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Sasa Module 3

The document discusses the importance of data presentation in statistical analysis, emphasizing the need to summarize and effectively present raw data. It covers various methods of data presentation, including textual, tabular, and graphical formats such as bar graphs, histograms, pie charts, and line graphs. Additionally, it outlines the components of an ideal table and the process of constructing frequency distributions.

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Raiven Justine Convento
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Sasa Module 3

The document discusses the importance of data presentation in statistical analysis, emphasizing the need to summarize and effectively present raw data. It covers various methods of data presentation, including textual, tabular, and graphical formats such as bar graphs, histograms, pie charts, and line graphs. Additionally, it outlines the components of an ideal table and the process of constructing frequency distributions.

Uploaded by

Raiven Justine Convento
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESCRIPTIVE

STATISTICS
Statistical Analysis with Software Application
•

•
•

•
DATA
PRESENTATION
Data are usually collected in a raw format and
thus the inherent information is difficult to
understand. Therefore, raw data need to be
summarized, processed, and analyzed to usefully
derive information from them. However, no
matter how well manipulated, the information
derived from the raw data should be presented
in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a
great loss for both authors and readers. Planning
how the data will be presented is essential before
appropriately processing raw data.
Presentation of Data
Textual Presentation Example:
• All the data is presented in the
form of text, phrases, or
paragraphs.
• It involves enumerating important
characteristics, emphasizing
significant figures and identifying
important features of data.
• Text is the principal method for
explaining findings, outlining
trends, and providing contextual
information.
Advantage of Textual
Presentation
•
•

Remember!
•

•
Tabular Presentation:
• It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data in the form
of Rows and Columns with respect to the characteristics of
data.
• A table is best suited for representing individual information
and represents both quantitative and qualitative information.

•
•

•
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:

The title must tell as simply as possible


what is in the table. It should answer the The boxhead contains the captions or
questions:
column headings. The heading of each
• Who? White females with breast column should contain as few words as
cancer, black males with lung cancer.
• What are the data? Counts, possible, yet explain exactly what the
percentage distributions, rates. data in the columns represent.
• Where are the data from? Example:
One hospital, or the entire population
covered by your registry.
• When? A particular year, time period.
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:

The row captions are known as the stub.


Items in the stub should be grouped to Footnotes are given at the foot of the
facilitate interpretation of the data. For table for explanation of any fact or
example, rows may stand for score of information included in the table which
classes and columns for data related to needs some explanation. Thus, they are
sex of students. In the process, there will meant for explaining or providing further
be many rows for scores classes but only details about the data that have not
two columns for male and female been covered in title, captions and stubs.
students.
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:

We should also mention the source


of information from which data are
taken. This may preferably include
the name of the author, volume,
page and the year of publication.
This should also state whether the
data contained in the table is of
‘primary or secondary’ nature.
Simple or One – Way Table
Compound Table
• Choosing the Lower Class Limit of the First Class:
For example, the smallest observation is 10.2. A convenient lower class limit of the first
class is 10.
• Determining the Class Width
Decide on the number of classes. Generally, there should be between 5 and 20 classes.
The smaller the data set, the fewer classes you should have.

Determine the class width by computing:


nc is the number of classes
Round this value up to a convenient number
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
•

•
BAR GRAPH
•
Simple Bar Graph

• The simple bar chart is


used for the case of one
variable only.
BAR GRAPH
Multiple Bar Graph\
•
Grouped Column Chart

• An extension of a simple bar chart


when there are quantities of several
variables to be displayed.
BAR GRAPH
Component Bar Graph/
•
Subdivided Column Chart

- The components (quantities) of each variable are


• piled on top of one another
- Used to represent data in which the total magnitude
is divided into different or components.
HISTOGRAM
• It is constructed by drawing
rectangles for each class of data.
Height of each rectangles is the
frequency or relative frequency of
the class.
Width of each rectangle is the same
and the rectangles touch each other.
• It is a graph used to present
quantitative data, is similar to
the bar graph.It is use to
organize continuous data.
PIE CHART
• It is a circle divided into sectors. Each
sector represents a category of data.
The area of each sector is
proportional to the frequency of the
category.
• Pie charts are typically used to
present the relative frequency of
qualitative data. Inmost cases the Remember!
•
data are nominal, but ordinal
data can also be displayed in
•
a pie chart.
LINE GRAPH
• A graph that shows
information that is Simple Line Graph
connected in some way
(such as change over time)
• Line segments are then
drawn connecting the
points. It is use to organize
continuous data.
• Very useful in identifying
trends in the data over
time.
LINE GRAPH
• A graph that shows
information that is Multiple Line Graph
connected in some way
(such as change over time)
• Line segments are then
drawn connecting the
points. It is use to organize
continuous data.
• Very useful in identifying
trends in the data over
time.
Grouped and Ungrouped Data

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HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
HOW TO CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY ?
END OF
SLIDE

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