Wireless Tutorial

Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, White Spaces and Beyond

Agenda
10:30 12:00 noon

Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Lunch

1:00 2 00 00 2:00 2:00 2:45 3:00 3:45

The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going and Growing 4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence?
Break

Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New Business Models

Break

4:00 4:45

Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond

www.octoscope.com

MIMO OFDM OFDMA 4 4G Wire eless capac / throu city ughput IEEE 802 3G 2G WiMAX Wi- i Wi-Fi i LTE

UMTS/HSxPA CDMA

GSM AMPS First cell phones 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
www.octoscope.com

Hi t f History of IEEE 802 11 802.11

1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11 g 1994: 2.4 GHz products begin shipping 1997: 802.11 standard approved 1998: FCC authorizes the UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) Band - 5 GHz 1999: 802.11a, b ratified 2003: 802.11g ratified 2006: 802.11n d aft ce tification b 2006 802 11n draft 2 certification by the Wi-Fi Alliance begins 20??: 802.11 ac/ad: 1 Gbps Wi-Fi 802.11 802 11 has pioneered commercial deployment of OFDM and MIMO key wireless signaling technologies today
www.octoscope.com

History of 802.16
1998: IEEE formed 802.16 WG
Started with 1066 GHz band; later modified to work in 211GHz to enable NLOS (non-line of site)

2004: IEEE 802.162004d

Fixed operation standard ratified

From OFDM to OFDMA

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing orthogonal frequency division multiple access

2005: 802 16-2005e 802.16-2005e

Mobility and scalability in 26 GHz

Latest: P802.16Rev2/D8 draft Future: 802.16m next generation

SDD (system definition document) SRD (system requirements document) ( y q )
www.octoscope.com

ITU-T F ITU T Framework k

Pervasive connectivity WLAN - WMAN - WWAN ITUITU-T United Nations telecommunications standards organization Accepts detailed standards contributions from 3GPP, IEEE and other groups IEEE 802.11 WLAN (wireless local area network) ) IEEE 802.16 WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network) 3GPP WBA (wireless broadband access)
www.octoscope.com

ITU International Mobile Telecommunications

IMT-2000 IMT 2000
Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications Provides a framework for worldwide wireless access by linking the diverse systems of terrestrial and satellite based networks. Data rate limit is app o imatel 30 Mbps ate approximately Detailed specifications contributed by 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others New generation framework for mobile communication systems beyond IMT-2000 with deployment around 2010 to 2015 Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs) IEEE 802.16m working to define the high mobility interface 802 16m IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ad VHT (very high throughput) working to define the nomadic interface

IMT-Advanced

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ITU Frequency Bands for IMT Advanced

450 470 450-470 MHz 698-960 MHz 1710-2025 MH 1710 2025 MHz 2110-2200 MHz 2300-2400 MHz 2500-2690 MHz 500 690 3400-3600 MHz
TDD FDD H-FDD F-FDD
Time division duplex Frequency division duplex (full and half duplex)

www.octoscope.com

Personal 802.15.3 Bluetooth 60 GHz UWB

GSM, CDMA, UMTS 3GPP Wide

TVWS 802.22 Regional

802.11 Wi-Fi Local

Metro 802.16 WiMAX

www.octoscope.com

Wireless sta W andards do ominate th work of IEEE 80 he 02

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC)

802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols 802.3 Ethernet 802.11 Wireless LAN 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG (technical advisory group) 802.19 Coexistence TAG 802.21 Media Independent Handoff 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802 TV White Spaces Study Group

www.octoscope.com

IEEE 802.11 Active Task Groups 802 11

TGn High Throughput TGp Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE/DSRC) TGs ESS Mesh Networking TGT IEEE 802 Performance TGu InterWorking with External Networks TGv Wireless Network Management TGw Protected Management Frames g TGy 3650-3700 MHz Operation in USA TGz Direct Link Setup TGaa Robust streaming of AV Transport Streams TGac VHTL6 (very high throughput < 6 GHz) TGad VHT 60 GHz
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11
www.octoscope.com

Draft 802.11n vs. Legacy Throughput 802 11n vs Performance

802.11n 802 11n Throughput Enhancements

802.11n throughput enhancement Spatial multiplexing 40 MHz channel width Description With 2 spatial streams throughput can be double that of a single stream. Doubling the channel width over the legacy 20 MHz channel can double the throughput. Throughput enhancement over legacy 100%

100%

With 52 data sub-carriers vs. 48 for the legacy networks the highest data rate networks, More efficient OFDM per stream is 65 Mbps vs. the 802.11a/g 54 Mbps The short GI of 400 ns allowed by 802.11n d 802 11 reduces th symbol ti the b l time f from 4 microseconds to 3.6 microseconds increasing the symbol rate by 10%. 64k bytes A MPDU; 8k bytes A MSDU A-MPDU; A-MSDU

20%

Shorter GI

10%

Frame aggregation gg g and Block ACK

Up to 100%

IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n 802 11a b g n

20 MHz Channel 1 stream 2 streams 40 MHz Channel 1 stream 2 streams Data Rate, in Mbps D t R t i Mb 802.11b 2.4 GHz 802.11a 5 GHz 802.11g 2.4 GHz 802.11n GI[1]=800ns 2.4 GHz 802.11n GI[1]=800ns 5 GHz 802.11n, GI=400ns 2.4 and 5 GHz 1, 2, 5.5, 11 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 6.5, 13, 19.5, 26, 39, 52, 58.5, 65 6.5, 13, 19.5, 26, 39, 52, 58.5, 65 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 28 9 43 3 57.8, 65, 72.2
GI = Guard Interval, period within an OFDM ,p symbol allocated to letting the signal settle prior to transmitting the next symbol. Legacy 802.11a/b/g devices use 800ns GI. GI of 400ns is optional for 802.11n.
[1,]

13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 104, 117, 130 13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 104, 117, 130 14.4, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 86.7, 115.6, 130, 144.4 13.5, 27, 40.5, 54, 81, 108, 121.5, 135 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 90 120 135 150 27, 54, 81, 108, 162, 216, 243, 270 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 270, 180 240 270 300
www.octoscope.com

MIMO Radio Systems

2x3
TX RX

Data is organized into spatial streams that are transmitted simultaneously - This is known as Spatial Multiplexing SISO: Single-Input/Single-Output; MIMO: Multi-Input/MultiOutput; SIMO: Single-Input/Multi-Output; MISO l / l Theres a propagation path between each transmit and receive antenna (a MIMO path) ( p )

N x M MIMO ( e.g. 4x4, 2x2, 2x3)

N transmit antennas M receive antennas i t Total of N x M paths
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15

Mobile reflector

clusters Mobile device

MIMO transmission uses multipath to send two or more streams

www.octoscope.com

I d l Indoor MIMO M lti th Ch Multipath Channel

Multipath reflections come in clusters Reflections in a cluster arrive at a receiver all i t i ll from the same general direction Statistics of clusters are key to MIMO system operation ti 802.11n developed 6 models: A through F
www.octoscope.com

Reflector

Moving reflector o g e ec o

Rx

Direct ray Wall

Reflector Tx

17

Example 2x2 MIMO Channel Model

2 H1

H2 1

Time-varying FIR filter weights

Spatially correlated: H11 correlated with H12, etc., according to antenna spacing and cluster statistics Time correlated according to the Doppler model
www.octoscope.com

MIMO Channel Emulation

DSP U d t Up-down converters

4 x 4 MIMO paths to support 802.11n WiMAX requires 2 x 2 eq i es 802.11n and ITU M.1225 channel models Bidirectionality required to support beamforming
www.octoscope.com

Municipal Multipath Environment M i i l M lti th E i t

www.octoscope.com

Outdoor Multipath Environment

Base Station (BS) picocell radius: r < 100 m i ll di micro: 100 m < r < 1 000 m macro: r > 1 000 m

One or two dominant paths in outdoor environments fewer paths and less scattering than indoors
www.octoscope.com

802.11n Channel M d l 802 11 Ch l Models

Parameters Avg 1st Wall Distance (m) RMS Delay Spread (ns) Maximum Delay (ns) Number of Taps Number of Clusters A 5 0 0 1 N/A B 5 15 80 9 2 Models C D 5 10 30 50 200 390 14 18 2 3 E 20 100 730 18 4 F 30 150 1050 18 6

Delay spread is a function of the size of the modeled environment Number of clusters represents number of independent propagation paths modeled Doppler spectrum assumes reflectors moving in environment at 1.2 km/h, which corresponds to about 6 Hz in 5 GHz band, 3 Hz in 2.4 GHz band
www.octoscope.com

ITU MIMO Channel Models For BWA

WiMAX system p f y performance simulations are based on ITU models Channel Model ITU Pedestrian B (relative figures) ( l ti fi ) ITU Vehicular A (relative figures) Path 1 0 dB 0 ns 0 dB 0 ns Path 2 -0.9 dB 200 ns -1.0 dB 310 ns Path 3 -4.9 dB 800 ns -9.0 dB 710 ns Path 4 -8.0 dB 1200 ns -10.0 dB 1090 ns Path 5 -7.8 dB 2300 ns -15.0 dB 1730 ns Path 6 -23.9 dB 3700 ns -20.0 dB 2510 ns

Channel Model ITU Pedestrian B ITU Vehicular A V hi l

Speed 3 km/hr 30 km/hr k /h 120 km/hr

Probability 60% 30% 10%

BWA = Broadband Wireless Access

www.octoscope.com

Li htl R l t d Band for 802.11, 802.16 Lightly Regulated B d f 802 11 802 16

March 2005 FCC offered 50 MHz 3650 to 3700 MH t MHz for contention-based 802.11y meets FCC requirement; 802.16h is working to comply 21st century regulation geared for digital communications
300 Million licenses one for every person or company $300 per license for 10 years Registered stations (base stations): 1 W/MHz ~15 km W/MHz, Unregistered stations (handsets, laptops): 40 mW/MHz, 1-1.5 km

protocol

multiple services to share the band in an orderly way

www.octoscope.com

IEEE 802.11 Timeline 802 11

TGk TGma TGa TG TGb TGc withdrawn TGn TGb-cor1 TGd TGe TGF TGg TGh TGi TGj
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

TGp TGr TGs TGT TGu TGv TGw TGy

Part of 802.1

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

802.11-1999 IEEE Standard April 1999

802.11-2007 IEEE Standard

June 2007

802.11-1997 8 IEEE Standard July 1997

www.octoscope.com

Making 802.11 Enterprise-grade

802.11r
Fast Roaming

released l d
802.11k
Radio Resource Measurement

released
802.11v
Wireless Network Management
www.octoscope.com

802 11 F t T iti (Roaming) i ) 802.11r Fast Transition (R

Needed by voice applications Basic methodology involves propagating authentication information for connected stations through the mobility domain to eliminate the need for re-authentication upon station transition from one AP to another The station preparing the roam can setup th t t the target AP t t to minimize the actual transition time
www.octoscope.com

802.11k Radio Resource Measurement

Impetus f 802 11k came from the Enterprises that I t for 802.11k f th E t i th t needed to manage their WLANs from a central point 802.11k makes a centralized network management system by providing layer 2 mechanisms for
Discovering network topology Monitoring WLAN devices, their receive power levels, PHY configuration and network activity

Can be used to assists 802.11r Fast Transition (roaming) protocol with handoff decisions based on the loading of the infrastructure, but 802.11v is more focused on load balancing
www.octoscope.com

802.11v Wireless Network Management

TGvs charter is to build on the network measurement mechanisms defined by TGk and introduce network management functions to provide Enterprises with centralized network management and load balancing capabilities. Major goals: manageability, improved power efficiency and interference avoidance Defines a protocol f requesting and reporting D fi t l for ti d ti location capability
Location information may be CIVIC (street address) or GEO (longitude, latitude coordinates)

For the handset, TGv may enable awareness of AP e911 capabilities while the handset is in sleep mode; this work has common ground with TGu
www.octoscope.com

802.11v Improves Power Efficiency

TGv defines FBMS (flexible broadcast multicast service) - the mechanism to let devices extend their sleep period Devices can specifying the wake up interval to be longer than a single DTIM (delivery traffic indication message). This consolidates traffic receive/transmit intervals and extends battery life of handsets.

www.octoscope.com

Making Wi-Fi Carrier-grade?

802.11u - InterWorking with External Networks

Main goal is to enable Interworking with external networks, including other 802 based networks such as 802.16 and 802.3 and 3GPP based IMS networks Manage network discovery, emergency call M k di ll support (e911), roaming, location and availability The network discovery capabilities give a station looking to connect information about networks in range, service providers, subscription status with service providers

802.11u makes 802.11 networks more like ll l lik cellular networks where such t k h h information is provided by the infrastructure

www.octoscope.com

802 11p Wireless Access Vehicular 802.11p Environment (WAVE)

Transportation communications systems under development by Department of Transportation (DoT) 802.11p is the PHY in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) WAVE is also called DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) WAVE/DSRC is the method for vehicle / to vehicle and vehicle to road-side unit communications to support
Public safety Collision avoidance Traffic awareness and management Traveler information Toll booth payments

www.octoscope.com

802 11p Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE) 802.11p Operates in the p 5.9 GHz frequency band dedicated by the FCC for WAVE/DSRC This band falls right above the 802.11a band 802 11a band, making it supportable by the commercial h i l 802.11a chipsets

Wireless Mesh
Wired connection to each AP

802.11s 802.16j (relay) 802.16m (built-in meshing) (built802.15.5 BWA backhaul mesh
Mesh Portal

Traditional WLAN
Wired links Mesh links Client links Cli t li k

Mesh
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IEEE 802 11 M h 802.11s Mesh

Wireless Distribution System with automatic topology learning and wireless path configuration Self forming, self healing, Self-forming self-healing dynamic routing ~32 nodes to make routing algorithms computationally manageable Extension of 802.11i security and 802.11e 802 11e QoS protocol to operate in a distributed rather than centralized topology
MP (Mesh Point) P i t)

Mesh Portal

www.octoscope.com

802.11s 802 11s Mesh Enhanced Stations

Multiple association capability reduces hops between server and client stations

www.octoscope.com

Fast Handoff in Dynamic Meshes

To support VoIP, 802.11s needs to incorporate the fast handoff mechanisms defined in 802.11r.
Enable stations to roam from one mesh AP to another within approximately 50 ms without noticeable degradation in the quality of a voice call In a dynamic mesh (e.g. in vehicles) MPs may be roaming with respect t other MPs and the 802.11s standard requires fast t to th MP d th 802 11 t d d i f t roaming of MPs with respect to one another.

www.octoscope.com

802 11 S it 802.11s Security

802.11s has to make special provisions for security. In the traditional fixed infrastructure stations authenticate through APs with a centralized AAA server. In a mesh network MPs have to mutually authenticate with one another. 802.11s security features extend 802.11i to peer-to-peer peer to peer environment.

www.octoscope.com

IEEE 802.16 and 802 15 M h St d d 802 16 d 802.15 Mesh Standards

802.16j and 802.15.5 are also standardizing l t d di i mesh topologies 802.16j 802 16j is not an ad-hoc mesh, but a relay to extend the range between a CPE and a b d base station 802.16m 802 16m has meshing protocol built in

Wireless relay

www.octoscope.com

Cellular Microwave B kh l M h C ll l Mi Backhaul Mesh

Microwave hub MSC Fiber capacity

Fiber access

Microwave

Microwave backhaul for base stations can be configured in PTP, PTMP, mesh, and ring topologies. NGMN* (www.ngmn.org) and 3GPP are considering the mesh architecture due to its high resiliency and redundancy.
* NGMN is an organization of major operators that defines high level requirements for 3GPP.
www.octoscope.com

40

IEEE 802.16 Active Task Groups

802.16h, Li 802 16h License-Exempt T k G E t Task Group
Working with 802.11 TGy and 802.19 Coexistence TAG

80 6j, ob e u t op e ay 802.16j, Mobile Multihop Relay

Extended reach between BS (base station) and CPE (customer premises equipment)

802.16m, 802 16m IMT Advanced Air Interface Maintenance

Developing 802.16Rev2 Working with the WiMAX Forum
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16

www.octoscope.com

WiMAX Forum
IEEE 802.16 contains too many options The WiMAX Forum defines certification profiles on parts of the standard p p selected for deployment; promotes interoperability of products through testing and certification The WiMAX Forum works closely with the IEEE 802.16 Maintenance y group to refine the standard as the industry learns from certification testing

current Under development Future

Release 1.0 Release 1.5 Release 2 0 2.0

802.16e/TDD 802.16e/TDD and FDD 802.16m 802 16m (IMT Advanced)

www.octoscope.com

Mobility and Handoff

Two basic requirements for mobility
Location management: tracking where a mobile station (MS) is at any time Handoff management: ensuring a seamless transition for the current session as the MS moves out of th coverage t f the range of one base station and into the range of another
www.octoscope.com

Location Management
The MS periodically informs the network of its current location: location registration Location area usually includes one or more base stations Needs to be done frequently to ensure accurate information is recorded about the location of each MS When an incoming call arrives at the network, the paging process is initiated The recipient's current location is retrieved from a database and the base stations in that area page the subscriber p g
www.octoscope.com

Handoff
WiMAX requires handoff latency be q y less than 50ms with an associated packet loss of less than 1 percent for speeds up to 120kmph The MS makes the decisions while the BS makes recommendations on target BSs for the handoff Either the SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) or RSS (receive signal strength) can be used as criteria
www.octoscope.com

V i R i t Voice Requirements
Packet loss, especially bursty packet loss, causes poor signal quality Delay and jitter (variation in delay) can also cause loss of quality 200 ms events (signal loss or delay) are audible to the ear ( g y) In wireless networks, bursty packet loss can be due to
Congestion in the infrastructure Client roaming from one AP to another
~20-30 millisecond gaps

~100 microsecond packets, depending on CODEC CO C

www.octoscope.com

Video Requirements
Format Average throughput q g quality y required for high q video 480i60 1080p30 MPEG-2 8 Mbps 20 Mbps 12 Mbps

Broadcast Cable TV

Windows MPEG-4 Part 5 Mbps Media Video 2 DivX Di X XviD QuickTime

Vid S ill Video Surveillance

q Required throughput is a function of video frame rate rate, resolution and color Approximately 2 Mb needed f Mbps d d for full VGA, 7 frames/sec /

802 Wireless
802.11 802 11
Faster (802.11n, ac/ad) More power efficient (sleep modes 802.11n, u, v) Location aware (802.11u, v) L ti (802 11 ) VoIP and Video capable Manageable

802.16
Scalable, supports mobility 802.16m has built in meshing and femtocell support

White spaces
Major new disruptive market Currently no industry standard other than FCC
www.octoscope.com

Agenda
10:30 12:00 noon

Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Lunch

1:00 2 00 00 2:00 2:00 2:45 3:00 3:45

The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going and Growing 4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence?
Break

Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New Business Models

Break

4:00 4:45

Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond

www.octoscope.com

4G Starts in the Home

xDSL, Cable Metro Ethernet Broadband IP access

www.octoscope.com

Th hrough hput

Cell size shrinks as throughput and usage increase

# subscribers, throughput
www.octoscope.com

Femtocell Ethernet Wi-Fi Home AP/router xDSL, Cable Metro Ethernet Broadband B db d IP access

Femtocells allow the use of ordinary cell phones over broadband IP access b db d Wi-Fi enabled cell phones can work via Wi-Fi APs Wi Fi
www.octoscope.com

Orange and T-Mobile have launched GAN/UMA services Sprint has launched Femtocell service, at&t and Verizon have made Femtocell announcements Wi-Fi Wi Fi cell phone transitions between cellular and Wi-Fi networks (3GPP GAN, VCC or proprietary SIP)

Femtocells support traditional phones

www.octoscope.com

GAN (Generic Access Network) / UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access)

GSM Radio Access Network (RAN)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Core Mobile Network

Dual-Mode UMA Handset

IP Network
Unlicensed Mobile Access Network (UMAN)

UMA Network Controller (UNC)

Operators and vendors agreed to develop UMA in December 2003

www.octoscope.com

Data Networks vs. Traditional Cellular Networks

PSTN
HLR VLR

MSC 2

BSC

IP Network

GMSC* VLR

Cellular Network

MSC 1

BSC

BSC
Today s Todays cellular infrastructure is set up for thousands of BSCs, not millions of femtocells.
*Gateway Mobile Switching Center
www.octoscope.com

Traditional Stovepipe
Voice V i Billin ng/OSS Prese ence Internet I t t Billin ng/OSS Prese ence

IMS
Voice Internet Video Q QoS Presence IP Network

Billing/OSS

QoS

Traditional Cellular Network

Mobile M bil Fixed

Stovepipe model replicates functionality

QoS

IMS Network

IMS common layers facilitate adding services g

www.octoscope.com

Key Components of the IMS Architecture

CSCF (call session control function)
Heart of IMS architecture Handles multiple real-time IP based services (voice, IMM, streaming video, etc.) Responsible for registering user devices and for ensuring QoS

Applications Applications Servers (AS)

HSS (home subscriber server)

Central repository for customer data Interfaces with operators HLRs (home location registers), which keep subscriber profiles Enables roaming across distinct access networks Delivers services, such as gaming, video telephony, etc. Types of AS: SIP, Parlay X, customized legacy AS

Control

HSS

CSCF

Transport

Media gateway

AS (application server)

IP network, gateways t k t to legacy networks

www.octoscope.com

LTE A hit t d Architecture IMS B Based

LTE specifies IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), optimizing the architecture for services . IMS is being used in wired infrastructure to enable VoIP and other applications; LTE expands on this capability to deliver seamless services. Hotspot-like initial deployments, primarily in urban areas will leverage HSPA for full coverage Most LTE devices will be multi-mode, supporting HSPA and other interfaces LTE femtocells will be integrated in the architecture from the onset to increase capacity and indoor coverage.

www.octoscope.com

60

d 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

Japan

USA

Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards ITU references the regional standards g
www.octoscope.com

61

Operator Influence on LTE

LTE was built around the features and capabilities defined by Next Generation Mobile N t M bil Networks (NGMN) Alliance k Alli (www.ngmn.org)
Operator buy-in from ground-up

LTE/SAE (Service Architecture Evolution) Trial Initiative (LSTI) formed through the cooperation of vendors and operators to begin t ti b i testing LTE early in the development l i th d l t process (www.lstiforum.org) NGMN defines the requirements q LSTI conducts testing to ensure conformance.

formed 9/2006 by major operators:

Sprint Nextel China Mobile b Vodafone Orange T-Mobile KPN Mobile M bil NTT DoCoMo

www.octoscope.com

LTE Frequency Bands - FDD

Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 Uplink (UL) 1920 -1980 MHz 1850 -1910 MHz 1910 1710 -1785 MHz 1710 -1755 MHz 824-849 824 849 MHz 830 - 840 MHz 2500 - 2570 MHz 880 - 915 MHz 1749.9 - 1784.9 MHz 1710 -1770 MHz 1427.9 1452.9 1427 9 - 1452 9 MHz 698 - 716 MHz 777 - 787 MHz 788 - 798 MHz 704 - 716 MHz Downlink (DL) 2110 - 2170 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz 1805 -1880 MHz 2110 - 2155 MHz 869 - 894 MHz 875 - 885 MHz 2620 - 2690 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1844.9 - 1879.9 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz 1475.9 1500.9 1475 9 - 1500 9 MHz 728 - 746 MHz 746 - 756 MHz 758 - 768 MHz 734 - 746 MHz
www.octoscope.com

Source: 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.4.0 (2008-12)

LTE Frequency Bands - TDD F B d

Band 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Uplink (UL) /Downlink (DL) 1900 - 1920 MHz 2010 - 2025 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz 1910 - 1930 MHz 2570 - 2620 MHz 1880 - 1920 MHz 2300 2400 MHz

Source: 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.4.0 (2008-12)

www.octoscope.com

LTE and WiMAX Modulation and Access

CDMA (code division multiple access) is a coding and access scheme
CDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-2000

SDMA ( (space division multiple access) is an access scheme di i i lti l )i h

MIMO, beamforming, sectorized antennas

TDMA (time division multiple access) is an access scheme

AMPS, GSM

FDMA (frequency division multiple access) is an access scheme OFDM ( h (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is a modulation lf d l l ) d l scheme OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) is a ( g q y p ) modulation and access scheme
www.octoscope.com

Power

Power

FDMA Channel

OFDM Multiple orthogonal carriers

Frequency q y TDMA

Frequency

Time User 1 U User 2 U User 3 U User 4 U User 5 U

FDMA vs OFDMA vs.

OFDMA is more frequency efficient than th FDMA
Each station is assigned a set of subcarriers, eliminating frequency guard bands between users Guard band Channel

FDMA

OFDMA
www.octoscope.com

P Power

Frequency Frequency allocation per user i continuous vs. time is i i

T Time

Fixed OFDMA

Dynamic OFDMA

Frequency Frequency allocation per user is d namicall dynamically allocated vs. time slots User 4 U User 5 U

User 1 U

User 2 U

User 3 U

Key Features of WiMAX and LTE

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation
Resource allocation information conveyed on a frameby frame basis

Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex)
TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink UL DL

DL UL

FDD Paired channels

www.octoscope.com

OFDMA symbol number b l b

Time

Frequency y

Subc channel

TDD T Transmission i i

Time

Fre equency

H-FDD (half-duplex H FDD (h lf d l FDD) T Transmission i i

SDMA = S t Antenna T h l i Smart A t Technologies

Beamforming
Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam to improve coverage and capacity

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) or Collaborative MIMO C ll b ti

Multiple streams are transmitted over multiple antennas Multi-antenna receivers separate the streams t achieve hi h throughput t to hi higher th h t In uplink single-antenna stations can transmit simultaneously Transmit diversity such as Alamouti code [1,2] reduces fading

Space Time Space-Time Code (STC)

2x2 Collaborative MIMO increases the peak d k data rate two-fold f ld by transmitting two data streams.

www.octoscope.com

Scalability
WiMAX Channel bandwidth (MHz) (MH ) Sample time (ns) FFT size Sampling factor (ch bw/sampling freq) Subcarrier spacing (kHz) Symbol time (usec) 1.25 714.3 128 5 178.6 512 10 89.3 1024 20 44.6 2048 3.5 250 512 7 125 1024 8/7 7.8125 128 LTE Channel bandwidth (MHz) FFT size 1.4 128 3 258 5 512 10 1024 15 1536 20 2048
www.octoscope.com

8.75 100 1024

28/25 10.9375 91.4

9.766 102.4

3G/4G Comparison
Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Downlink D li k HSPA (today) HSPA (R l (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 2 2 HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM Downlink) WiMAX R l Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 ( UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz channel 14 Mbps 28 Mb Mbps 42 Mbps 40 Mb Mbps 43.2 Mbps Uplink U li k 2 Mbps 11.6 Mb 11 6 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 10 Mb Mbps 21.6 Mbps Access time (msec) 50-250 msec 50-250 50 250 msec 50-250 msec 40 msec 30 msec

Release 8 LTE Release 9 enhancements to LTE, 2009 Release 10 - LTE Advanced (1Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL, 100 MHz bw) 2010
www.octoscope.com

HSPA and HSPA+

HSPA+ is aimed at extending operators investment in HSPA
2x2 MIMO, 64 QAM in the downlink, 16 QAM in the uplink Data rates up to 42 MB in the downlink and 11.5 MB in the uplink. 11 5 uplink

HSPA+ is CDMA-based and lacks the efficiency of OFDM

Traditional HSPA One tunnel HSPA One tunnel HSPA+ Gateway GPRS Support Node

GGSN Control Data SGSN RNC User Data Node B

Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN

GGSN SGSN
One-tunnel architecture One tunnel flattens the network by enabling a direct transport path for user data between RNC and the GGSN, thus GGSN minimizing delays and set-up time

SGSN RNC Node B

Radio Network Controlle r

RNC Node B

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LTE SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

HSS SGSN GPRS Core Trusted

MME
SAE, PDN gateways
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) PCRF (policy and charging enforcement ) function) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) MME (Mobility Management Entity) SAE (System Architecture Evolution) PDN (Public Data Network)

PCRF

IP Services (IMS) Trusted

Wi-Fi i i

Non3GPP Trusted non-3GPP IP Access (CDMA, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX)

eNode-B

NonTrusted

SAE includes RAN and EPS

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EPS (Evolved Packet System)

EPS is the core network for LTE and other advanced RAN technologies Not N t hierarchical as GSM EDGE HSPA
Flat IP architecture minimizes round trip time (RTT) to <10 ms and setup time to <100 ms Higher data rates, seamless interworking between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks and IMS Primary elements are eNodeB, MME (Mobility Management Entity) and the SAE gateway MME provides connectivity between the eNodeB and the legacy GSM and UMTS networks via SGSN*. The MME also supports the following: user equipment context and identity, authorization, and g q p y, , authentication. The SAE gateway, or EPS access gateway, provides the PDN (packet data network) gateway and serving gateway functions.

SAE GW PDN GW

MME

eNode-B

SGSN

*GPRS Gateway Support Node Serving GPRS Support Node

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Backhaul
LTE requires high-capacity links between eNodeB and the core. The options are:
Existing fiber deployments Microwave in locations where fiber is unavailable Ethernet

Backhaul is the key to reducing TCO for operators.

Co-location of LTE with legacy networks means the backhaul has to support
GSM/UMTS/HSPA/LTE or LTE/CDMA Time division multiplexing (TDM), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and Ethernet traffic

NGMN wants to standardize backhaul in order to reduce cost while meeting stringent synchronization requirements.

Non-TDM backhaul solutions may be unable to t maintain th strict i t i the t i t timing required for cellular backhaul.

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Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Backhaul

WiMAX

GbE HSPA

MPLS is b being considered for backhauling d d f b kh l

Supports TDM, ATM, and Ethernet simultaneously Incorporates RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Protocol Traffic Engineering) for end to end QoS end-to-end Enables RAN sharing via the use of VPNs

eNodeeNode-B

BS (base stations) could act as edge MPLS routers, facilitating migration to pure IP.
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WiMAX vs. LTE s

Commonalities C li i
IP-based OFDMA and MIMO Similar data rates and channel widths

Differences
Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but cannot do this as easily at the IEEE based 802.16 802 16 LTE backhaul is designed to support legacy services while WiMAX is better suited to greenfield deployments

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Commercial Issues
LTE Deployments likely slower than projected p j WiMAX 2-3 year lead, likely maintained for years y Dedicated spectrum in many countries But
Likely < 15% share by 2020 & th more thus costly

But
Eventual migration path for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for > 80% share Will be lowest cost & dominant in 2020

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Agenda
10:30 12:00 noon

Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Lunch

1:00 2 00 00 2:00 2:00 2:45 3:00 3:45

The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going and Growing 4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence?

Break
Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New Business Models
Break
4:00 4:45

Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond p y

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TV S t Spectrum A il bilit Availability

6 MHz TV channels 2-69
VHF: 54-72, 76-88, 174-216 54 72 76 88 174 216 MHz UHF: 470-806 MHz

2009 transition from analog to t iti f l t digital TV frees up channels 5269 due to higher spectral efficiency of digital TV FCC is updating its regulations and has recently allowed the use of cognitive radio f White f d for h Spaces, unused TV spectrum WSD = white spaces device p
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White Space Channel Availability

Approximate White Space UHF channel availability based on full-service post-transition broadcast station allocation

duTreil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc. Sarasota, Florida

Available Channels: 1 or none 3 or fewer 10 or fewer 20 or more 30 or more

h h l White S Spaces R d Technology Radio

The new regulations (FCC Dockets 04-186, g ( , 02-380) require the use of cognitive radios to determine whether a channel is available prior to transmitting. Two types of services are targeting TV spectrum:
Fixed services: WRAN (wireless rural area networks), networks) being standardized by IEEE802.22 IEEE802 22 Mobile services: White Spaces, being advocated by the WIA (www.wirelessinnovationalliance.org) IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee formed new study group in November, 2008 to investigate white spaces standardization

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Detecting Licensed Transmissions

Methods for detecting licensed transmissions:
An internal GPS could be used in conjunction with a database to determine whether the WSD is located far enough away from licensed stations. WSD could receive information from a broadcast station indicating which channels are available. WSD could incorporate sensing capabilities to detect whether licensed transmitters are in its range. If no signals are detected, the device could transmit. If signals are detected, the device would have to search for another channel.

Protected devices: TV stations, wireless microphones

FCC sensing thresholds :

-116 dBm for ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, digital TV) -94 dBm for NTSC (National Television System Committee, 94 analog TV) -107 dBm for wireless microphones

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Hidden Node Scenario

TV signal attenuated b an i l tt t d by obstruction (wall) is undetectable by a WSD. WSD transmits, interfering with TV broadcast, which is received unobstructed by a rooftop antenna.

TV broadcast received by an unobstructed rooftop TV antenna

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B h f t Property? t ? Beach-front P
Lower frequencies experience lower attenuation in free space and through obstructions, e.g. buildings However, when propagating through metal frames in modern buildings Fresnel zone buildings, gets constricted and attenuation is introduced Antenna size also matters optimum l length is a multiple of wavelength
3.3 feet for 70 MHz 4 4 for 700 MHz 1 for 2.4 GHz

Longer antennas required for UHF may be problematic for handheld devices bl ti f h dh ld d i
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Antenna Fresnel Zone

D
Fresnel zone is the shape of electromagnetic signal and is a function of frequency
Constricting the Fresnel zone introduces attenuation and signal distortion

r = radius in feet D = distance in miles f=f frequency i GHz in

Example: D = 0.5 mile r = 30 feet for 700 MHz r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz

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Hidden Node an Issue?

Analysis and f field testing done by ITU-R, FCC and other organizations demonstrate that even when a WSD is deep inside a building the signal building, reaching it is likely to be at most 30 dB lower than the signal at a rooftop antenna. The 802.22 draft sets the detection threshold 30 dB below a tuners lowest receive level and tuner s states that an unlicensed device must detect a broadcast within 2 seconds and with probability of >=90%.
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Turf Battles to Continue

Broadcasters and traditional wireless operators will continue to oppose TV White Spaces developments The battle lines are drawn and the stakes are high

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www.octoscope.com t
[email protected] i f @ t +1 (978) 376-5841

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Additional Content

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ITU-T ITU T Voice Quality Standards

MOS (mean opinion score) uses a wide range of human subjects to provide a subjective quality score (ITU-T P.800) PESQ (perceptual speech quality measure) sends a voice pattern across a network and then compares received pattern to the original pattern and computes the quality rating (ITU-T P.862) R-Factor (Rating factor) computed based on delay packet loss and other network performance parameters; R-Factor directly translates into MOS (ITU-T G.107)

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ITU-T ITU T PESQ Model M d l

ITU-T E-Model (G.107) for Computing R-Factor ( ) p g

G.107 Default values and 7 perm mitted range for the Ees mode paramete el ers

Parameter
Send Loudness Rating Receive Loudness Rating Sidetone Masking Rating Listener Sidetone Rating D-Value of Telephone, Send Side D-Value of Telephone Receive Side Talker Echo Loudness Rating Weighted Echo Path Loss Mean one-way Delay of the Echo Path Round-Trip Delay in a 4-wire Loop y Absolute Delay in echo-free Connections Number of Quantization Distortion Units Equipment Impairment Factor Packet-loss Robustness Factor Random P k t l R d Packet-loss P b bilit Probability Circuit Noise referred to 0 dBr-point Noise Floor at the Receive Side Room Noise at the Send Side Room Noise at the Receive Side Advantage Factor

Abbr.
SLR RLR STMR LSTR Ds Dr TELR WEPL T Tr Ta qdu Ie Bpl Ppl Nc Nfor Ps Pr A

Unit
dB dB dB dB dB dB ms ms ms % dBmOp dBmp ( ) dB(A) dB(A) -

Default Value
+8 +2 15 18 3 3 65 110 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 -70 -64 35 35 0

Permitted Range
0 +18 -5 +14 10 20 13 23 -3 +3 -3 +3 5 65 5 ... 110 0 500 0 1000 0 500 1 14 0 40 1 40 0 20 -80 -40 35 85 35 85 0 20

R-Factor R Factor to MOS Conversion

MOS

Toll quality

R-Factor
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Video Metrics
Media Delivery Index (MDI) defined in RFC 4445 describes media capacity of p a network composed of the Media Loss Rate (MLR) and Delay Factor (DF)
MLR is a media-weighted metric that expresses the number of expected IEEE Std 802.11 packets dropped from a video stream d DF represents the amount of time required to drain the endstation buffer at the bit rate of the media stream

MLR = (Packets Expected - Packets Received) / Interval in Seconds DF is calculated as follows:

VB = |Bytes Received - Bytes Drained| DF = (max(VB) min(VB)) / Video Bit rate in Bytes Where VB = video buffer

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