2020 University of Pretoria

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

WTW 238 - Assignment 10
Thursday November 19
Time 12:00
Total: 30 Time: 150 minutes to do the assignment

Surname & Initials: Student Nr:

The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am aware of and have read the Rules and
Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary Procedure and the Tests and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical,
dishonest or improper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment. I am aware that no student
or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student, or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any
other person during tests, assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.

SIGNATURE:

The assignment consists of 2 pages and 6 questions (as well as a formula page).
SHOW ALL YOUR WORK

Read the following instructions

Prohibited

1. No notes, textbook or any other help is allowed. It is a closed book assignment.

2. Calculators MAY NOT be used.

Format

1. Only handwritten assignments submitted in one pdf file will be accepted.

2. Write the declaration, your surname, initials, student number and your signature clearly on the first page of your
assignment.
3. Numerate your pages and keep them in the correct order and the correct way up.
4. Label each question (sub-question) clearly.
5. Draw a line with a ruler at the end of each question.
6. Show all your work and calculations and indicate how you use definitions and/or apply theorem

Submission

1. You have 150 minutes to do the assignment.

2. You have 30 minutes to prepare your submission.
3. You have 10 minutes to submit.
4. Name your pdf when scanning your assignment (to avoid submitting the wrong document).
5. Make sure that you are satisfied with your answers before submitting.
6. You have only ONE attempt to do the assignment. A second attempt can only be considered if the content is the
same as the first attempt and it is clear that you had to submit twice due to submission difficulties.
7. Use only the course e-mail [email protected] for any problems. If you can’t submit on clickUP your mailed
assignment must reach the mailbox within 5 minutes after the due time.
8. If you can’t submit because the link is not available any more your mailed assignment will not be accepted. This is
because it means that you start submitting after the submission time lapsed.
EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

1) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y(L) = 0:

nπ 2 nπx



λn = L , yn (x) = sin L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

2) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y 0 (L) = 0:
 2  
(2n−1)π (2n−1)πx
λn = 2L , yn (x) = sin 2L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

3) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y(L) = 0:
 2  
(2n−1)π (2n−1)πx
λn = 2L , yn (x) = cos 2L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

4) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y 0 (L) = 0:

λ0 = 0, y0 (x) = 1 and
nπ 2 nπx



λn = L , yn (x) = cos L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

HEAT EQUATION
∞  nπx  Z L
X 2
π 2 kt/L2 2  nπx 
1) u(x, t) = cn e−n sin ; cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1
L L 0 L

∞  nπx  Z L
X
−n2 π 2 kt/L2 1
2) u(x, t) = c0 + cn e cos ; c0 = f (x)dx;
n=1
L L 0
Z L
2  nπx 
cn = f (x) cos dx, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
L 0 L

WAVE EQUATION
∞  nπx    Z L
X nπat 2  nπx 
1) y(x, t) = cn sin cos ; cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1
L L L 0 L

∞  nπx    Z L
X nπat 2  nπx 
2) y(x, t) = cn sin sin ; cn = g(x) sin dx
n=1
L L nπa 0 L

1
3) y(x, t) = [F (x + at) + F (x − at)]
2
Z x+at Z x
1 1
4) y(x, t) = G(s) ds = [H(x + at) − H(x − at)] with H(x) = G(s) ds
2a x−at 2a 0
1. Consider the eigenvalue problem y 00 + 6y 0 + (3 − 2λ)y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(3) = 0.
Find the eigenvalues less than −3 , that is λ < −3 , and the associated eigenfunctions.
(4)
2. Set up the boundary-value problem for the temperature u(x, t) of a laterally insulated rod with length 75cm if
the left end of the rod is held at temperature zero and the right end is insulated. The initial temperature at all points
on the rod (except the endpoints)is given by the distance from the point to the left endpoint of the rod. The standard
heat equation is ut = kuxx .
(1.5)
3. Suppose a rod, 60cm long, with insulated lateral surface has an initial temperature given by f (x) = 3x. At time
t = 0 the two ends of the rod are put in ice water at 0o C.
3.1 Take k = 2 cm2 /s and use the formula sheet to find a series solution for the temperature u(x, t). You must
evaluate the relevant Fourier coefficients.
(2)
3.2 Suppose we approximate the temperature at the midpoint of the rod after 20 seconds with the first non-zero
term of the series in 3.1. Use the alternating series estimate theorem to give an estimate of the absolute value of the
error that is made with this approximation.
(1)
3.3 Bonus Question
∞
X (−1)n
Use 3.1 to determine the sum of the series .
n=1
2n − 1
(1.5)
4. Consider the boundary value problem

ut = 3uxx − 4u (0 < x < π, t > 0)

ux (0, t) = 0, ux (π, t) = 0 (t > 0)
u(x, 0) = sin2 (3x) (0 < x < π).

Separation of variables is used to derive a series solution for the boundary value problem.
4.1 Show completely that we get the following two ordinary differential equations from the heat equation

X 00 + λX = 0, T 0 + (3λ + 4)T = 0

(1.5)
4.2 A solution for the differential equation T 0 + (3λ + 4)T = 0 is T (t) = e(−3λ−4)t.
Still use separation of variables and the result of 4.1 to derive a series solution for u(x, t).
Determine any relevant coefficients without integration.
Hint: A trigonometric identity may simplify the process of determining the coefficients.
(4)
∞
X
4.3 Let λ = 2. Derive a power series solution T (t) = cn tn for the differential equation T 0 + (3λ + 4)T = 0.
n=0
(3)
5. Consider the boundary value problem

ytt = 4yxx − 6 (0 < x < 4, t > 0)

y(0, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(4, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(x, 0) = 2 − |x − 2| (0 < x < 4)
yt (x, 0) = 0 (0 < x < 4).

5.1 Find h(x) such that the transformation y(x, t) = w(x, t) + h(x) transforms the problem to a standard wave
equation problem.
(3)
5.2 Give the initial value w(x, 0).
(1)
5.3 Use the formula sheet to find a series solution for w(x, t). Write out the relevant integral completely such that
the integrand doesn’t contain an absolute value function. Do not evaluate the integral(s).
(2)
5.4 Give y(3, 4).
(1)

3
USE A RULER WHERE NECESSARY WHEN ANSWERING THIS QUESTION
6. Consider the boundary value problem

ytt = yxx (0 < x < 4, t > 0)

y(0, t) = y(4, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(x, 0) = f (x) (0 < x < 4)
yt (x, 0) = g(x) (0 < x < 4)

6.1 Let g(x) = 0 and

n 2x , 0<x≤1
f (x) = 8−2x
3 , 1<x<4
(a) Sketch the graph of the function F (that appears in D’Alembert’s solution) on the interval (−4, 12). It must be
drawn on scale and relevant values must be indicated on both the axes.
(1)
(b) Sketch the graphs of the functions F (x + 2) and F (x − 2) on the same of axes on the interval (−4, 4). Name the
graphs clearly in the sketch. It must be drawn on scale and relevant values must be indicated on both the axes.
(1)
(c) Use the graphs in (b) to sketch D’Alembert’s solution y(x, 2) on the interval [0, 4]. It must be drawn on scale and
relevant values must be indicated on both the axes.
(1.5)
6.2 Let g(x) = 3 − 2x and f (x) = 0. The function H that appears in D’Alembert’s solution of the boundary value
problem is H(x) = 3x − x2 , 0 < x < 4.
a) Determine H(15) without using the graph of H. It must be clear how you used the attributes of the function H.
(1.5)
b) Sketch the function H on the interval [−4, 8].
(1)