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 Praise for A Practical Guide to Forensic Nursing
“The interface of nursing, healthcare, and the law confronts nurses in all domains of
practice. Angela Amar and Kathy Seukula’s new book, A Practical Guide to Forensic
Nursing, represents a milestone to help guide nurses in their care of victims and their
families. The authors have presented excerpts from actual situations of the many peo-
ple involved in a crime, and the reader of these cases will quickly develop an under-
standing of the practice of forensic nursing. This is an important book that sheds
light on difficult and stressful phenomenons of our times.”

–Ann Wolbert Burgess, DNSc, APRN, FAAN

Professor of Psychiatric Nursing, Connell School of Nursing, Boston College

“Amar and Sekula formalize the notion that all RNs practice forensic nursing. Then
they lay a persuasive foundation of theories, forensic science concepts, existing evi-
dence base, and practice exemplars of the common presentation when RN patient
care intersects with legal systems. I highly recommend the book to academicians and
RNs alike.”

–Patricia M. Speck, DNSc, APRN, FNP-BC, DF-IAFN, FAAFS, FAAN

Professor and Program Director for Global Outreach
Department of Family, Community & Health Systems
The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing

“Amar and Sekula are to be praised for A Practical Guide to Forensic Nursing, the lat-
est forensic nursing textbook entrant. A must-have for students, practitioners, and
associates, it is particularly strong in the areas of crime perpetration, victimization,
and traumatization and how to approach the patient. A focus on principles keeps this
book readable, and the tender care of the authoring nurses seeps through the pages.
Case studies provide a basis for discussion in class.”

–Victor W. Weedn, MD, JD

Professor and Chair
George Washington University
Department of Forensic Sciences

FN.indb 1 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 “Although forensic nursing was not formally recognized as a specialty in the fields of
clinical healthcare and forensic science until a couple of decades ago by the American
Academy of Forensic Science and the American Medical Association, experienced and
knowledgeable ER physicians, trauma surgeons, psychiatrists, and medicolegal con-
sultants have long been aware of the critical role played by nurses in various matters
involving both civil and criminal litigation. Amar and Sekula have organized and
edited an excellent volume that covers all aspects of forensic nursing. An outstanding
team of expert practitioners and academicians has contributed valuable, practical
information that should constitute an essential reference work for not only present
and future forensic nurses, but for every nurse whose professional life is devoted to
the care and needs of emotionally and physically traumatized individuals in both the
medical and legal arenas.”

–Cyril H. Wecht, MD, JD

Chair, Board of Advisors for Cyril H. Wecht Institute of Forensic Sciences and
Adjunct Professor of Law, Duquesne University
Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Carlow University

“A Practical Guide to Forensic Nursing represents an emerging aspect in nursing edu-

cation that is designed to support the development of the forensic generalist in nurs-
ing science. The content of this book is grounded in the scientific underpinnings of
the integrated practice of nursing science, forensic science, and the legal sciences. This
publication presents the significance of the broad and complex areas of these merging
sciences and the implications for contemporary nursing practice with a focus on the
reduction and prevention of human violence. I believe that this excellent text will
help to inspire and prepare the highest-quality professionals to represent the vision
and purpose of forensic nursing science.”

–Virginia A. Lynch, MSN, RN, FCNS, FAAFS, FAAN

Founding President, International Association of Forensic Nurses
Independent Forensic Scholar, Consultant, Author

FN.indb 2 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO

FORENSIC
NURSING
Incorporating Forensic Principles Into
Nursing Practice

Angela F. Amar, PhD, RN, FAAN | L. Kathleen Sekula, PhD, PMHCNS, FAAN

FN.indb 3 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 Copyright © 2016 by Sigma Theta Tau International
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission from the publisher. Any trademarks, service marks, design rights, or similar rights that are men-
tioned, used, or cited in this book are the property of their respective owners. Their use here does not imply that you
may use them for similar or any other purpose.
The Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) is a nonprofit organization whose mis-
sion is to support the learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses committed to making a
difference in health worldwide. Founded in 1922, STTI has more than 135,000 active members in 85 coun-
tries. Members include practicing nurses, instructors, researchers, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and others.
STTI’s 500 chapters are located at 699 institutions of higher learning throughout Armenia, Australia, Botswa-
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To order additional books, buy in bulk, or order for corporate use, contact Nursing Knowledge International at 888.
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ISBN: 9781940446349
EPUB ISBN: 9781940446356
PDF ISBN: 9781940446363
MOBI ISBN: 9781940446370
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
A practical guide to forensic nursing : incorporating forensic principles into nursing practice / [edited by] Angela
Amar, L. Kathleen Sekula.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-940446-34-9 (print : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-940446-35-6 (epub) -- ISBN 978-1-940446-36-3 (pdf)
-- ISBN 978-1-940446-37-0 (mobi)
I. Amar, Angela, 1960- , editor. II. Sekula, L. Kathleen, 1943- , editor. III. Sigma Theta Tau International, issuing
body.
[DNLM: 1. Forensic Nursing. WY 170]
RA1053
614'.1--dc23
2015033597
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
First Printing, 2015
Publisher: Dustin Sullivan Principal Book Editor: Carla Hall
Acquisitions Editor: Emily Hatch Development and Project Editor: Rebecca Senninger
Editorial Coordinator: Paula Jeffers Copy Editor: Erin Geile
Cover Designer: Rebecca Batchelor Proofreader: Todd Lothery
Interior Design/Page Layout: Rebecca Batchelor Indexer: Larry Sweazy

FN.indb 4 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 Dedication
We begin and end this journey with a tremendous amount of gratitude. What
began as a vision shared through numerous discussions has now become a real-
ity. We have long believed that every nurse is a forensic nurse, in that every nurse
encounters patients with forensic issues at some and often multiple points in his
or her practice. This book enables us to share our vision while providing infor-
mation that can enhance and transform nursing practice. We dedicate this book
to victims of violence throughout the world and hope that in some way this book
will impact caregivers in such a way that care of victims across the continuum
will improve as nurses become more and more knowledgeable about ways they
can make a difference in victims’ lives. We also acknowledge the complexity of
issues related to perpetrators of violence, many of whom were also victims at a
time in their lives. We look to a time when the healthcare system is fully pre-
pared to provide optimal care for all forensic patients.

FN.indb 5 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 Acknowledgments
I want to acknowledge my husband, Conway, for his continued support through-
out my career. I also greatly appreciate my children, mother, sister and her family,
and brothers and their families. I think that they built the wings that keep me
afloat. I also thank my many coworkers and colleagues for the support offered
while I worked on this book.
–Angela Amar

I thank my family for patience and understanding, especially my husband, Ray, as

I took time away from “life” to work on this book, which I consider very impor-
tant in improving care of the forensic patient. The encouragement I received from
many in my life—family, friends, and close colleagues—was invaluable.
–Kathleen Sekula

We offer our sincere thanks to the authors with whom we worked for their wis-
dom and insight regarding forensic nursing practice. They shared their years of
experience and knowledge at a level that all practicing nurses can understand and
grasp. We hope that the readers of this book benefit and learn from reading it, as
we did while working on it. We are also excited about the changes that will be
seen in practice that can potentially affect the lives of myriad patients who are
seeking healthcare and experiencing forensic issues.

Finally, we would be remiss if we didn’t thank the editorial team that helped us
through this process. Emily Hatch, our acquisitions editor, believed in us and
provided encouragement and guidance throughout the process. Carla Hall, our
principal book editor, and Rebecca Senninger, our project editor, were instrumen-
tal in crafting the final product. What they do to make each and every chapter
special is a result of their vast expertise and editing abilities. Their patience and
support was amazing. We learned so much from each of them as we worked
through the creation of this book.

To each of you and to the entire behind-the-scenes folks at Sigma Theta Tau
International, we extend heartfelt appreciation.

FN.indb 6 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 About the Authors
Angela F. Amar, PhD, RN, FAAN, is an associate professor and assistant dean for
BSN education in the Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing at Emory Uni-
versity. She conducts research on dating violence, mental health responses to trau-
ma, and strategies to increase help-seeking behavior. Her research consistently
focuses on African-American women. She has conducted funded research, pub-
lished more than 45 articles and book chapters on dating violence and sexual
assault, and is active in university service related to violence and diversity. Amar
is a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing, member of the Expert Panel on
Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Care, and co-chair of its Expert Panel on Vio-
lence. Amar also serves on the Institute of Medicine Committee on the Biological
and Psychosocial Effects of Peer Victimization: Lessons for Bullying Prevention.
She is a distinguished fellow with the International Association of Forensic Nurs-
es and received the 2015 Excellence in Practice and Policy award from the Nurs-
ing Network on Violence Against Women International. Amar is on the National
Advisory Committee for the Robert Wood Johnson Future of Nursing Scholars
program, a public voices fellow with the Op-Ed project, and an associate editor
for the Journal of Forensic Nursing. Amar is certified as a clinical nurse specialist
in advanced practice adult psychiatric and mental health and as an advanced
forensic nurse. In her faculty role at Boston College, she developed a graduate
program in forensic nursing and secured funding from the Health Resources and
Services Administration for the program.

L. Kathleen Sekula, PhD, PMHCNS, FAAN, is a professor at Duquesne Univer-

sity School of Nursing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She has strengthened the role
of forensic nursing regarding victims and perpetrators of violence through her
leadership in evidence-based graduate programs and her continuing energy to
expand forensic nursing science through her research and practice trajectory.
Sekula created the graduate forensic programs (MSN, DNP, and PhD) at the
School of Nursing with the support of two 3-year program grants from the
Department of Health and Human Services. As an innovator in the area of foren-
sic nursing practice, she provides guidance to forensic nurse professionals in the
United States and other countries. She served as president of the International

FN.indb 7 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 viii A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FORENSIC NURSING

Association of Forensic Nurses Certification Board and in that capacity worked

to establish forensic nurse certification at the advanced practice level. She served
on the editorial review board for the International Journal of Forensic Nursing
for 6 years and continues as a reviewer for the journal. Sekula is a fellow in the
American Academy of Nursing and serves on the Expert Panel on Violence. She is
a recipient of the Virginia Lynch Pioneer in Nursing Award from the Internation-
al Association of Forensic Nurses. She is an advanced practice adult psychiatric
mental health clinical nurse specialist and maintains a faculty practice in the care
of patients with depression and anxiety, many of whom are current and/or
previous victims of violence. Sekula serves on the board of the Cyril H. Wecht
Institute of Forensic Science and Law, as adjunct faculty in the School of Law,
and as an advisor to the programs offered through the institute.

FN.indb 8 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 Contributing Authors
Paul Thomas Clements, PhD, APRN-BC, CGS, DF-IAFN, is an associate clinical
professor and coordinator of the Forensic Trends in Healthcare Certificate pro-
gram online at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His clinical expe-
rience includes previously serving as assistant director/bereavement therapist at the
Homicide Bereavement Center at the Office of the Medical Examiner in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania. He is an experienced therapist, forensic consultant, and criti-
cal incident/trauma response specialist with many years of experience in manage-
ment/administration and crisis intervention. Clements has provided counseling
and crisis intervention to over 1,500 families of murder victims as well as to many
surviving family members in the aftermath of suicide, industrial and occupational
deaths, motor vehicle accidents, sudden infant death syndrome, and other types of
sudden violent death, as well as to survivors of interpersonal violence such as sex-
ual abuse, rape, and stalking. More recently, Clements traveled to Bolivia to work
with agencies, including court judges and prosecutors, regarding the impact of
childhood sexual abuse on women and children. Clements was inducted as a dis-
tinguished fellow in the International Association of Forensic Nurses in 2002.

Alison M. Colbert, PhD, PHCNS-BC, is an associate professor and the associate

dean for academic affairs at the Duquesne University School of Nursing. She is a
clinical nurse specialist in public/community health with 20 years of clinical expe-
rience. Named a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholar in
2010, Colbert has centered her clinical practice and research on health promotion
in vulnerable populations. Her current research focuses on the health and well-
being of women recently released from incarceration. Colbert received her BA
from the University of Arizona, her MSN from The University of Texas at Austin,
and her PhD from the University of Pittsburgh. She teaches in the undergraduate
and graduate programs, including in the graduate forensic nursing program. She is
also active in the American Public Health Association/Public Health Nursing Sec-
tion and the International Association of Forensic Nurses and is on the editorial
board of the Journal of Forensic Nursing.

FN.indb 9 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 x A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FORENSIC NURSING

Stacy A. Drake, PhD, MPH, RN, AFN-BC, D-ABMDI, is an assistant professor at

the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of
Nursing. Drake received her PhD in nursing at Texas Woman’s University, her
MSN with a concentration in forensic nursing from the University of Colorado at
Colorado Springs, her MPH from UTHealth School of Public Health, and her
BSN from Bowling Green State University in Ohio. Drake has years of experience
within various clinical and administrative positions including EMS/fire, trauma/
burn/medical and surgical ICU, death investigation, and risk management. Drake
teaches on a variety of topics and is involved with mentoring nurses in communi-
ty-based clinical experiences. Her research interests include understanding deaths
in the public sector for purposes of prevention and eliminating disparity, forensic
nursing science education, and death investigation systems. Finally, she is practic-
ing as a forensic nurse at the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences.

Di Fischer, MN, RN, PHN, received her bachelor of arts in linguistics, minor in
GLBT studies, and master of nursing from the University of Minnesota. She has
more than 5 years of experience working in progressive and comprehensive sexual
healthcare services. Her interests lie in improving healthcare for marginalized and
underserved communities. She currently performs home and school visits with
pregnant and parenting adolescents.

Netanya Frohman, BSN, RN, received her BSN from Johns Hopkins University
School of Nursing (SON), where she is currently a PhD student researching car-
diovascular disease risk and outcomes related to exposure to violence, including
family and partner violence and military service related PTSD. Prior to becoming
a nurse, she received a BA from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
where a diverse liberal arts education exposed her to the concept of spirituality as
a mechanism of healing and communication. Through the mentorships of Jacque-
lyn Campbell, Phyllis Sharps, and others at the JHU SON, she has developed an
interest in nursing’s critical role in the prevention, intervention, and treatment of
situations and outcomes related to human-on-human violence as well as the psy-
chology of motivation and behavioral change. She envisions a career of making
valuable contributions to the field of cardiovascular and violence research while
playing an active role in educating incoming generations of nurse leaders, educa-
tors, and research scientists.

FN.indb 10 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi

Lorie S. Goshin, PhD, RN, is an assistant professor at the Hunter-Bellevue School

of Nursing. She received a master’s degree in parent-child nursing from the Uni-
versity of Texas at Austin and a PhD and postdoctoral research scientist training
at Columbia University. Goshin’s research explores health inequities experienced
by criminal justice–involved families. She began working with this population
while providing clinical nursing care in a county juvenile jail. She was co-investi-
gator on a National Institute of Nursing Research–funded study of long-term out-
comes for women and children who lived together in a prison nursery. She is cur-
rently investigating alternatives to incarceration for women with children, as well
as the needs of arrested veterans. She has received awards for this work from the
American Public Health Association, National March of Dimes, and the Founda-
tion for New York State Nurses. In August 2013, she was invited to the White
House to speak about her research.

Stephen Goux, MSN, RN, AFN-BC, SANE-A, SANE-P, is a pediatric emergency

nurse specializing in pediatric forensic nursing. He is certified as both a sexual
assault nurse examiner-adult/adolescent (SANE-A) and sexual assault nurse exam-
iner-pediatric (SANE-P) through the International Association of Forensic Nurses
and is a board-certified advanced forensic nurse through the American Nurses
Credentialing Center. Goux holds a baccalaureate degree in nursing and a master
of science in forensic nursing. He is a doctoral student in the PhD program at
Duquesne University, focusing on research related to the advancement of forensic
nursing. He is a former law enforcement officer, having worked in many different
areas including investigations, negotiations, and corrections. His teaching roles
have included didactic nursing education, clinical faculty, and preceptor faculty
for newly trained SANEs. His research interests include pediatric acute care
clinical practice, forensic nursing practice, and the prevention of revictimization
in male victims of sexual assault.

Anita G. Hufft, PhD, RN, is a professor and dean of the Texas Woman’s Univer-
sity College of Nursing. Hufft is a veteran of the United States Army and is
nationally recognized in the nursing profession as a consultant, a speaker at
national conferences, and a frequent contributor to nursing publications in foren-
sic nursing and nursing education leadership. She has served her profession as a
member of various task forces, committees, and boards, such as the Georgia

FN.indb 11 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 xii A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FORENSIC NURSING

Board of Nursing, the Journal of Forensic Nursing Editorial Board, the Southern
Regional Education Board of the Council on Collegiate Education for Nursing,
the International Association of Forensic Nursing, and the American Association
of Colleges of Nursing.

Emily Ruth Johnson, MN, MA, RN, SANE-A, has been a sexual assault nurse
examiner (SANE) since 2012. She works for two forensic nursing programs in the
Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Her background is in emergency department, intensive
care, telemetry, post anesthesia care, and post-partum nursing. In addition to
being a registered nurse, she holds a bachelor of science degree in geological and
environmental science and a master of arts in Russian and East European studies
from Stanford University.

Brittany E. Kelly, BSN, is currently a graduating accelerated bachelor of nursing

student at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing (July 2015). She is a John
I. and Marilyn S. Mandler Scholarship scholar and a Johns Hopkins Center For
AIDS Research scholar. She is a native of Baltimore, Maryland, and is involved in
community outreach and research in the Baltimore area, which includes linking
patients to Hep C treatment at the Johns Hopkins Hospital emergency depart-
ment and working for Johns Hopkins University Global Initiative Center and
Community Department. She is currently involved in HIV prevention in the
Greater Baltimore area. Her nursing interests include infectious disease prevention
in at-risk adolescents and African-American women in the Baltimore and
Washington, DC, metropolitan areas and internationally.

Adine Latimore, MSN, PPCNP-BC, SANE, has been a nurse for 31 years, and for
the last 21 years, she has worked as a pediatric nurse practitioner. She has been
working at the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) of Suffolk County in Massa-
chusetts as a forensic nurse for more than 9 years. In her role at the CAC, she
examines children who have been victims of sexual abuse. She diagnoses and
treats medical conditions that may be related to sexual abuse and documents any
possible physical and forensic evidence. The purpose of these exams is to reassure
the child that his or her body is OK, to collect evidence that may be present on
the child’s body, and to ensure the health and wellbeing of the child. “To have a

FN.indb 12 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xiii

child leave my office knowing that his or her body is fine is the best part of
my job.”

Annie Lewis-O’Connor, PhD, NP-BC, MPH, FAAN, is a board-certified nurse

practitioner. She is the founder and director of the C.A.R.E Clinic (Coordinated
Approach to Recovery & Empowerment) at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in
Boston. She is committed to addressing domestic and sexual violence from a
research, policy, education, and clinical perspective. She holds faculty appoint-
ments at Harvard Medical School (instructor) and Boston College. Her current
research focuses on the use of tablets and virtual appointments for patients affect-
ed by violence, exploring patient-centered outcomes research, and the evaluation
of healthcare models in caring for patients affected by intentional violence. She
serves on the executive board of Casa Myrna Vasquez Shelter and the board of
EQUALHEALTH, a nonprofit that is developing health, medical, and nursing
education in Haiti. She received a master of science in nursing from Simmons
College in Boston, a master of science in public health from Boston University,
and a PhD from Boston College.

Linda Mabey, DNP, APRN, PMHCNS, has taught undergraduate and graduate
nurses the art and science of psychiatric nursing since 1995. She received her doc-
tor of nursing practice from the University of Utah in 2009. She is an active mem-
ber of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) and serves as a board
member of the Utah Chapter of APNA. Her clinical focus is on treatment of psy-
chological trauma and PTSD, and she maintains an active clinical practice. Her
special interest in treating patients with psychological trauma led her to pursue
certification as an EMDR therapist, an evidenced-based practice for the treatment
of post-traumatic stress disorder. She is a published author on trauma and has
presented at international and national conferences on trauma and PTSD.

Leslie Miles, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, is an assistant professor of nursing at

Brigham Young University and a psychiatric nurse practitioner in the community.
She received her associate degree in nursing from Brigham Young University in
1983 and her bachelor of science in 1999. Miles graduated with her master of
science in psychiatric-mental health nursing from the University of Utah in 2004.
She continued her education at Rush University in Chicago to earn her doctorate

FN.indb 13 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 xiv A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FORENSIC NURSING

of nursing practice in 2012. Miles has worked in a variety of psychiatric settings

for more than 30 years and is active in the American Psychiatric Nurses Associa-
tion; Sigma Theta Tau International, Iota-Iota Chapter; and is a designated exam-
iner for civil commitments in the State of Utah.

Stacey A. Mitchell, DNP, MBA, RN, SANE-A, SANE-P, holds a doctorate in

forensic nursing practice from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center;
a master of science in nursing, focusing on trauma and forensic nursing, from the
University of Virginia in Charlottesville; and a bachelor of science in nursing from
the Medical College of Virginia. Her nursing career spans more than 25 years,
with experience in critical care, emergency nursing, forensic nursing, and risk
management. Mitchell began her forensic nursing career as coordinator of the
forensic nurse examiners of St. Mary’s Hospital in Richmond, Virginia. She
served as director at-large for two terms, treasurer, president-elect, and president
of the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN). Mitchell held the
position of deputy chief forensic nurse investigator at the Harris County Medical
Examiner’s Office in Houston, Texas, for 6 years. Currently, she is the adminis-
trative director of forensic nursing services and risk management and patient
safety for the Harris Health System. The Texas Nurses Association District 9
honored Mitchell as one of the Top 20 Outstanding Nurses. She is the 2015
recipient of the Virginia Lynch Pioneer in Nursing Award from the IAFN.

Cindy Peternelj-Taylor, RN, MSc, DF-IAFN, focuses on professional role develop-

ment for nurses and other healthcare professionals who work with vulnerable
populations in forensic psychiatric and correctional settings, with particular
emphasis on ethical issues that emerge from practice (e.g., boundary violations,
whistleblowing, othering, and ethical decision-making). She is currently funded
for two small-scale research projects by the Centre for Forensic Behavioral Sci-
ence and Justice Studies: a mixed methods study exploring correctional nurses’
roles, responsibilities, and learning needs; and a scoping review exploring pallia-
tive care in correctional settings. Previous research, a phenomenological study,
explored the lived experience of nurse engagement with forensic patients in secure
environments. She is currently the Chairperson of the Undergraduate Education

FN.indb 14 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xv

Committee, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Forensic Nursing, and a Distinguished Fel-

low with the International Association of Forensic Nurses.

Carolyn M. Porta, PhD, MPH, RN, SANE-A, is a sexual assault nurse examiner-
adult/adolescent (SANE-A) employed with the Region’s SANE Program since
2007. She is an associate professor in the Population Health and Systems
Cooperative in the School of Nursing at the University of Minnesota, and adjunct
associate professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health of the
School of Public Health. Her clinical expertise includes adolescent health, public
health nursing, and forensic nursing. Porta is a mixed-method researcher, with
emphasis on development and testing of preventive interventions tailored to the
needs and preferences of adolescents, young people, and their families. Use of
innovative technologies characterizes her work. She teaches and conducts research
that emphasizes physical and mental health promotion, particularly for
underserved and under-resourced populations. Porta is currently involved in
collaborative research across North America and Africa, addressing threats to
health that range from lack of insurance and social stigmas to gender-based
violence/interpersonal violence and zoonotic diseases.

Phyllis W. Sharps, PhD, RN, FAAN, is a professor and associate dean for
Community and Global Programs at the Johns Hopkins University School of
Nursing. Sharps leads the Center of Global Initiatives, directing and coordinating
global nursing educational and capacity-building initiatives for faculty and
students. She is also the director of three community health nurse–based centers.
She has published numerous articles on improving reproductive health and
reducing violence amongst African-American women, including the physical and
mental health consequences of violence against pregnant and parenting women,
infants, and very young children. She has been the principal investigator for two
NIH-funded grants, including the Domestic Violence Enhanced Home Visitation
Program (DOVE), a public health nurse intervention to reduce violence against
pregnant women. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and a
member of STTI’s International Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame.

FN.indb 15 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 xvi A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FORENSIC NURSING

Mariah Eliza Smock, BA, BSN, received a classical high school education from
the Highlands Latin School in Louisville, Kentucky. She received her bachelor of
arts from Centre College in 2011. Smock received her associate in nursing from
Midway College in 2014 and her bachelor of science in nursing in 2015, also
from Midway College.

William S. Smock, MD, is the full-time police surgeon and directs the Clinical
Forensic Medicine Program for the Louisville Metro Police Department. Smock
joined the faculty at University of Louisville’s Department of Emergency Medicine
in 1994 and was promoted to the rank of full professor in 2005. He is currently a
clinical professor of emergency medicine at the University of Louisville School of
Medicine. He has edited three textbooks on clinical forensic medicine and
published more than 30 chapters and articles on forensic and emergency medicine.
He is an internationally recognized forensic expert and trains nurses, physicians,
law enforcement officers, and attorneys in the investigation of officer-involved
shootings, strangulation, gunshot wounds, injury mechanisms, and motor vehicle
trauma. Smock is also the police surgeon for the Jeffersontown, Kentucky, and St.
Matthews, Kentucky, Police Departments and serves as a tactical physician and
detective for the Floyd County Sheriff’s Department in Indiana.

Julie Valentine, MS, RN, CNE, SANE-A, is an assistant professor at Brigham

Young University College of Nursing. Her clinical specialty and research focus
areas are forensic nursing, violence against women, and sexual assault. Valentine
is a certified sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) with Salt Lake Sexual Assault
Nurse Examiners and Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
She is also a full-time student pursuing her PhD in nursing at Duquesne
University, with completion expected in December 2015. She is principal
investigator in a collaborative research project with the Utah state crime
laboratory that is exploring the impact of new DNA testing methods, specifically
Y-STR analysis, on evidence collection following sexual assault. In addition, she is
the principal investigator in other studies exploring the impact of training law
enforcement and prosecutors on the neurobiology of trauma, specifically in sexual
assault cases.

FN.indb 16 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xvii

Andrea M. Yevchak, PhD, RN, is an assistant professor at Duquesne University

School of Nursing. She is a clinical nurse specialist in gerontological nursing with
10 years of clinical experience. In 2009–2011, she was named a John A. Hartford
Building Academic Geriatric Nursing Capacity Scholar. Yevchak received her
BSN, MSN, and PhD in nursing from the Pennsylvania State University College
of Nursing. She has focused her teaching and scholarship on vulnerable older
adults seen across settings of care.

FN.indb 17 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 Table of Contents
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributing Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

1 What Is Forensic Nursing?........... 1

Forensic Nursing Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Interfacing With Forensic Nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Education of the Forensic Nurse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Case Study: The Role of the Emergency Nurse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Forensic Science 101................ 19

History of Forensic Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Types of Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ethics and Forensic Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Case Study: The Basics of Forensic Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 Neurobiology of Trauma.............. 37
Defining Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Diagnosing Trauma’s Effect on the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Understanding the Psychological and Physical Effects of Trauma. . . 44
Collaborative Interventions Following Acute Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Interdisciplinary Resources and Referrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Case Study: Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

FN.indb 18 9/24/15 7:10 AM

 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4 Response to Victimization........... 55
Overview of Victimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Identifying Responses to Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Linking Behavioral Health Consequences to Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Cataloguing Mental Health Responses to Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Cycle of Revictimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Gender Concerns with Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Cultural Implications Regarding Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Assessing Injuries That Occur Through Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5 Theories of Violence:
Victimization and Perpetration...... 81
Understanding Crime and Victimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Understanding How Victimization Happens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Causes of Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6 Assessment of Wounds and Injury.... 93

Performing the Patient Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Gunshot Wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Sharp-Force Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Blunt Force Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

FN.indb 19 9/24/15 7:10 AM

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"Ohoh sinua rauta raukka,
Rauta raukka, koito kuona,
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Siitä kasvoit kauheaksi, 155
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Et ollut suuri, etkä pieni, 170
Kun sa kuonana kohisit,
Venyit vehnäisnä tahasna,
Alla ahjon Ilmarisen;
Vannoit vaikean valasi
Ahjossa, alaisimella, 175
Vasaroilla, valkkamilla."
"Joko nyt suureksi sukesit,
Äreäksi ärtelihit,
Rikoit vaivainen valasi,
Söit kuin koira kunniasi, 180
Kun sa syrjit syntyäsi,
Sukuasi suin pitelit!"
"Tule nyt työsi tuntemahan,
Pahasi parantamahan,
Ennen kun sanon emolle, 185
Virkan vierin vanhemmalle,
Enemp' on emolla työtä,
Vaiva suuri vanhemmalla,
Kun poika pahoin tekevi,
Lapsi tuhmin turmelevi." 190
"Piäty veri vuotamasta,
Hurme huppelehtamasta;
Veri seiso kuni seinä,
Asu hurme kuni aita,
Kuin miekka meressä seisoi, 195
Saraheinä sammalessa!"
"Vaan jos mieli laatinevi
Liikkua lipeämmästi,
Niin sä liikkuos lihassa,
Sekä luissa luistaellos, 200
Et sä maito maahan joua,
Miesten hempu heinikkohon,
Ole et joki juoksemahan
Suo-hete solottamahan."
"Tyy'y tyyris tippumasta, 205
Punainen putoamasta,
Kun et tyy'y, niin tyrehy!
Tyytyi ennen Tyrjän koski,
Joki Tuonelan tyrehtyi,
Meri kuivi, taivas kuivi, 210
Sinä suurra poutavuonna,
Tulivuonna voimatonna."
"Jos et tuostana totelle,
Huuan Hiiestä patoa,
Jolla verta keitetähän, 215
Hurmetta varistetahan,
Veren maahan vuotamatta,
Hurmehen hurajamatta."
"Kun ei lie minussa miestä,
Urosta ukon pojassa, 220
Onp' on taatto taivahinen,
Pilven päällinen jumala,
Joka miehistä pätevi
Urohista kelpoavi,
Veren suuta sulkemahan, 225
Tulevata tukkimahan."
Sillä sulki suun vereltä,
Tien on telkki hurmehelta,
Pani poikansa pajahan,
Tekemähän voitehia. 230
Läksi poikanen pajahan,
Otti tammen kuoriloita,
Noita heinän helpehiä,
Tuhatlatvan tutkamia,
Joit'ei nähä näillä mailla, 235
Kaikin paikoin kasvaviksi.
Panevi pa'an tulelle,
Laittoi keiton kiehumahan;
Pata kiehui paukutteli
Täynnä tammen lastuloita, 240
Noita heiniä hyviä,
Jotk' oli tuotu toisialta,
Yheksältä loitsijalta,
Sa'an taipalen takoa.
Nostavi pa'an tulelta, 245
Katselevi voitehia,
Onko voitehet vakaiset,
Katsehet alinomaiset.
Olipa voitehet vakaiset,
Katsehet alinomaiset, 250
Vaikka vuoret voitelisi,
Kaikki kalliot yheksi.
Tuli poikanen pajasta
Tekemästä voitehia,
Rasvoja rakentamasta, 255
Ne työnti ukon kätehen.
Voiti ukko Väinämöistä,
Pahoin tullutta paranti,
Voiti alta, voiti päältä,
Kerran keskeä sivalti, 260
Sanovi sanalla tuolla,
Lausui tuolla lausehella:
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Liikun luojani lihoilla,
En väiky omin väkini, 265
Väikyn väellä kaikkivallan,
En puhu omalla suulla,
Puhelen Jumalan suulla,
Suloisempi suu Jumalan,
Käsi luojan kaunihimpi." 270
Kun oli voie päälle pantu,
Nuot on katsehet vakaiset,
Pani se puoli-pyörryksihin,
Väinämöisen väännyksihin.
Niin ukko kipuja kiisti, 275
Työnti tuosta tuskapäitä,
Keskelle Kipumäkeä,
Kipuvuoren kukkulalle,
Kiviä kivistämähän,
Paasia pakottamahan. 280
Tukun silkkiä sivalti,
Sen levyiksi leikkelevi,
Sitoi sitte silkillänsä,
Kapaloivi kaunihisti,
Polvea pojan pätöisen, 285
Säärivartta Väinämöisen.
Sanovi sanalla tuolla,
Lausui tuolla lausehella:
"Katso nyt kaunoinen Jumala,
Varjele vakainen luoja, 290
Jott' ei vietäisi vioille,
Vammoille veällettäisi!"
 Siitä vanha Väinämöinen
Jo tunsi avun totisen,
Pian pääsi terveheksi, 295
Liha kasvoi kaunihiksi,
Ehommaksi entistänsä,
Paremmaksi tuonnoistansa.
Siirti silmänsä ylemmä,
Katsahtavi taivahalle, 300
Sanovi sanalla tuolla,
Lausui tuolla lausehella:
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Merkit tuttavat tulevat,
Ylähältä taivahasta, 305
Luota luojan kaikkivallan."
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Ylistetty luoja yksin,
Kun annoit avun minulle,
Tuotit turvan tuttavasti, 310
Noissa tuskissa kovissa,
Terän rauan raatamissa!"
Siitä vanha Väinämöinen
Vielä tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"Elkätte etinen kansa, 315
Kansa vasta kasvavainen,
Veikaten venettä tehkö,
Uhkaellen ollenkana!
Jumalass' on juoksun määrä,
Luojassa lopun asetus, 320
Ei uron osoannassa,
Vallassa väkevänkänä."
 Kymmenes runo

Väinämöinen koti-tienoille tultua laulaa kultalatva-kuusen Osmon

pellon pientarelle ja ajaa siitä Ilmarisen pajalle; vv. 1-36. —
Puheisille tultua Väinämöinen kertoo Pohjolassa kovin korean neiden
olevan, jonka Ilmarinen olisi sammon takomalla voittava, mutta
Ilmarinen ei lupaa milloinkaan Pohjolaan lähteä; vv. 37-67. —
Ilmarinen lähtee Väinämöisen kanssa kukkalatva-kuusta katsomaan
ja nousee sen latvaan. Tuuliaispää tempaisee kuusen korkealle
maasta ja kantaa sen Ilmarinen latvassa Pohjolaan; vv. 65-104. —
Louhi kummastelee oudonlaista tulokasta ja kysyy, jos tuntisi seppo
Ilmarista, jota kauan oli sammon taontaan odotettu. Ilmarinen sanoo
itsensä saman miehen olevan; vv. 105-128. — Pohjolan emäntä
ensin ravittuansa Ilmarisen, lupaa hänelle ihanan tyttönsä palkasta,
jos olisi sammon takova; Ilmarinen jo lähteeki työhön; vv. 129-176.
— Sampo ensimäisinä neljänä päivänä ei ota syntyäksensä; sen
sijasta vaan valmistuu muita aineita, jotka Ilmarinen syytää jälleen
ahjoonsa; vv. 177-204. — Ilmarinen laittaa tuulet lietsomaan ja
niiden avulla toki saapi sammon valmiiksi; vv. 205-238. — Sammon
taottua Ilmarinen kysyy tyttöä, joka hänelle palkaksi oli luvattu,
mutta tyttö teeskellen esteitä sanoo ei vielä taitavansa hänelle
lähteä; vv. 239-260. — Ilmarinen pahoilla mielin ikävöipi kotimaille ja
saapiki Pohjolan emännältä purren sinne lähteäksensä. Kotiin tultua
kertoo Väinämöiselle sammon Pohjolassa jo valmiina täydessä työssä
olevan; vv. 261-300.

Vaka vanha Väinämöinen

Pani varsan valjahisin,
Ruskean re'en etehen,
Ajavi karettelevi.
Kulki päivän, kulki toisen, 5
Niin päivällä kolmannella
Tuli pitkän sillan päähän,
Osmon pellon pientarelle.
Siinä tuon sanoiksi virkki,
Itse lausui, noin pakisi: 10
"Syö susi unen näkijä,
Tapa tauti Lappalainen!
Sanoi ei saavani kotihin
Enämpi elävin silmin
Sinä ilmoisna ikänä, 15
Kuuna kullan valkeana."
Laulelevi, taitelevi,
Lauloi kuusen kukkalatvan,
Kukkalatvan, kultalehvän,
Lauloi kuun kumottamahan 20
Kukkalatva-kuusosehen,
Lauloi oksillen otavan.
Ajavi karettelevi
Kohti kullaista kotia
Alla päin, pahoilla mielin, 25
Kun oli seppo Ilmarisen
Luvannut lunastimeksi,
Oman päänsä päästimeksi,
Pimeähän Pohjolahan,
Summahan Sariolahan. 30
Jopa seisottui oronen
Osmon uuen pellon päähän;
Kuuluvi pajasta pauke,
Hilke hiilihuonehesta,
Siell' on seppo Ilmarinen, 35
Takoa taputtelevi.
Sanoi seppo Ilmarinen:
"Oi sie vanha Väinämöinen,
Miss' olet viikon viipynynnä,
Kaiken aikasi asunut?" 40
Sanoi vanha Väinämöinen:
"Tuoll' olen viikon viipynynnä
Pimeässä Pohjolassa;
Siell' on neiti Pohjolassa,
Jok' ei suostu sulhosihin, 45
Mielly miehi'in hyvihin,
Kiitti puoli Pohjan maata,
Kun onpi kovin korea,
Kuuhut paistoi kulmaluilta,
Päivä rinnoilta risotti." 50
"Sinä seppo Ilmarinen
Lähe nyt neittä noutamahan,
Päätä kassa katsomahan,
Pimeästä Pohjolasta!
Kun saatat takoa sammon, 55
Kannen kirjo kirjaella,
Niin saat neion palkastasi,
Työstäsi tytön ihanan."
Seppo tuon sanoiksi virkki,
Itse lausui, noin nimesi: 60
"En sinä pitkänä ikänä
Lähe Pohjolan tuville,
Miesten syöjille sijoille,
Urosten upottajille."
 Siitä vanha Väinämöinen 65
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"Viel' on kumma toinen kumma,
Onp' on kuusi kukkalatva,
Kukkalatva, kultalehvä,
Osmon pellon pientarella; 70
Kuuhut latvassa kumotti,
Oksilla otava seisoi."
Lähettihin katsomahan
Tuota kuusta kukkapäätä;
Sitte sinne saatuansa 75
Seppo kuusta kummeksivi,
Kun oli oksilla otava,
Kuuhut kuusen latvasessa.
Siinä vanha Väinämöinen
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: 80
"Nyt sinä seppo veikkoseni
Nouse kuuta noutamahan,
Otavaista ottamahan,
Kultalatva-kuusosesta!"
Siitä seppo Ilmarinen 85
Nousi kuuta noutamahan,
Otavaista ottamahan,
Kultalatva-kuusosesta.
Silloin vanha Väinämöinen
Lauloa hyrähtelevi, 90
Lauloi tuulen tuppurihin,
Ilman raivohon rakenti.
Nousi tuuli tuppurihin,
Ilma raivohon rakentui,
Otti seppo Ilmarisen 95
Vieä viiletelläksensä
Pimeähän Pohjolahan,
Summahan Sariolahan.
Siinä seppo Ilmarinen
Jopa kulki, jotta joutui, 100
Yli kuun, alatse päivän,
Otavaisten olkapäitse;
Päätyi Pohjolan pihalle,
Sariolan saunatielle.
Louhi Pohjolan emäntä 105
Tuop' on päätyvi pihalle,
Itse ennätti sanoa:
"Mi sinä lienet miehiäsi,
Tulit tänne tuulen tietä,
Ahavan rekiratoa, 110
Eikä koirat kohti hauku,
Villahännät virkkaele?"
Sanoi seppo Ilmarinen:
"En mä tänne tullutkana
Kylän koirien kuluiksi, 115
Villahäntien vihoiksi."
Siitä Pohjolan emäntä
Tutkaeli tullehelta:
"Oletko tullut tuntemahan
Tuota seppo Ilmarista, 120
Jot' on viikon vuotettuna,
Sekä kauan kaivattuna,
Näille Pohjolan perille,
Uuen sammon laa'intahan?"
Se on seppo Ilmarinen 125
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
"Itse lienen Ilmarinen,
Sekä taitava takoja."
Louhi Pohjolan emäntä
Pian pistihe tupahan, 130
Sanovi sanalla tuolla:
"Neityeni nuorempani!
Pane jo päällesi parasta,
Varrellesi valkeinta.
Ripeintä rinnoillesi, 135
Kaulallesi kaunihinta,
Jo on seppo Ilmarinen
Saanut sammon laa'intahan."
Tuop' on kaunis Pohjan tytti,
Maan kuulu, ve'en valio, 140
Otti vaattehet valitut,
Pukehensa puhtahimmat,
Viitiseikse, vaatiseikse,
Tuli aitasta tupahan,
Kullat rippui rinnoillansa, 145
Päässänsä hopeat hohti.
Siitä Pohjolan emäntä
Syötti miehen syöneheksi,
Juotti miehen juoneheksi,
Sai itse sanelemahan: 150
"Ohoh seppo Ilmarinen,
Takoja iän ikuinen!
Saatatko takoa sammon,
Kannen kirjo kirjaella,
Joutsenen kynän nenästä, 155
Maholehmän maitosesta,
Ohran pienestä jyvästä,
Kesä-uuhen untuvasta,
Niin saat neion palkastasi,
Työstäsi tytön ihanan." 160
Sanoi seppo Ilmarinen,
Itse virkki, noin nimesi:
"Taitanen takoa sammon,
Kirjokannen kalkutella,
Kun olen taivoa takonut, 165
Ilman kantta kalkutellut."
Siitä seppo Ilmarinen,
Takoja iän ikuinen,
Etsi ahjollen alusta,
Leveyttä lietsehelle, 170
Johon painoi palkehensa,
Asetti alasimensa.
Tunki ainehet tulehen,
Takehensa alle ahjon,
Otti orjat lietsomahan, 175
Väkipuolet vääntämähän.
Orjat lietsoi löyhytteli,
Väkipuolet väännätteli,
Kolme päiveä kesäistä
Ja kolme kesäistä yötä. 180
Orjat lietsoi löyhytteli,
Niin päivänä ensimäisnä
Jousi tungeikse tulesta,
Kaari kulta kuumoksesta;
Sen seppo kaheksi murti, 185
Ajoi ahjohon takaisin.
Orjat lietsoi löyhytteli,
Niinpä päivänä jälestä
Veno tungeikse tulesta,
Punapursi kuumoksesta; 190
Seppo sen murenti rikki,
Työnti jällensä tulehen.
Orjat lietsoi löyhytteli,
Niin päivänä kolmantena
Hieho tungeikse tulesta, 195
Sarvi kulta kuumoksesta;
Seppo sen paloiksi leikkoi,
Toiste tunkevi tulehen.
Orjat lietsoi löyhytteli,
Niin päivänä neljäntenä 200
Aura tungeikse tulesta,
Terä kulta kuumoksesta;
Senki seppo murtelevi,
Alle ahjonsa ajavi.
Siitä seppo Ilmarinen, 205
Takoja iän ikuinen,
Laittoi tuulet lietsomahan,
Väkipuuskat vääntämähän.
Lietsoi tuulet löyhytteli,
Itä lietsoi, lietsoi länsi, 210
Etelä enemmin lietsoi,
Pohjonen kovin porotti;
Lietsoi päivän, lietsoi toisen,
Lietsoi kohta kolmannenki,
Tuli tuiski ikkunasta, 215
Säkehet ovesta säykkyi,
Tomu nousi taivahalle,
Savu pilvihin sakeni.
Se on seppo Ilmarinen
Päivän kolmannen perästä 220
Kallistihe katsomahan
Ahjonsa alaista puolta,
Näki sammon syntyväksi,
Kirjokannen kasvavaksi.
Takoi sammon taitavasti, 225
Laitahan on jauhomyllyn,
Toisehen on suolamyllyn,
Rahamyllyn kolmantehen.
Siitä jauhoi uusi sampo,
Kirjokansi kiikutteli; 230
Jauhoi purnun puhtehessa,
Yhen purnun syötäviä,
Toisen jauhoi myötäviä,
Kolmannen kotipitoja.
Niin ihastui Pohjan akka, 235
Saattoi sitte sammon suuren
Pohjolan kivimäkehen,
Yheksän lukon ta'aksi.
Siit' on seppo Ilmarinen
Tyttöä anelemahan, 240
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
"Joko nyt minulle neiti,
Kun sai sampo valmihiksi,
Kirjokansi kaunihiksi!"
 Tuop' on kaunis Pohjan tyttö, 245
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"Kukapa tässä toisna vuonna,
Kenpä kolmanna kesänä,
Käkeä kukutteleisi,
Lintusia laulattaisi, 250
Jos minä menisin muunne,
Saisin marja muille maille?"
"Enkä joua ilmankana,
Pääse en neiti-päiviltäni,
Noilta töiltä tehtäviltä, 255
Kesäisiltä kiirehiltä:
Marjat on maalla poimimatta,
Lahen rannat laulamatta,
Astumattani ahoset,
Lehot leikin lyömättäni." 260
Siitä seppo Ilmarinen
Jo tuossa ajattelevi,
Miten kulkea kotihin,
Tulla maille tuttaville,
Pimeästä Pohjolasta, 265
Summasta Sariolasta.
Sanoi Pohjolan emäntä:
"Ohoh seppo Ilmarinen,
Laatisiko mieli mennä
Elomaille entisille?" 270
Sanoi seppo Ilmarinen:
"Sinne mieleni tekisi
Kotihini kuolemahan,
Maalleni masenemahan."
 Louhi Pohjolan emäntä 275
Syötti miehen, juotti miehen,
Istutti perähän purren,
Melan vaskisen varahan;
Virkki tuulen tuulemahan,
Pohjosen puhaltamahan. 280
Siitä seppo Ilmarinen,
Takoja iän ikuinen,
Matkasi omille maille,
Noille syntymä-sijoille.
Sitte sinne saanehelta 285
Kysyi vanha Väinämöinen,
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
"Veli seppo Ilmarinen,
Joko laait uuen sammon,
Kirjokannen kirjaelit, 290
Pimeähän Pohjolahan,
Summahan Sariolahan?"
Sanoi seppo Ilmarinen,
Itse laatija pakisi:
"Jopa jauhoi uusi sampo, 295
Kirjokansi kiikutteli;
Jauhoi purnun puhtehessa,
Yhen purnun syötäviä,
Toisen jauhoi myötäviä,
Kolmannen pieltäviä." 300

Yhdestoista runo
 Ahti Lemminkäinen kasvaa pulskeaksi, punaveriseksi mieheksi.
Saaren paikalla kukostavaa Kyllikki neittä kositaan turhaan kaikkein
ylhäisimpiinki sukuihin ja loistavimpiin paikkoihin; vv. 1-32. —
Lemminkäinen vastoin äitinsä kieltoa ja varotusta lähtee Saaren
neittä kosiin. Perille päästyänsä ajaa kapahuttaa rekensä kumoon,
josta mieliharmiksensa heti joutuu naisten naurettavaksi; vv. 33-66.
— Lemminkäinen palkkautuu paimeneksi, käypi päivät paimenessa,
yöt impien iloissa, ja miellyttää pian Saaren neidet itseensä; vv. 67-
92. — Kylli neito ainoastansa ei suostu Lemminkäiseen, jonkatähden
tämä viimein kisa-kedolta ryöstää hänen rekeensä ja lähtee
matkaan; vv. 93-138. — Kyllikki reessä itkee ja valittaa, kun ei pääse
pois. Lemminkäinen lohdutellen häntä lupaa miekalla suku-arvonsa
suurentaa, jos toinen siitä surisi, ettei ollut kyllä suurta ja ylhäistä
sukua; vv. 139-164. — Neiti vastaa ja käskee Lemminkäisen, jos
mieli hänestä puolisoa saada, sodat iäksi päiväksi mielestänsä
heittämään. Sen toinen lupaaki ja vannoo, kuitenki sillä ehdolla, että
myös Kyllikki puoleltansa vannoisi, ei milloinkaan kylän kisoihin
lähtevänsä; vv. 165-188. — Kotiin tultua Lemminkäinen kerskaa
äitillensä, jo saaneensa, mitä oli lähtenytki saamaan. Äiti ihastelee
uutta miniätä ja käskee poikansa hankkimaan suuremmat asunnot,
niin kauniin ja suurisukuisen neidon saatuansa; vv. 189-226.

Aika on Ahtia sanoa,

Veitikkätä vieretellä.
Ahti poika saarelainen,
Tuo on lieto Lemmin poika,
Kasvoi koissa kaunihisti 5
Luona armahan emonsa.
Tuli mies mitä parahin,
Puhkesi punaverinen,
Joka päästänsä pätevi,
Kohastansa kelpoavi, 10
Noien impien iloihin,
Kassapäien karkeloihin.
Kylli oli Saaren neiti,
Saaren neiti, Saaren kukka,
Kasvoi koissa korkeassa, 15
Yleni ylen ehossa.
Kauan kasvoi, kauas kuului,
Kaukoa tuli kosijat
Neien kuuluhun kotihin,
Kaunoisehen kartanohon. 20
Kosi Päivä poiallehen;
Eip' on mennyt Päivälähän,
Päivän luona paistamahan,
Kesäisillä kiirehillä.
Kosi Kuuhut poiallehen; 25
Eip' on mennyt Kuutolahan,
Kuun luona kumottamahan,
Kehät ilman kiertämähän.
Kosi Tähti poiallehen;
Eip' on mennyt Tähtelähän, 30
Pitkin öitä pilkkimähän
Talvisilla taivahilla.
Tuop' on lieto Lemminkäinen,
Itse kaunis Kaukomieli,
Lähteäksensä lupasi 35
Sekä mietti mennäksensä
Saaren kukkoa kosihin,
Saaren mointa morsianta.
Emo kielteä käkesi,
Varotteli vaimo vanha: 40
"Ellös menkö poikaseni
Parempihin itseäsi;
Ei suattane sinua
Saaren suurehen sukuhun."
Sanoi lieto Lemminkäinen: 45
"Jos en oo su'ulta suuri,
Mie valitsen varrellani,
Otan muilla muo'oillani."
Ottavi hyvän orosen,
Valjasti valion varsan, 50
Ajavi karittelevi
Saaren kuuluhun kylähän;
Ajoi korjansa kumohon,
Veräjähän vierähytti.
Nauroi naiset Lemminkäistä, 55
Piiat pisti pilkkojansa,
Kun ajoi kummasti kujalle,
Kamalasti kartanolle.
Siinä lieto Lemminkäinen
Murti suuta, väänti päätä, 60
Murti mustoa haventa,
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"En ole tuota ennen nähnyt,
En ole nähnyt, enkä kuullut,
Naisen nauravan minulle, 65
Piian pilkkoja suannut."
Siitä lieto Lemminkäinen
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
"Onko Saarella sijoa,
Maata Saaren manterella, 70
Minun leikki lyöäkseni,
Tanner tanhuellakseni,
Saaren impien iloissa,
Kassapäien karkeloissa?"
Saaren impyet sanovat, 75
Niemen neiet vastoavat:
"Kyll' on Saarella sijoa,
Maata Saaren manterella,
Sinun leikki lyöäksesi,
Tanner tanhuellaksesi, 80
Karjalaisna kaskimailla,
Paimenpoikana paloilla."
Mitä huoli Lemminkäinen,
Palkkasihe paimeneksi;
Kävi päivät paimenessa, 85
Yöt oli impien iloissa,
Noien neitojen kisoissa,
Kassapäien karkeloissa.
Sillä lieto Lemminkäinen,
Tuo on kaunis Kaukomieli, 90
Ihastutti Saaren immet,
Niemen neitoset lepytti.
Yksi on Kyllikki korea,
Saaren kukka kaunokainen,
Jok' ei suostu sulhasehen, 95
Mielly miehe'en hyvähän.
Tuop' on lieto Lemminkäinen,
Itse kaunis Kaukomieli,
Sa'at saappahat kulutti,
Sa'at airot poikki souti, 100
Tuota neittä saaessansa,
Kyllikkiä pyytessänsä.
Jo päivänä muutamana,
Iltana moniahana,
Neitoset kisaelevi 105
Kaunihilla kankahalla,
Kyllikki ylinnä muita,
Saaren kukka kuuluisinna.
Tuli veitikka verevä,
Ajoi lieto Lemminkäinen, 110
Keskelle kisaketoa,
Kaunokaisten karkeloa,
Koppoi neien korjahansa,
Reutoi Kyllikin rekehen.
Siitä läksi liukumahan, 115
Lähtiessänsä sanovi:
"Elkätte minua immet
Ilmi antako ikänä,
Minun täällä käyneheni,
Täältä neien vieneheni!" 120
"Kun ette totelle tuosta,
Niin teille paha paneikse:
Laulan sulhonne sotahan,
Nuoret miehet miekan alle,
Ettei kuulla kuuna päänä, 125
Nähä ilmoisna ikänä,
Kujasilla kulkemassa,
Ahoilla ajelemassa."
Siitä lieto Lemminkäinen
Veti virkkua vitsalla, 130
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
"Jää hyvästi Saaren nurmet,
Joit' olen kesät kävellyt,
Kaiket talvet tallaellut,
Piileskellen pilvis-öillä, 135
Paeten pahoilla säillä,
Tätä pyytä pyytessäni,
Allia ajellessani!"
Kyllä Kyllikki valitti,
Saaren kukka kuikutteli: 140
"Päästä jo minua poies,
Laske lasta vallallensa,
Kotihini kulkemahan,
Luoksi itkevän emoni!"
Virkki lieto Lemminkäinen, 145
Sanoi kaunis Kaukomieli:
"Kyllikki, syän-käpyni,
Minun maire marjueni!
Tuotako sinä sureksit,
Tuota huolien huokaelet, 150
Ettei oo sukuni suuri,
Kovin korkea kotini?"
"Jos en oo su'ulta suuri,
Enkä korkea ko'ilta,
On mulla tulinen miekka, 155
Sakeneva säilärauta,
Se onpi sukua suurta,
Laajoa lajipereä:
Onp' on Hiiessä hiottu,
Jumaloissa kirkastettu, 160
Sillä suurennan sukuni.
Laajennan lajini kaiken,
Miekalla tuliterällä,
Säilällä sakenevalla."
Neiti tuon sanoiksi virkki: 165
"Oi on Ahti Lemmin poika,
Jos tahot minusta neittä
Ikuiseksi ystäväksi,
Sie vanno valat ikuiset,
Ei sotia käyäksesi 170
Kullankana tarpehella,
Hopeankana halulla!"
Siinä lieto Lemminkäinen
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"Vannon mie valat ikuiset, 175
Ei sotia käyäkseni
Kullankana tarpehella,
Hopeankana halulla;
Sie itse valasi vanno,
Ei kyliä käyäksesi 180
Hyvänki hypyn halulla,
Tanhujuoksun tarpehella!"
Siitä vannoivat valansa,
Laativat iki lupansa,
Eessä julkisen Jumalan, 185
Alla kasvon kaikkivallan:
Ei Ahin sotia käyä,
Eikä Kyllikin kyliä.
Siitä lieto Lemminkäinen
Jo kohta kotihin saapi, 190
Luoksi armahan emonsa,
Tykö valta vanhempansa.
Emo tuon sanoiksi virkki,
Itse lausui, noin nimesi:
"Viikon viivyit poikaseni, 195
Viikon mailla vierahilla!"
Lausui lieto Lemminkäinen:
"Oi emoni, kantajani,
Pane jo patjasi parahat,
Pehme'immät pään-alaiset, 200
Maatani omalla maalla,
Nuoren neiteni keralla;
Mitä läksin, sen jo sainki,
Kuta pyysin, sen tapasin."
Emo tuon sanoiksi virkki: 205
"Ole nyt kiitetty Jumala,
Kun annoit miniän mulle
Vanhan päiväni varaksi!
Itse kiitä onneasi!
Hyvän sait, hyvän tapasit." 210
"Puhas on pulmonen lumella,
Puhtahampi puolellasi;
Valkea merellä vaahti,
Valkeampi valloissasi;
Sorea lähellä sorsa, 215
Soreampi suojassasi;
Kirkas tähti taivahalla,
Kirkkahampi kihloissasi."
"Laai nyt lattiat laveat,
 Hanki ikkunat isommat, 220
Seisottele seinät uuet,
Tee koko tupa parempi,
Nuoren neien saatuasi,
Kaunihin katsottuasi,
Paremmaisen itseäsi, 225
Sukuasi suuremmaisen!"

Kahdestoista runo

Kyllikki valaansa muistamatta lähtee kylän kisahan, josta

Lemminkäinen kovasti suuttuneena paikalla alkaa sotaretkelle
Pohjolaan hankkiutua; vv. 1-26. — Nainen kokee kieltää
Lemminkäistä sotaan lähtemästä, mutta tämä vaan yhä pyytää äitiltä
sotavaruksiansa ja uhkaa lähteä onneansa Pohjolan pönäkän neidon
luona kokemaan; vv. 27-60. — Äiti peljättämälläki kokee estää
poikaansa lähtemästä, mutta Lemminkäinen kerskaa kyllä Pohjan
noidille vastaavansa ja päätään harjatessa viimein suuttuneena
paiskaa harjan kädestään ja sanoo, jo silloin harjasta verta lähtevän,
kun hänestäki; vv. 61-98. — Lemminkäinen lähtee matkalle ja tulee
Pohjolaan. Jo ulkoa kuulee tuvassa laulettavan, soitettavan ja
hälistävän, ja sisään pilkistäissänsä näkee sen väkeä täynnä olevan;
vv. 99-140. — Lemminkäinen Pohjolan tupaan tultua innostuneena
alkaa laulaa ja laulaa miehet minne minki; yhden ainoan sokean
ukko raiskan heittää laulamatta; vv. 141-192.

Siitä Ahti Lemminkäinen,

Tuo on kaunis Kaukomieli,
Aina eellehen eleli
Nuoren neitosen keralla,
Ei itse sotia käynyt, 5
Eikä Kyllikki kyleä.
Niin päivänä muutamana,
Huomenna moniahana,
Lähtevi kalan kutuhun,
Tullut ei illalla kotihin; 10
Jo meni Kyllikki kylähän,
Noien neitojen kisahan.
Ainikki sisar Ahilla,
Sepä saattavi sanoman
Sekä kielen kantelevi: 15
"Armas Ahti, veikkoseni!
Jo kävi Kyllikki kylässä,
Veräjillä vierahilla."
Ahti poika, aino poika,
Tuosta suuttui, tuosta syäntyi, 20
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
"Oi emoni, vaimo vanha!
Jospa paitani pesisit
Mustan käärmehen mujuista,
Mun sotahan mennäkseni, 25
Pohjan poikien tulille."
Kyllikki sanan sanovi,
Nainen ensin ennättävi:
"Ohoh armas Ahtiseni,
Ellös lähtekö sotahan! 30
Näin mä unta maatessani,
Sike'in levätessäni:
Tuli ahjona ajeli
Ahin ikkunan alatse,
Tuosta tuiskahti tupahan, 35
Laikahtihe lattialle."
Sanoi lieto Lemminkäinen:
"En usko unia naisten.
Enkä vaimojen valoja;
Oi emoni kantajani, 40
Tuo tänne sotisopani!
Mieleni minun tekevi
Itse korvin kuullakseni,
Nähä näillä silmilläni,
Onko neittä Pohjolassa, 45
Piikoa Pimentolassa,
Jok' ei suostu sulhosihin,
Mielly miehi'in hyvihin."
Sanoi äiti Lemminkäisen:
"Ohoh Ahti poikaseni! 50
Sull' on Kyllikki koi'ssa,
Koti-nainen korkeampi;
Kamala on kaksi naista
Yhen miehen vuotehella."
Sanoi lieto Lemminkäinen: 55
"Kyllikki on kylän käviä,
Juoskohon joka kisassa,
Maatkohon joka majassa,
Kylän impien iloissa,
Kassapäien karkeloissa!" 60
Emo kielteä käkesi,
Varotteli vaimo vanha:
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