrived here
all well. Many thanks for your letter, which I received at Dresden. It was
impossible to write, as I had to pay visits and to see things during those two
days.
The Crown Prince and Princess received us at the station; the following
day we paid our visits. I found Marie[93] in bed looking very well, and her
baby, tied up in a cushion, seemed a nice child. Her other children are very
pretty; the eldest girl is like George, and the little one has a quantity of fair
curls, like Louis of Portugal’s boy. In the afternoon of that day the King and
Queen came to see us, and were very kind. She is very like the Queen
Dowager of Prussia, her twin sister, and her other sister, Queen Marie, is
very like her twin sister, Archduchess Sophie. As they are first cousins, and
very fond ones, of my father-in-law, they consider themselves of course as
our aunts.
I went to see the picture-gallery, which has some exquisite pictures,
though the Sistine Madonna surpasses all others, and the famous Holbein,
of which the Dresden gallery has been for long so proud, is now recognized
as a copy, and the one that belongs to my mother-in-law as the original. We
visited the Grüne Gewöbel [the Green Vaults], where the magnificent
jewels and other treasures are preserved, and the King was kind enough to
lead us over the rest of the castle himself, including his own rooms, in one
of which the life-size pictures of his last four daughters (all dead) stand, of
whom he cannot speak without tears. How dreadfully he and the poor
Queen must have suffered these last years!
Uncle Louis is at Friedberg and intends remaining there all next month,
till the manœuvres are over. Alice Morier will accompany me.
Kranichstein, July 25th.
Thousand thanks for your kind letter which I received yesterday, at the
same time that the beautiful christening present for Ernest arrived!
Thousand thanks for this most beautiful and precious gift for our boy, from
Louis and from myself! We are so pleased with it! It is to be exhibited here,
and it will interest and delight all who see it, I am sure.
I have just received a letter from Bertie, announcing his arrival here for
the 28th. We shall be greatly pleased to see them all; but we have so little
room, and our house in town is all shut up and under repair, so that we shall
have some trouble to make them comfortable and shall be quite unable to
do it as we should wish. But I trust they will be lenient and put up with
what we can offer.
 The heat is very great, though this place is comparatively cool.
Kranichstein, July 29th.
Dear Bertie and Alix with their children arrived at Darmstadt after ten,
and we brought them here by eleven o’clock last night. They are all looking
well, but Bertie has shaved off his beard, which does not suit him. Dear
Alix is unchanged, and certainly no fatter.
The children are very dear and pretty, but my boy is as tall as little
Louise, and of course much bigger. I am so delighted to see them all again;
it is such a great pleasure, as you can well imagine.
The pony you kindly sent us has just arrived, and to the great delight of
all the children, who send their best thanks. We are all lodged very close
together: Bertie and Alix, our bedroom and my dressing-room; we both, my
sitting-room, and the passage-room; then come the different children. No
gentlemen or ladies are in the house, as it was utterly impossible.
Kranichstein, August 11th.
* * * Victoria has often ridden on Dred, and also the other girls, on a
Spanish saddle, and he goes very well. They delight in him. Baby rolls
about the room anywhere now, and tries to crawl properly. He calls Papa,
and tries no end of things; he is very forward, and is now cutting his fifth
tooth, which is all but through.
Friedberg, August 26th.
On this dear day I must send you a few words. The weather is so
beautiful, and the sun so bright, as it used to be at Osborne in former years.
I don’t care for the sun to shine on this day now, as it can’t shine on Him
whose day it was. It makes one too wehmüthig to think of darling Papa on
those happy birthdays, and it must be more so for you than for any of us,
poor Mama.
Yesterday was Ludwigstag; all the town decorated with flags,
illuminations, etc., and English flags and arms with the Hessian
everywhere.
We started on horseback along the high road at half-past seven this
morning, and did not get off till one. A lovely country and very interesting
to see. To-morrow we shall have a very long march, and the night Alice
Morier, I and William (Louis is undecided) will spend at Prince Ysenburg’s
at Büdingen. The next morning we have to ride off at half-past five, and a
long day back here.
Kranichstein, September 11th.
* * * What charming expeditions you must have made in that lovely
country?[94] What I saw of it some years ago I admired so intensely. You
can well be proud of all the beauties of the Highlands, which have so
entirely their own stamp, that no Alpine scenery, however grand, can lessen
one’s appreciation for that of Scotland.
The day before yesterday we went to Mayence to see a “Gewerbe-
Ausstellung” [Industrial Exhibition] of the town, which was very good and
tastefully arranged. From there we went to Frankfort to our palace, for a
rendezvous with Aunt Cambridge, Uncle George, Augusta and Fritz Strelitz.
I showed them the children, and afterwards, when our relations left, we took
our children to the Zoölogical Garden, which delighted them.
Many thanks for the grouse, which has just arrived, the first since two
years ago!
Darmstadt, October 3d.
* * * I am very glad that you also approve of Louis’ journey, which I
know will be so useful and interesting for him, though it was not possible to
attain this without parting from each other, which is, of course, no small
trial for us, who are so unaccustomed to being separated. But we never
thought of that when we considered the plan of Louis joining Fritz, which
was my idea, as travelling in new countries is so good for a man, and Louis
may never find so good a chance again. I am looking forward very much to
seeing Geneva—where we spend a day—and the south of France, and
above all, seeing the sea again. Fritz passes through here to-morrow. Louis
starts Saturday morning, viâ Munich, for Venice, where he will join Fritz
next Sunday afternoon, and spend the following Monday there before they
go to Brindisi. Vicky comes here with her children on the 12th or 13th, and
a suite of twenty-five people. She goes on with the big boys to Baden, and I
follow with the other children on the following day. I don’t like separating
Victoria and Ella, who like being together; the three girls will be so well
taken care of at their grandparents’. I have written down rules for meals,
going out, to bed, to lessons, etc.; and my mother-in-law, who never
interferes, will see that all is carried out as I wish. I shall miss them so
much, but having one child at least is a comfort; and baby is beginning to
talk, and is so funny and dear, and so fond of me that he will be company to
me when I am alone. I take no one but Orchard, Eliza, Beck, and my
Haushofmeister [Steward], who used to be with Lord Granville.
Darmstadt, October 11th.
Yesterday morning at eleven we had the hard separation from each other,
which we both felt very much. My own dear, tender-hearted Louis was
quite in the state he was in when we parted at Windsor in 1860 after our
engagement. He does not like leaving his children, his home, and me, and
really there are but few such husbands and fathers as he. To possess a heart
like his, and to call it my own, I am ever prouder of and more grateful for
from year to year. Nowadays young men like Louis are rare enough, for it is
considered fine to neglect one’s wife, and for the wife also to have
amusements in which her husband does not share. We sisters are singularly
blessed in our husbands.
Dear kind Countess Blücher has been here the last two days—such a
happiness to me just now, for the house feels far too lonely.
Grand Hôtel, Cannes, November 5th.
* * * I have this instant received another letter from dear Louis from
Constantinople, giving the accounts of what they did and saw there until the
29th ult., when they left for Jaffa. He seems delighted, and very greatly
interested with all he has seen. Louis thought so much of the Sultan’s
English visit in 1867, on seeing him again. He found him more talkative
than then. He saw also several of the suite who were in England. They went
to Scutari, into the Black Sea, and visited all in and near Constantinople,
and on the last day they visited the Emperor of Austria, who had just
arrived. There is something very funny in hearing of these Royalties, one
after another, all running to the same places. They must bore the Sultan
considerably.
This journey will be of great advantage to dear Louis, who has never had
an opportunity (through marrying so young) of travelling like others.
This afternoon we went to see poor Princess Waldeck. She is still in
great grief at the loss of her eldest daughter, who suffered so long, and
knew she was dying, and bore her lot with such resignation and such
goodness. She was only fifteen and a half, I think.
 I was very much pleased to see Lord and Lady Russell again the other
day. We hope to be able to pay them a visit at San Remo, though one can’t
go and return in the same day.
The country has looked too lovely to-day; the sunset is always most
beautiful, for it sets behind the Esterel Mountains, which lie to the right
from this bay, and have a very lovely jagged form.
I am reading to Vicky a new Life of Napoleon, by Lanfrey, which is very
well and impartially written.
Cannes, December 14th.
* * * The heavenly blue sea, stretching so far and wide, is in accordance
with one’s feelings, and the beauties of nature have always something
comforting and soothing. * * *
The Duke of Argyll’s sister, with his pretty daughter, Victoria, are here,
and we have been twice to see them, and are distressed that they should be
so anxious about the dear Duchess, of whom the news to-day is worse. How
dreadful, should any thing happen to her, for her husband and for the many
children!
The Eburys and Lord Dalhousie have likewise arrived here, but we have
not seen them yet.
To-morrow we had intended leaving this, but during the night poor
Vicky had the dreadful fright of Waldie’s being taken ill with the croup.
Thank God, he is better this morning, but our journey will have to be put off
for a few days, so that Vicky cannot now reach Berlin in time for Christmas.
As we don’t wish to spend that day en route, we have telegraphed to our
husbands, who reach Naples to-day, to ask whether they will not join us
here, that we may all spend Christmas together before leaving.
This is all unsettled, and I will telegraph as soon as every thing is
definitely arranged. Rollet[95] is here to-day, and spends this day in quiet
with us.
Cannes, December 20th.
We both had the happiness yesterday of receiving our dear husbands safe
and well here after so long a separation. They had been to Naples and
Pompeii, and Louis went for a day to Rome, so that he has seen an
enormous deal, which is very instructive for him, and will be such a
pleasure for him to look back upon in later years.
I am so glad that Louis has had the opportunity of making this journey;
and it seems to have done his health good also, for he looks very well.
The journey back is so long and difficult for me to manage alone with
Louis—as Vicky’s people, particularly in the nursery, have helped mine—
that I am obliged to wait until the 26th, and to go with Vicky and Fritz, for
they travel slower than I would do if I went with Louis, who goes back
direct day and night. The doctor would not consent to my travelling with
Ernie from this warm climate into the great cold so fast, and during the
night, for he is cutting four back teeth at this moment.
The day before yesterday we visited Lord Dalhousie and Lady Christian,
and found him very gouty, but in good spirits. Lady Ebury and Oggie[96]
came to see us this afternoon. Prince and Princess Frederic of the
Netherlands and their daughter have arrived here. The poor Princess is so
weak, and looks like a shadow.
Hôtel du Jura, Dijon, December 28th.
Just as we were leaving Cannes your last letter reached me, for which
many thanks. It was cold the morning we left Cannes, very cold at Avignon,
where we spent the night, and still colder, and snow and frost, on reaching
this place yesterday evening. We and the children are all well, and the poor
little ones are very good on the journey, considering all things. In an hour
we leave for Paris, rest there to-morrow, and then go to Cologne, where I
shall take leave of dear Vicky and Fritz, and go straight home. I have been
so much with dear Vicky this year, that the thought of parting from her costs
me a great pang, the more so as I do not think it likely that I shall meet her
in this new year.
On New Year’s eve I arrange a Christmas-tree for all my children, and in
advance I thank you for all the presents you have been kind enough to send
us, and which we shall find at Darmstadt. * * *

1870.
At the beginning of this year, and soon after his return from the East,
Prince Louis was laid up with scarlet-fever, and, soon after, Princess
Victoria and the little Prince took the same illness. Though the attack was a
severe one, all made a good recovery, and no ill effects remained behind.
Princess Alice undertook the nursing entirely herself. During this time of
enforced seclusion from the social world her intercourse with the famous
writer and theologian, David Friedrich Strauss, was a source to her of great
interest and enjoyment.
The Princess became acquainted with this remarkable man in the autumn
of 1868 at her own particular desire, and after considerable hesitation on his
part. Strauss had spent the winter of 1866 at Darmstadt. He returned there
again in the spring of 1868, and remained there until the autumn of 1872.
His own account of his acquaintance with the Princess was by her wish not
published at the time, but has been since, with the consent of his family and
that of the Grand Duke. From this the following narrative is taken almost
verbatim:
“Although I was entirely unaccustomed to associate with persons of high
rank, I soon felt entirely at ease with this lady. Her simplicity, the kind
manner in which she met me, and her keen bright intellect made me forget
all differences of social position.”
Strauss visited the Princess very often, and their conversations lasted
sometimes for hours. He himself speaks of them as “most delightful and
refreshing.”
Very often they read aloud, and this no doubt led to a suggestion from
Strauss, that he should write down notes about Voltaire—whose works they
were studying—and afterward read them to the Princess. She entered
readily into this plan. “Her idea was to have a select circle of listeners.
Besides herself and one of her ladies, with whom she was very intimate,
Prince Louis, and the English Minister then at Darmstadt, Mr. [now Sir
Robert] Morier, were to be present.” The illness of Prince Louis prevented
this plan from being carried out.
“She, however, asked me,” Strauss writes, “to come and see her, if I was
not afraid of infection. She said that the next few weeks would be very
solitary ones, and it would be of great value to her if I felt disposed to put
up with her as sole audience for my lectures on Voltaire. To this I was only
too willing to agree.”
The manuscript took the form of seven lectures, and the author was
rewarded for his pains “by the keen interest and unwavering attention of his
listener.”
After repeated revisions, the printing of the work on Voltaire began.
Strauss gives his own account of this in the following extract:—
“When it first occurred to me to write something on Voltaire for the
Princess in the form of lectures, I naturally cherished the hope that, when
the little book was printed, I might obtain her permission to dedicate it to
her. As the work progressed, however, this hope became fainter, and by the
time the book was ready I had entirely given it up.
“I could only take pleasure in my work, if I felt I had been perfectly
sincere; if, instead of condemning Voltaire, as is usually the case, I stood up
for him upon essential points—nay, even went so far as to intimate that here
and there he had seemed to me not to have gone far enough.
“The Princess might naturally have scruples about allowing a book of
such a tendency to be dedicated to her, considering her position and what
was due to it; and to ask her to allow the book to be dedicated to her seemed
forbidden by that discretion which I was bound to observe. The thought
then struck me of writing with my own hand into the copy of the book
which I gave her the Dedication, in the terms in which it now stands printed
on the second page of the volume. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the friendly
intercourse with the Princess continued, whilst on the other the printing of
the book advanced. One day in the most kind manner she told me how
much she felt she owed to our acquaintance, and how much it had helped to
clear her views in many ways. I, on my part, expressed to her in all sincerity
the animating and exhilarating influence which our intercourse had
exercised upon myself, and, in particular, how it had cheered and
encouraged me in my labors on Voltaire.
“ ‘It would be nice, if you would dedicate your book to me,’ the Princess
rejoined. How agreeably surprised I was can easily be imagined. I
acknowledged without hesitation how this had been my first intention, but
that I had given it up out of regard for her, not wishing to expose her to
misinterpretation. The Princess replied that the fear of being misunderstood
would never prevent her from doing what she thought right. I pointed out,
that the matter must be well and carefully considered, and that, first and
foremost, she must obtain her husband’s consent. Her answer was that she
had no fear on that point; but that she would of course consult him about it.
I told the Princess that I had made several changes and additions since I
first wrote the lectures. I would therefore bring her the proof-sheets as soon
as they were ready, partly that she might glance over the whole again, and
partly that she might draw the Prince’s attention to any doubtful passages.
They would then be able to form their own opinions.
“I sent her the proof-sheets, and received them back from the Princess on
the 11th of June, 1870, with the following letter:
“ ‘Dear Herr Professor:—I return you your “Voltaire” with many
thanks. My husband read through the fifth chapter of it yesterday; he does
not think that its contents are such as to justify my refusing the dedication.
The value which I place on the dedication of your book will always be far
greater than any little unpleasantness which might possibly arise from my
accepting it.
Alice.’
“The dedication was thus unqualifiedly accepted, but now—in what
words should I put it? I had got accustomed to the form in which I had
meant to write it myself into the copy I wished to present to the Princess. I
intended saying that I had written lectures for the Princess, and that she had
allowed me to read them aloud to her. Would not this make the Princess, so
to speak, an accomplice of this objectionable book? Could I state this
publicly? I felt myself bound to leave to the Princess the choice between
this dedication and a more formal one, in which these allusions were
omitted. Upon this the Princess sent me the following answer:
“ ‘I should not like any change made in what you have written on the
first page, and am greatly touched at your kind dedication.
Alice.’
“When I was at last able to send her my book in its complete form with
the dedication printed, I received the following note from her, written from
Kranichstein, on the 27th of June, 1870:
“ ‘I have not been able till to-day to thank you for your “Voltaire”
received yesterday. The book itself is the cause of the delay, as I devoted
my spare time to reading over what you had yourself read to me so
beautifully last winter. I seemed to hear your voice and all your
observations again. I must thank you once more for that great enjoyment,
and for the kind terms of your dedication.
 “ ‘Alice.’
“Seldom have the negotiations about the dedication of a book been
carried on in a way like this, and seldom has a Royal Princess shown herself
so courageous and amiable.”
All must agree in this opinion, from whatever point of view they look at
the subject. It was like the Princess’ straightforward nature boldly to
acknowledge to the world her friendship for Strauss, even at the risk of
incurring the most unfavorable criticisms.
Strauss says, further, in his “Memoirs”:
“The memory of the Princess Alice will be inseparably connected, as
long as I live, with one of the most gratifying episodes of my life—the
writing of my work on Voltaire.”
To this must be added that though, as time went on, the Princess agreed
less and less with Strauss’ avowed religious views, and especially differed
considerably from those enunciated in his book, “The Old and the New
Faith,” she never thought otherwise of Strauss than with gratitude and
esteem, as one in whom she had met with the most beautiful characteristics
of the best German scholarship—viz., unflinching sincerity, combined with
a rare gift of saying what it has to say clearly and pleasantly, and a winning
modesty of personal demeanor.
In the end of March the Prince and Princess with their family went to
Mayence for change of air after the scarlet-fever. The Princess went much
into society during her stay there; but this did not prevent her from making
use of every possible opportunity for furthering those institutions which she
had so much at heart. She visited the hospitals at Mayence, Offenbach, and
Giessen, and had many consultations with the heads of these various
hospitals with a view to possible improvements.
The quiet, happy time at Kranichstein during the summer was suddenly
brought to an end by the declaration of war between France and Germany.
Prince Louis had to go to the front with his division, which, together with
another division, formed the Ninth Army Corps, and part of the Second
Army, commanded by Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia. The Princess
took leave of her husband on the 25th of July. She, however, saw him again
once or twice before the final leave-taking, on the 1st of August.
 On the 15th of August the Hessian division for the first time encountered
the enemy, before Metz, and on the 16th took part in the battle of Mars-la-
Tour. During the terrible battle of Gravelotte, on the 18th of August, Prince
Louis and his division occupied a central position in the irresistible force,
which drove Marshal Bazaine back into Metz, and held him imprisoned
there with an iron grasp.
On the 19th Prince Louis and the troops encamped on the battlefield, and
he had the pleasure of meeting his brother Henry. Prince Louis took part in
the battle of Noisseville on the 31st of August, when General Manteuffel
commanded the troops engaged. He and his division also formed part of the
army investing Metz, partly doing outpost duty, and partly serving in the
reserve.
On the 8th of October, whilst the Prince was in command of his division
at Gravelotte, where the troops were concentrated in hourly expectation of a
sortie of the French from Metz, he received the news of the birth of a
second son, who had been born on the 7th.
Ever since the Prince’s departure the Princess had remained “at her post”
in Darmstadt, helping, comforting, and advising all around her. She was
proud to be the wife of a German officer serving in the field in such a cause,
though her life for the present was full of anxiety and care. She worked, like
any other woman, to alleviate as best she could the sufferings of the sick
and the wounded, and giving aid to those who were plunged into destitution
by the war. Whilst she was living with her children at Kranichstein the
“Hülfsverein,” or Committee of Aid, had its headquarters in her palace at
Darmstadt. She herself went there every day, visited all the hospitals, also
the ambulances at the railway station, and superintended the organization of
“Committees of Aid” all over the country. The Committees which she had
organized long previously now proved themselves an untold blessing.
The “Alice Society for Aid to Sick and Wounded” had sixteen trained
nurses ready for work at the beginning of the war. Through the voluntary
help of some of the best doctors and surgeons, who arranged classes at
different places for the instruction of all those who were anxious to help to
nurse during the war, the number of nurses was increased by degrees to one
hundred and sixty-four. These were sent to the different hospitals in Hesse,
to ambulances near Metz, to the hospital trains, and the hospitals on the
steamers.
 In her own palace the Princess arranged a depot for all necessaries
required for the sick and wounded. Later on another was established in the
Grand Ducal palace. Besides the many regular nurses, a number of women
and ladies joined together to serve out refreshments, during the night as
well as the daytime, to the wounded, who were constantly passing through
Darmstadt and halted at the railway station. Similar committees were,
thanks to the Princess’ own initiative, formed all over the country.
One of the hospitals at Darmstadt, erected by the English National Red
Cross Society, and supplied with English surgeons, received the name of
“The Alice Hospital.” Under a special arrangement it was subsequently
taken over by the Hessian military authorities. In this hospital, as in others
established independently of the “Alice Society,” women and girls of all
classes lent their aid.
Simultaneously with the aid to the sick and wounded, those who had
been rendered widows, orphans, or destitute by the war were cared for
through the Princess’ exertions; and “The Alice Society for the Education
and Employment of Women” did good service. Out of this Society sprang
the “Alice Lyceum,” which was intended for the intellectual culture of
women of the higher classes. Lectures were to be delivered in it on all the
interesting subjects of the day. This Lyceum continued for some years to
attract a more or less numerous audience. In the first winter of its existence
lectures on English and German Literature, the History of Art, German
History, and Natural History were given. The lady at the head of it was
Fräulein Louise Büchner. Its subsequent failure was caused by numerous
external difficulties, and not because the original idea for which it had been
founded had proved otherwise than sound.
The little new-born Prince continued to thrive, and the Princess made a
comparatively quick recovery. The Crown Princess of Prussia, who was
then living at Homburg, came constantly to see her sister; and later on, in
November, they went together to Berlin. The christening of the little Prince,
who was to bear the name of the victorious general of Weissenburg and
Wörth, was deferred till his father’s return.
Prince Louis had garrisoned Fort St. Privat on the 29th of October, and
saw the 173,000 French prisoners and Imperial Guard pass before Prince
Frederick Charles of Prussia.
 On the 30th the troops marched farther into the interior of the country.
Troyes was reached on the 10th of November, a few days later
Fontainebleau, and soon after the troops confronted the “Army of the
Loire” at Toury. The battle of Orleans took place on the 3d and 4th of
December, and on the 5th the victorious troops made the entry into the
town. Part of the Hessian division moved along the left bank of the Loire,
and fought the engagement of Montlivault on the 9th of December; the
other part of it surprised and took possession of the Castle of Chambord,
with five guns and many prisoners. Blois was soon after taken; and from the
10th of December till the 14th of February, 1871, the headquarters were at
Orleans. During the expedition against General Chanzy the Hessian
division alone guarded the line of the Loire from Gien to Blois.
 January 8th.
* * * My three girls have had fearful colds—Ella bronchitis, which Ernie
also took from her, and during twelve hours we were in the very greatest
anxiety about him; the difficulty of breathing and his whole state caused
great alarm. Thank God, he is now quite convalescent; but those were hours
of intense suffering for me, as you can imagine. Weber is most attentive and
most kind on such occasions, and in such moments one is so dependent on
the doctor.
* * * Some very good lectures have been given here lately, undertaken
by a committee, which we are at the head of, and of which Mr. Morier is a
member. They have been a great success hitherto, and we are going to one
to-night by Kinkel, who in 1848 was a refugee in England, and is now a
professor at Zürich.
January 16th.
Beloved Mama:—We are very grateful for your kind enquiries, and for
your letter received this morning. The violence of the fever and the great
pain in the throat have abated, and dear Louis is going on favorably. The
nights are not good as yet, and his head pains him.
I am cut off from all intercourse with any one in the house, on account of
the dear children; and I trust they may escape, for they still cough,
particularly Ella and Ernie. I see Christa when I am out walking, not
otherwise, as she comes in contact with the part of the house where the
children live. I read to Louis, and play to him, as my sitting-room opens
into the bedroom. I keep the rooms well aired, and not hot, and at night I
sleep on a sofa near his bed. The first two nights were anxious ones, and I
was up all night alone with him; but now, thank God, all seems to be going
well. * * *
January 20th.
I am happy to say that all is going on well. Louis has no more fever, but
his throat is still far from well; it has still the character of diphtheria, though
in a mild form—a sort of skin and bits of blood come away when he
coughs. He is a very good patient, and I leave him very little alone save
when I take my walks, which in this high cold wind are very unpleasant. I
hear Ella is still so hoarse and coughs, and Victoria is not quite well.
Orchard writes to me every evening, and Dr. Weber sees them in the
morning before he comes downstairs.
This instant Weber tells me that Victoria has the scarlet-fever, and I have
just been up to see her. She suffers very much, poor child; the fever is very
high and the rash much out. It is too late now to separate the others, and
those who are not predisposed will escape; but those who are inclined to
take it have it in them by this time.
It is a source of great anxiety. Orchard and Emma have never had it.
***
January 23d.
I was very glad to get your dear lines of the 22d, full of sympathy for me
during this anxious time. Victoria’s fever has been very high; and so much
discomfort and pain, with a dreadful cough, which she has had for the last
six weeks. She is very low, and cries every now and then from weakness,
etc., but is a very good patient, poor little one. Amelung comes every
afternoon and sits with her, and she is a great favorite with the children, as
she knows countless pretty stories.
Louis is not out of bed yet, on account of his throat, etc.; but he is much
better, though in this treacherous climate, which is so proverbially bad for
throats and lungs, I fear that even with the greatest care there is a risk.
The other children are as yet well, though I don’t think Ella looking well;
she has still a cold, and is as hoarse as when I came home. Ernie is all right
again, and looks the best of them all. I doubt their escaping, though it is
quite possible, as they did not take it when Victoria did. I keep the rooms
fresh and continually aired.
All the balls and parties are going on here now. Of course, I can neither
go anywhere nor receive any one, on account of the infection. It is a
wearisome time indeed, and being so much in sick rooms and so little out
begins to tell upon me. How kind of you to send the books! Louis will be
delighted. I have just read to him Russell’s book of Bertie and Alix’s
journey, and am now reading to him a new Life of Napoleon, by Lanfrey,
which is very well written—more against than for Napoleon. Of course,
newspapers and the Revue des Deux-Mondes I read to him besides. * * *
January 31st.
 * * * Though dear baby has had two bad, restless nights, yet I am happy
to say that he has the illness so slightly, with so little fever or sore throat,
that we are in great hopes it will get no worse. He is cutting his back teeth
just now, which is the worse moment possible to be ill in.
Victoria looks very hollow-eyed, pale, and wretched, poor darling, but is
in good spirits now. The other two are as yet free. The weather is most
beautiful—frosty and clear,—and I have been skating daily for the last six
days, which does me much good, and enables me to see people again. This
afternoon I have a large party on the ice at Kranichstein, and this is always a
great amusement to the young people. * * *
Mayence, April 10th.
* * * Yesterday evening we had to give a large party here, half to the
military, and the other to the civil authorities and to the Bürger [citizens]. It
went off well; but the amount of speaking, as one must speak to all, and the
effort to remember who they all were—they having been all presented at
once—was no small exertion. * * *
Mayence, April 15th.
* * * Lady Car. [Barrington] wrote to me how very grateful Mrs. Grey
was to you for your great kindness and consideration.[97] In trouble no one
can have a more true and sympathizing friend than my beloved Mama
always is. How many hearts has she not gained by this, and how many a
poor sufferer’s burdens has she not lightened! * * *
April 25th.
Thousand thanks for your dear loving lines! I kissed them a thousand
times, and thank you so much for the quite lovely statuette—a little gem,
which every one has been admiring this morning. The shawl and little
ornament gave me also great pleasure, and the colored photographs of the
rooms—in short, all and any thing from such dear hands must give
pleasure. * * *
June 25th.
* * * I am proud of my two girls, for they are warm-hearted and gifted,
too, in appearance. Victoria’s facility in learning is wonderful, and her
lessons are her delight. Her English history and reading she has learned
from me. I give her a lesson daily, and Bäuerlein[98] can tell you how much
she has learned. * * *
I read a great deal, chiefly history and deeper works; and I have one or
two very learned acquaintances with whom to read or to have books
recommended by.
My two committees always give me no end of work, and I have tried to
have many improvements made in the girls’ schools of the different classes;
and some of these things, by dint of a deal of trouble, are prospering, and I
hope in time to come will prove their worth. There is a great deal to be
done, and in the hospitals I have been able to get some very necessary
changes made. I tell you all this, fancying it may perhaps interest you a
little bit. * * *
July 2d.
How grieved I am for your sake, above all, and for the poor Clarks and
ourselves, that dear kind Sir James, that true fatherly friend, is no more!!
Many thanks for your last letter, which tells me of your last visit to him,
which I am sure must be a great comfort to you. Oh! how sad to think how
many are gone! And for you, dear Mama, this is quite dreadful. I can’t say
how I feel it for you!
Lord Clarendon’s death grieves me much also; and it was so sudden.
Alice Skelmersdale wrote to me in the greatest distress; he had been a most
loving father.
In the midst of life we are in death; and in our quiet and solitary
existence out here, where we see no one, all accords with sad and serious
feelings, which, amidst the many people and worry you live in, must jar
with such feelings and make you wish for solitude. The accounts you give
touch me so much. Many thanks for having written so much about dear Sir
James; it is of great value to me. Louis begs me to say, how he shares the
grief you all and we must feel at such a loss.
What you say about the education of our girls I entirely agree with, and I
strive to bring them up totally free from pride of their position, which is
nothing save what their personal worth can make it. I read it to the
governess—who quite enters into all my wishes on that subject—thinking
how good it would be for her to hear your opinion. * * * I feel so entirely as
you do on the difference of rank, and how all important it is for princes and
princesses to know that they are nothing better or above others, save
through their own merit; and that they have only the double duty of living
for others and of being an example—good and modest. This I hope my
children will grow up to.
July 26th.
When I returned home last night really heartbroken, after having parted
from my good and tenderly-loved Louis, I found your dear sympathizing
words, and I thank you a thousand times for them—they were a comfort
and pleasure to me! I parted with dear Louis late in the evening, on the high
road outside the village in which he was quartered for the night, and we
looked back until nothing more was to be seen of each other. May the
Almighty watch over his precious life, and bring him safe back again: all
the pain and anxiety are forgotten and willingly borne if he is only left to
me and to his children!
It is an awful time, and the provocation of a war such as this a crime that
will have to be answered for, and for which there can be no justification.
Everywhere troops and peasants are heard singing “Die Wacht am Rhein”
and “Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?” and there is a feeling of unity and
standing by each other, forgetting all party quarrels, which makes one proud
of the name of German. All women feel ashamed of complaining, when
father, husband, or son goes, and so many as volunteers in the ranks. This
war is felt to be national, and that the King had no other course left him to
pursue with honor.
I must be in town by nine o’clock: so much rests on me, and there are so
many to help—the poor forsaken soldiers’ families amongst others! I have
seen that all is ready to receive the wounded, and to send out help. I send
out fourteen nurses for the Feld-Lazarethe [field-hospitals].
How much I feel for you now, for I know how truly you must feel for
Germany; and all know that every good thing England does for Germany,
and every evil she wards off her, is owing to your wisdom and experience,
and to your true and just feelings. You would, I am sure, be pleased to hear
how universally this is recognized and appreciated.
What would beloved Papa have thought of this war? The unity of
Germany, which it has brought about, would please him, but never the
shocking means!
 July 28th.
My darling Louis is at Worms, and Henry just in front of him. The
enthusiasm all along the Rhine is wonderful. They are all hopeful, though
knowing well what enormous sacrifices and struggles a victory will cost.
I cannot leave this place until our troops should have—which God
prevent!—to retreat, and the French come! Now is the moment when a
panic might overcome the people; and I think it my duty to remain at my
post, as it gives the people courage and confidence. My parents-in-law, who
have their three sons out, would feel my absence, and they have the first
claim on me. I am in beloved Louis’ home, and nearer to him, if I remain.
Of course, with dear Vicky I should personally be far better off. But Fritz is
not much exposed, and she has not that fearful anxiety to such an amount as
I have for dear Louis, who, as commander of only a division, must be in the
very midst of all. Day and night this thought is uppermost in my mind. I
hope and pray for the best, and bear what is sent to me in common with so
many others. Work is a Zerstreuung [distraction], and I know dear Louis
would prefer knowing me here for the present, and that must be the first
consideration to determine my actions.
Louis is well, and, now the dreadful parting is over, I am sure in better
spirits, though work and anxiety weigh on him, poor love.
The children send their love. I am pretty well; able to do a great deal;
headache and sleeplessness are but natural at this moment.
August 5th.
Arrived in our house this morning, I was received with the news of dear
Fritz’ victory, and that 500 French prisoners had just passed through here by
rail. I know none of ours can have been engaged, but we have not heard if
there was an engagement elsewhere. The excitement and anxiety are quite
dreadful! Please God, my darling is safe, and will pass safely through these
dreadful dangers—and our many dear friends and acquaintances also! I am
always sending off things for the wounded from our stores, and continue
working and collecting, and all are most patriotic and united. It is a solemn
and great time we live in, and there is something grand and elevating in the
unity of high and low throughout this great nation, which makes one proud
of belonging to it. If only all goes on well!
I am very sleepless, and never without headache, but one has neither
time nor wish to think of one’s self. My own Louis’ safety is the all-
engrossing thought; and I know, beloved Mama, that you love him truly,
and share this anxiety with me. * * *
August 15th.
A few words by messenger. I have sent a letter by Kanné, who came here
yesterday, having seen dear Louis the day before, which was the first direct
news I have had from him. Yesterday morning he was at Faulquemont. Poor
General von Manstein (our Chef), when he reached Saarbrück, found his
son had been killed, and he had him taken out of the general grave and
buried in the churchyard. * * * No less than forty French wounded I saw
this morning in our hospital, with some Turcos. Some can’t speak in any
known language, and the French dislike having these savages near them as
much as we do; their physiognomies are horrid, and they steal and murder
as Handwerk [their vocation].
So much going about—for I go to Darmstadt at half-past eight, and
remain till half-past eleven, in the morning, and in the afternoon from five
till eight—is getting very fatiguing to me; but the people have no time to
come out here, and there is much to see to, and many to speak with.
August 19th.
I have tried to write as often as I could, but I have only two hours to
myself during the whole day, through driving in here twice a day. Besides
the large Hülfsverein for the “wounded and sick,” which is in our palace, I
have daily to visit the four hospitals. There is very much to do; we are so
near the seat of war. This morning we got two large wagons ready and sent
off for Pont-à-Mousson, where they telegraph from the battlefield of the
16th they are in great want. My best nurses are out there; the others are in
three hospitals: two of them—military ones—were not ready or organized
when 150 wounded arrived a week ago. I have just had a telegram from
dear Louis; he is well, and I hope in a day or two the least dangerously of
the Hessian wounded will arrive.
Thank God, all goes on successfully; but, indeed, I hope I shall not live
to see another such war—it is too shocking by far. We have over five
hundred wounded; as soon as any are better, they are sent north, and worse
ones fill the beds—French and German intermixed. I neither see nor smell
any thing else but wounds! and the first Anblick [sight], which sometimes
one does not escape meeting, is very shocking! It was very late last night
before I got home. I was stopped at one of the hospitals, as a poor soldier
had had sudden violent bleeding, and was all but dead, as the doctor could
not find the artery; but I sent my carriage for another surgeon, and I am
happy to say he lives and is recovering.
As Louis commands the whole of our little army, a great many things
concerning the troops come to me from all parts of the country, and there is
much to do—much more than in my present state is good for me; but it
can’t be helped.
I drive back to Kranichstein by one daily, and am here again before five,
so I hope you will kindly forgive my writing seldomer. Becker is engrossed
with his duties at the Hülfsverein; there is no other gentleman with me, and
I have the household to look after, besides.
August 20th.
My telegram will have told you that dear Louis is until now safe. On the
16th, in the evening, and on the 17th and 18th, our troops were engaged,
and yesterday evening late I drove to the station, to speak to General
Kehrer, our commandant, and received a telegram of the last victory, near
Metz—a battle of nine hours, very bloody—no mention of names. The
people, all excited, crowded round my carriage, asked for news—which of
our regiments had been under fire? I could tell them nothing, but pacified
them, begging them to go to their homes—they should hear as soon as I had
news. I drove home with an aching heart, and passed a dreadful night of
suspense. At six this morning a telegram from Louis (19th); he and his two
brothers safe; our loss enormous—seventy officers out of one division (ours
is the 25th), and Oberlieutenant Möller, a great favorite, his adjutant since
1866, very badly wounded. I went at once to Darmstadt to Louis’ parents.
They were so overcome and thankful to hear of the safety of their children.
This continual anxiety is fearful. Now to-day all the poor wives, mothers,
sisters, come to me for news of their relations; it is heart-rending! We sent
off two large wagon-loads to Pont-à-Mousson again with provisions,
bandages, and medicaments, and mattresses to bring back all the wounded
possible by rail. I went the round of the hospital, to have all the
convalescent Prussians and French able to travel sent to their homes, so as
to get room, and now we can await the sad arrivals. Oh, if it would but end!
the misery of thousands is too awful!
 Kranichstein, August 25th.
Many thanks for your dear words of the 20th. God knows, I have
suffered much, and the load of anxiety is great! But thousands of Germans
bear this load in unity together for their Fatherland, and none murmur.
Yesterday a poor woman came to me to ask me to help her to get to the
battlefield, to have the body of her only son looked for and brought home;
and she was so resigned and patient.
I see daily, in all classes, so much grief and suffering; so many
acquaintances and friends have fallen! It is heart-rending! I ought to be very
proud though, and I am so, too, to hear from the mouths of so many
wounded officers the loud praise of Louis’ great bravery on the 16th and
18th. Always in front, encouraging his men where the battle raged fiercest
and the balls fell thickest. He was near our troops, speaking to them,
directing them, and right and left of him they fell in masses. This lasted
eight hours!
* * * Hourly almost the trains brings in fresh wounded, and many and
shocking are the sights one sees. I only returned here by one, having gone
to town at half-past eight this morning, and have still three hospitals for this
afternoon.
My nurses reached the battlefield in time, and were of great use. Louis
telegraphed (yesterday’s date) from Auboué, between Thionville and Metz,
where they remain in bivouac. * * * It is ten days since Louis has been in a
bed or under a roof. They have no water (it is kept for the wounded), and
little to eat, but he is very well.
It is difficult to get news, and I can never send any that is not mostly ten
days old ere it reaches him.
August 26th.
* * * I had a telegram on the 25th from near Marengo, not far from Metz
—all well. Louis has not been in bed or under a roof since the 16th, and it
rains incessantly. I hope they won’t all be ill. He writes mostly on cards, on
the hilt of his sword, sitting on a box. They cook their own dinner, and on
the 16th they were going to eat it, when orders came to turn the French left
wing and go into battle. That night was awful, though the day of the 18th
seems to have been the bloodiest ever known. Our wounded all tell me so.
 My dear parents-in-law bear up well; but when we three get together we
pour our hearts out to each other, and then tears which are full of anxiety
will flow.
Kranichstein, September 2d.
I went early to Homburg, as no trains go regularly now. I went by road
from Frankfort, and found dear Vicky well—her little baby very pretty and
healthy-looking; the other dear children also well.
How much we had to tell each other! How much to be proud of, and how
many friends and acquaintances to mourn over! The few hours we had
together flew by in no time, and at Frankfort the train was unpunctual—
outside Darmstadt it waited nearly an hour. At our palace, where I arrived at
ten in the evening, people who were going to our Haupquartier
[headquarters], were waiting. I scribbled a few words to my dear Louis (the
first since he received the Iron Cross, a great distinction) and packed a few
things for him—tea, etc.
September 15th.
Though I am still forbidden to use my eyes, I must send you a few words
of thanks for your dear letter and telegram. I had a violent inflammation of
eyes and throat, with two days strong fever and neuralgia. I am recovering
now, but feel the effects very much; my eyes are still bad, and it has
reduced my strength, which I require so much. Dr. Weber has just lost his
sister (whom he treated in her confinement) from puerperal fever, and he
told me he thought he must have given it to her, from going to and fro to his
wounded, for Lazarethfieber [hospital fever] and that were so closely akin.
You can fancy that in Louis’ absence, and with the prospect of being alone,
without even a married experienced lady in the house, this prospect
frightened me. It is unhealthy at any time to be for one’s confinement in a
town full of hospitals with wounded, and Weber could never give me as
much attention as at another time, and, should I be very ill, there is no
authority to say any thing about what had best be done. On that account
your telegram was a relief to me.
September 20th.
* * * Daily I hear the muffled drums of the funeral of some soldier or
officer being taken past my windows to his last resting-place. How deeply I
do feel for the poor parents and widows!
 My children are very well, but have absolutely no place where they can
walk with safety from infection, for the mass of sick troops who get out and
stop near the Exercirplatz [drill-ground], and the hospitals in town. The
barrack at the foot of our garden contains 1,200 French prisoners, and many
of them ill. It is much to be hoped that there will be soon an end to all these
things. I feel for the Emperor and Empress very much. What ungrateful,
vain, and untruthful people the French are! To expose Paris to a siege, now
their armies are beaten, which they think through fine speeches and
volunteers they can set right again.
September 22d.
I received your letter through Kanné yesterday, and thank you many
times for it; also for the little shawls and sash for Ernie. Every souvenir
from dear Balmoral is a pleasure.
Good Dr. Hofmeister will be very welcome, and I know he is very
clever. Mrs. Clarke is sure to get on well with him, and an older doctor just
now, besides being an acquaintance of so many years, is to me indeed a
comfort. I shall be able also to hear of all at home, and of so many things
that interest me. Thousand thanks from Louis and from myself for your
sending him. * * *
All long for peace—the army and the nation—and I think so great a
national war as this need not require part of the foes’ territory. What little is
necessary for the military frontier they must take; but the union of Germany
under one head is a far greater and finer end to such a war than the
annexation of land!
* * * War is the greatest scourge this world knows, and that we may not
live to see it again, is my earnest prayer.
October 1st.
* * * The children are all well, in spite of the bad air here. I send them
out driving of an afternoon, when I can best, having only one coachman, as
ours are with Louis. At present they can’t manage it often. * * *
October 3d.
* * * Dr. Hofmeister is to both of us a source of real confidence and
comfort. I don’t think any one else would have been more welcome to me
just now, and he can write daily to Louis, and letters go usually in two days
now.
I go as little as possible to the hospital now, and, indeed, do nothing
imprudent, you can be sure. * * *
November 12th.
* * * The nerves of my forehead and eyes are still painful; and from all
sides I am again called upon to look after, settle, and advise concerning
many things. On that account Dr. Weber and my mother-in-law insist on my
leaving Darmstadt for a total change of scene, etc., for three weeks. I have
resisted as long as I could, as I so much dislike going from home now
(though I do not feel up to the work, and yet cannot keep from doing it), but
I have finally given in, and accepted Vicky’s kind invitation to accompany
her for three weeks to Berlin. The journey is long and cold, but her
company when we are both alone is a pleasure to me, and I shall hear all
news as directly there as here.
* * * Last night I was much overcome. I had been sitting at the bedside
of one of my poor young friends, and he was gasping in a too-distressing
way. The father held his hand, the tears streaming down his cheek, the son
was trying to say “Weine nicht, Papa” [“Don’t weep, Papa!”]. The poor old
father, so proud of his good and handsome child, is heart-broken, and they
are touchingly united and full of feeling for each other. I would give any
thing to save his life; but all efforts will, I fear, be in vain. Though I have
seen so many lately die hard deaths, and heard and seen the grief of many
heart-broken widows and mothers, it makes my heart bleed anew in each
fresh case, and curse the wickedness of war again and again.
Poor baby can’t be christened yet, as my parents-in-law think Louis
would not like it during his absence, so I shall wait. * * *
November 17th.
* * * How I rejoice to hear that Leopold gains so much strength, and that
he can be about again as usual. Will you kindly tell him in Louis’ name and
mine (as I am still restricted in all writing and reading) that we beg him to
stand godfather to our little son?[99] Baby is so nice and fat now, and thrives
very well. I think you would admire him, his features are so pretty, and he is
so pink, and looks so wide-awake and intelligent. Ernie, who in general is a
rough boy, is most tender and gentle to his little brother, and not jealous.
***
Berlin, December 5th.
* * * Yesterday Fieldmarshal Wrangel came to see me, and his words
were, “Zu gratuliren dass Ihr Mann ein Held ist, und sich so superb
geschlagen hat” [“Accept my congratulations that your husband is a hero,
and has fought so magnificently”]. I am very proud of all this, but I am too
much a woman not to long above all things to have him safe home again.
* * * The evenings Vicky and I spend alone together, talking, or writing
our letters. There is so much to speak of and think about, of the present and
the future, that it is to me a great comfort to be with dear Vicky. It is nearly
five months since Louis left, and we lead such single existences that a sister
is inexpressibly dear when all closer intercourse is so wanting! There is so
much, beloved Mama, I should like to speak to you about. * * *
The girls are quite well, and very happy with their grandparents. The
governess—who in the end did not suit for the children—as the six months’
trial is over, will not remain, and I am looking for another one.
Darmstadt, December 18th.
* * * The children and I bore the journey well, and it was not cold.
Parting from dear Vicky was a hard moment, and I shall feel the loneliness
here so much, and miss my dear good Louis more than ever. The children
are, of course, at such a time the greatest blessing. There is so much to do
for them, and to look after for them; and mine are dear good children, and
do not give over-much trouble.
Letters I have again received speak of the amount of danger Louis has
again been daily exposed to, and how his personal courage and daring have
given the victory in many a fight. God protect him! I live in fear and
trembling for his precious life, and after I hear of his being safe through one
battle, I take it as a fresh present from the Almighty, and breathe freer again,
though the fear soon enough gets the upper hand again.
I have asked Uncle Louis to allow his Berichte [reports] to be copied for
you. Louis has Köhler and another footman with him, that is all—and two
coachmen. He rides in all battles the horse you gave him in 1866, which he
rode during that campaign, and which is quite invaluable. It would interest
Colonel Maude to know this, as he bought the horse. My nursery is in very
good order, and they are all invaluable in their way.
How is good Dr. Hoffmeister’s family? Please say many kind things to
him from me, and tell him that the baby is getting so nice and fat, and is so
healthy in spite of all troubles. Here is a photograph of him, but not at all
flattered. Please give Dr. Hofmeister one of them!
I have this instant received a letter from Louis dated the 11th! I will have
an extract made for you, I think it might interest Bertie to hear something of
Louis, whom he can be proud to have as a brother-in-law, for I hear his
praises continually. He has been throughout the war, as every other General
has been, without a carriage, etc., like other Princes, and has gained the
respect and devotion of his troops.
Darmstadt, December 19th.
* * * I hope for this last time, if we are spared and live to come over
together once more, we may have the joy of showing their dear Grandmama
the whole little band. Of course, no thoughts of plans can be entertained,
and I know, after so very long a separation, Louis would not be willing
again to part from his children.
My wounded were so pleased to see me again yesterday. Alas! many in
bed, and so ill still! My two in the house are much better, and the one who
during six weeks lay at death’s door is recovering. I have seldom
experienced so great a satisfaction as seeing this young man recover, and
the doctors say I have been the means of saving his life.
The joy of the old parents will be very great. Since I left, there are new
widows, and fresh parents bereft of only children; it is a most painful duty
to go to them. But I know the comfort of sympathy is the only one in deep
grief.
December 23d.
My warmest and tenderest thanks for your dear and loving letter, with so
many expressions of a mother’s love and sympathy, which do my heart
good, now that I feel so lonely and anxious. It seems too great a happiness
to think of, that of our being allowed to come with our children to you, and
to Scotland; and you know the smallest corner is enough for us, who are by
no means particular—neither are our people. If I write this to Louis, it will
be something for him to look forward to, to cheer him and reward him after
so hard a time, which he bears so bravely and uncomplainingly. This
morning I have been at the Alice Hospital, which is prospering. I have been
taking my gifts for Christmas to one hospital after another. Your two capes
have delighted the poor sufferers, and the one wounded for the second time
is very bad, alas! My wounded officer in the house is recovering, next to a
miracle. For the two wounded in the house, the children, our household, and
the children of our servants at the war, I arrange Christmas-trees.
We grown-up ones of the family have given up keeping Christmas for
ourselves. We have too much to do for others, and my parents-in-law, like
me, feel the absence of the dear ones who are always here for Christmas.
I am superintending Victoria and Ella’s letters to you, which have not
achieved the perfection wished for. As they are to be quite their own, I hope
you will excuse their arriving a little later.
Darmstadt, December 27th.
* * * Louis telegraphed on Christmas day from Orleans, where I had
sent Christa’s brother with a box of eatables and woollen things for his
people, and a tiny Christmas-tree with little lights for the whole party. Louis
has sent me a photograph of himself and staff done at Orleans, and I have
sent for a copy for you, as it is very good. On Christmas day it was five
months since Louis and the troops left. The charming stockings you sent, I
have sent off in part to-day to Louis to give to his Stabswache [Staff-guard];
the other things I divide among the wounded and sick.
My children are all well. The little one sits up, and, though not very fat,
is round and firm, with rosy cheeks and the brightest eyes possible. He is
very healthy and strong, and in fact the prettiest of all my babies. The three
girls are so grown, particularly the two eldest, you would scarcely know
them. They are both very tall for their age. Victoria is the height of Vicky’s
Charlotte, and Ella not much less. They are thin, and a change of air would
be very beneficial.

1871.
The christening of the little Prince took place quietly on the 11th of
February, the child receiving the names of Frederick William. The sponsors
were the Empress of Germany, the Crown Princess, Crown Prince, Prince
Frederick Charles of Prussia, and Princess Alice’s own brother, Prince
Leopold. The ceremony took place in the absence of Prince Louis, who had
been unable to get leave, although an armistice had been concluded on the
28th of January, which it was hoped would be the forerunner of peace.
On the 18th of March the King of Prussia, who had meanwhile become
Emperor of Germany, made his entry into Frankfort-on-the-Main, together
with his son and his whole staff. The Grand Duke of Hesse and the
members of his family received him there.
Prince Louis at last obtained ten days’ leave of absence, and arrived at
Darmstadt on the 21st of March. The parents of the Prince had gone to meet
him and his brother William a few stations beyond Darmstadt, whilst the
Princess Alice awaited her husband at the Darmstadt railway station. The
joy and thankfulness of that meeting can well be imagined. Darmstadt was
gaily decorated in honor of the Prince’s return; and he met with an
enthusiastic reception.
Prince and Princess Louis were present at Berlin on the 16th of June at
the triumphal entry of the German troops on the conclusion of the peace.
On the 21st of June the Prince entered Darmstadt at the head of his Hessian
division. In spite of pouring rain, the town presented a most festive
appearance. Later on the Prince and Princess and their children went to
Seeheim (near Darmstadt), where her brother, Prince Alfred, visited them
on his return from his three years’ voyage round the world. The Prince and
Princess of Wales also paid their sister a visit; and Prince and Princess
Louis saw much of their Russian relations, who were then staying at
Jugenheim.
In August, the family went to the seaside at Blankenberghe, where they
spent three weeks, and afterward went to London. They arrived at Balmoral
on the 13th of September, on a visit to the Queen, whom they found
suffering severely. They stayed with her till the 1st of November, but the
children, who had caught the whooping cough, were sent to London sooner.
Whilst at Sandringham, to which the Prince and Princess went on their way
back from Balmoral, in the middle of November, the Prince of Wales was
taken ill. Prince Louis had to return to Darmstadt, but the Princess remained
in England, and shared the anxieties of the very dangerous and protracted
illness of her brother, whom she helped to nurse. It was the same terrible
fever (typhoid) which, ten years before, had ended the life of the beloved
Prince Consort, and it was so severe that the worst was feared. Prince Louis
returned to England on the very day when the danger was greatest, but he
also was able to share in the joy and thankfulness when improvement set in
upon the 14th of December. He remained over Christmas, and returned to
Darmstadt before the year was at an end.
Darmstadt, January 7th.
* * * In England people are, I fear, becoming unjust toward the German
troops. Such a long and bloody war must demoralize the best army; and I
only say, in such a position how would the French have behaved? Many
French officers say the same, and how greatly they respect the German
soldier. Hundreds of French officers and two generals have broken their
word of honor, and run away. I doubt, whether one in the German army
would do such a thing. The French peasants, often women, murder our
soldiers in their beds, and the wounded they have used too horribly many a
time. Is it a wonder, then, when the men let a feeling of revenge lay hold of
them? A guerilla war is always horrid, and no words can say how all
Germans feel and deplore the present phase of the war! I hope and trust that
the end may not be far distant.
One of the poor wounded soldiers whom I gave your cape to is dying,
and the poor boy won’t part from it for an instant, and holds it tight round
himself.
Louis continues at Orleans, where they have entrenched themselves, and
await with impatience news from Paris which must be of great influence for
the continuation or ending of the war.
My days fly past. The children take much of my time—so, too, the
house, my two wounded in the house, and the hospitals, to one of which I
go daily.
Darmstadt, January 14th.
* * * How kind of you to work something for Louis; he will wear it with
such pleasure. Prince Frederick Carl’s recent victories[100] and the fresh
hosts of prisoners must help to bring the war to an end. Germany does not
wish to go on, but the French won’t see that they are beaten, and they will
have to accept the visitors, who must increase in numbers the longer the
French refuse to accede to the German demands.
I am so low, so deeply grieved for the misery entailed on both sides, and
feel for the French so much. Our troops do not pillage in the way described
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