DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

APPROVED BY AICTE, AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY,
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PALANCHUR – NAZARATHPET P.O., CHENNAI – 600 123

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Key Notes

NAME OF FACULTY : Mr. D. RAJ THILAK

SUBJECT NAME : CS 3492 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
CLASS/SEC : II-CSE-A
SEMESTER : 04
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2024-25(EVEN SEMESTER)

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

 CS3492 - Database Management Systems key Notes

UNIT I RELATIONAL DATABASES

1. Data Models
• Definition of data models
• Types of Data Models in DBMS
▪ Hierarchical Model
▪ Network Model
▪ Entity-Relationship Model
▪ Relational Model
▪ Object-Oriented Data Model
▪ Object-Relational Data Model
▪ Flat Data Model
▪ Semi-Structured Data Model
▪ Associative Data Model
▪ Context Data Model

2. Database System Architecture

• Definition of database
• Draw the architecture diagram
• Explain it
1. Query Processor
• DML Compiler
• DDL Interpreter
• Embedded DML Pre-compiler
• Query Optimizer
2. Storage Manager
• Authorization Manager
• Integrity Manager
• Transaction Manager
• File Manager
• Buffer Manager
3. Disk Storage
• Data Files
• Data Dictionary
• Indices

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

 3. Different Types of Keys in the Relational Model

Types of Keys
• Candidate Key
• Primary Key
• Super Key
• Alternate Key
• Foreign Key
• Composite Key

4. Relational Algebra

The fundamental operations of relational algebra are as follows –

• Select
• Project
• Union
• Set different
• Cartesian product
• Rename
5. SQL fundamentals
DDL - Data Definition Language
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
DML - Data Manipulation Language
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
DCL - Data Control Language
GRANT
REVOKE

6. Advanced SQL
-Embedded SQL
-Structure of Embedded SQL
- Give an example coding
-Need Embedded SQL
-Advantages of Embedded SQL
-Dynamic SQL
-Structure of dynamic SQL
- Give an example coding

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

UNIT II DATABASE DESIGN
1. Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram Model

-Components of the ER Diagram

• Entities, Attributes, Relationships
-ER Diagrams Symbols & Notations
- ER model structure
-How to Create an ER Diagram (ERD) with an example
2. Relational Decomposition
Types of Decomposition
1. Lossless Decomposition
-Practice Problems on Lossless Decomposition
2. Lossy decomposition
3. Dependency Preserving
3. Normalization
- Definition of Normalization
-Normalization Rule
-Types of normalization give an example

4. Boyce/Code Normal Form

-Definition of BCNF
-Rules for BCNF
-Practice Problems of BCNF
5. Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form
- Definition of Multivalue Dependency & 4NF
-Rules for 4NF
-Practice Problems of 4NF give an example.
6. Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
-Definition of 5NF
-Rules for 5NF
-Practice Problems of 5NF give an example

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

UNIT III TRANSACTIONS

1) ACID Properties in DBMS

▪ i)A – Atomicity C – Consistency I – Isolation D – Durability
▪ ii) Uses of ACID Properties
▪ iii) Practice Problems on ACID Properties in DBMS
2) Concurrency control
▪ Definition of Concurrency control
▪ need of Concurrency control
▪ Problems with the concurrent execution
3. Concurrency control protocols
• Lock Based Concurrency Control Protocol
• Time Stamp Concurrency Control Protocol
• Validation Based Concurrency Control Protocol
4. Types of Lock Protocols
• Simplistic lock protocol
• Pre-claiming lock protocol
• Two Phase locking protocol (2PL)
• Strict Two Phase Locking Protocol (Strict – 2PL)
5. Deadlock in DBMS

• Deadlock Handling
• Deadlock detection
• Deadlock prevention
• Deadlock Avoidance
6. ARIES Algorithm
▪ Analysis pas
▪ Redo pass
▪ undo pass

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

UNIT IV IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

1. RAID –Redundant Array of independent disk

-improvement in reliability of RAID by Redundancy

- Improvement in performance of RAID by parallelism

-RAID levels

• RAID level 0
• RAID level 1
• RAID level 2
• RAID level 3
• RAID level 4
• RAID level 5
-Factor in determining RAID level

2. B+ tree Index Files

• Definition of B+ Tree in DBMS?
• B+ Tree Properties
• B+ Tree Structure
• Searching Records in B+ Tree
• Insertion in B+ Tree
• Deletion in B+ Tree
• Update on B+ Tree
• Practice Problems on B+ Tree
3. Indexing
-Indexing can be of the following types
-Primary Index
-Secondary Index
-Clustering Index
-Ordered Indexing is of two types −
▪ Dense Index
▪ Sparse Index
4. Hashing

• Definition of Hashing in DBMS?

• Properties of Hashing in DBMS
• Hash Organization
• Types of Hashing

▪ Static Hashing
▪ Dynamic Hashing

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

5. Sorting

-Definition of sorting
-Types of sorting
Adaptive sorting algorithms:
-Quick sort.
-Bubble Sort.
-Insertion Sort.
-Practice Problems

Non-adaptive sorting algorithms:

-Selection Sort.
-Heap Sort.
-Merge sort.
-Radix Sort.
-Bucket Sort.
-Practice Problems
6. Heuristic optimization
-Definition of heuristic
-query optimization
-cost based optimization in heuristic
7. B+ tree Index Files
• Definition of B Tree in DBMS?
• B+ Tree Structure
• Insertion in B+ Tree
• Deletion in B+ Tree
• Update on B+ Tree
• Practice Problems on B Tree

UNIT V DBMS ADVANCED TOPICS

1. Distributed Databases management Architecture

- Definition of Distributed Databases management

- Types of Distributed Databases

-Homogeneous Distributed Databases

-Heterogeneous Distributed Databases
-Draw the Distributed DBMS Architectures

-Architectural Models

• Client - Server Architecture for DDBMS

• Peer - to - Peer Architecture for DDBMS
• Multi - DBMS Architecture(three tier)
-Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Database System

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])

 2. NOSQL systems
-characteristic of NOSQL system
-categories of NOSQL system

3. Document based NOSQL system and MongoDB

- MongoDB data model

- MongoDB CRUD operation (creates, read, update, delete)
- MongoDB Distributed system characteristic
4. Database Security
Definition of data base security
-Types of security
-thread to database
• Availability loss
• Integrity loss
• Confidentiality loss

-Measures of Control
• Access Control
• Flow Control
• Data Encryption
5. SQL Injection
-Definition of SQL Injection
-SQL Injection method
-Risk Associated with SQL Injection
-production technique against SQL Injection
-Example of SQL Injection
• Retrieving hidden data,
• Subverting application logic
• UNION attacks,
• Examining the database,
• Blind SQL injection
• Retrieving
6. Encryption and Public Key infrastructures
-The Data Encryption and Advanced Encryption Standards
• ciphertext:
• Plaintext
• Encryption
• Decryption
-Symmetric Key Algorithms
-Public (Asymmetric) Key Encryption
-Digital Signatures
-Digital Certificates

Prepared by Mr. RAJ THILAK D ([email protected])