ConsortiumAlumni Association Presents

A One-day Course on

Basic Well LoggingDesign

Presented by M Bakhsh
Roll No 2k15-PET-36
NFC IET Multan Pakistan
 Agenda

• Introduction(8:15)
• Lecture‐I Basic Theory/Interpretation
• Break (10 – 10:15)
• Lecture‐II LoggingProgram/Design
• Break (12:00)
• Workshop (1:30 – 4:00)
• Wrap‐up (4:00 – 5:00)
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognizefluid type and lithologyof major reservoirs,
and some practical application of log data
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well logdesign
 Definition

According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jackson’s Glossary of Geology:

Log : A continuous record as a function of depth,

usually graphic and plotted to scale on a narrow
paper strip, of observations made on the rocks
and fluids of the geologic section exposed in
the well-bore.
Wireline Logging Logging while Drilling

Mud in
Mud out
Cable

LWD Tools

Tools
Drill Bit
 Well Logging History
• The first electrical log was introduced in 1927 in France usingstationed
resistivity method.
• The first commercial electrical resistivity tool in 1929 was used in
Venezuela, USA and Indonesia.
• SP was run alongwith resistivity first time in 1931
• Schlumberger developed the first continuous recording in1931
• GR and Neutron logs was startedin 1941
• Microresistivity array dipmeter and lateralog were first time introduced
in 1950’s
• The first induction tool was used in 1956 followed by Formation tester
in 1957, Fomation Density in 1960’s, Electromagnetic tool in 1978 and
most of Imaging logs were developedin1980’s
• Advanced formation tester was commercialized in early1990’s
Well in Pechelbronn - France Surface Recording Instrument

The “First” Log recorded in 1927

 Log Measurements

Practical definition of a log

Log is an indirect measurement of formation properties
exposed by the well‐bore acquiredby lowering a device or
a combinationof devicesin the well bore.

A Formation Evaluation Specialist is essential to understand

The theory of measurements, quality control, interpretation

principles, geophysics and petroleum geology as well as
petroleum reservoirs
Advantages and Limitations of WellLogging

Advantages:
- Continuous measurements
- Easy and quick to work with
- Short time acquisition
- Better resolution than seismic data
- Economical

Limitations:
- Indirect measurements
- Limited by tool specification
- Affected by environment
- Varying resolution
Basic Theory of Measurements
 Logs are ImpliedMeasurements

• Log is not a direct measurementof formation properties, itis an implied

measurementbased on one or combination of the following devices

• Electrical (Resistivity and

Induction)
• Acoustic
• Nuclear
• Electromagnetic
• Magnetic
Basic Theory on Resistivity

Rw
Current path

Unit volume filled with only water

Current path

Ro

Unit volume with water and matrix

Typical Formation
Oil
Water
Sand grain

Grain surface water

Current path

Rt
Measured by the tool
 Resistivity and MeasurementConcept

Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impade the flow of electrical current

I E
E *A
Rw =
Rw I*L
L A

Rw - Formation Water resistivity

E - Voltage difference across the formation
A - Cross sectional Area
L - Length of brine containerr
I - Current
Resistivity and MeasurementConcept

Schematic diagram of how an induction tool works

Secondary magnetic field Receiver

Created by the ground loop
Secondary magnetic field
Induces a current to flow in the receiver

Magnetic field induces

a current in the ground loop

Primary magnetic field

created by transmitter
Transmitter
 ResistivityApplication
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination

Sh = 1 - Sw

Water Saturation Estimation

Archie’s Equation

F * Rw 1/n
Sw = ( Rt ) where F=
1.0

Por
m

SW - Water saturation F - Formation factor

Rw - Formation water resistivity n - Saturation exponent
Rt - True Formation resistivity m - Cementation factor

Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts
 Spontaneous Potential Log (SP)

• SP measurement is based on Electrical currents flowing in the

mud from electrochemicaland electrokinetic
• Salinitydifference between mud flitrate and formation waters,
ions movement creates currents measured in mVolt
• Negative or Positive SP curve deflection represents which fluid,
formation or mud filtrate, has more ionic charge.
• It only works in waterbased mud !

• The use of SP log; bed boundary, distinguishing permeable from

impermeable rock, shalyness indicator, Rw determination and
well correlation.
 Spontaneous Potential(SP)
(-) (+) Rmf >> Rw in all sands

Shale
Sand Thick clean wet sand

SP
- - - - - - - Thick shaly wet sand

Thick clean Gas sand

- - - - - - - Thick shaly Gas sand

Hydrocarbon effect
 Spontaneous Potential(SP)
Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
SP Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
7430
40 mV TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F
7470
Determine Rw ?
20

Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
 Rw calculation from SPlog

Rmfe
SSP = -K log
Rwe

Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart
 Gamma Ray Log(GR)

• GR tool measures natural radioactivityof the formation from

the emmision of all these; (Total GR)
Potasium, Uranium andThorium
• GR log is usedfor;
‐ Well to well geologicalcorrelation
‐ Bed definition, more accurate than SP log
‐ Shale Volume Indicator (mostreliable)
‐ Lithology and mineralogyindicator (NGT)

GRlog - GRmin IGR - Gamma ray index

IGR = GRmin - GR clean
GRsh - GRmin GRsh - GR shale baseline
Gamma Ray Log(GR)
 Gamma Ray Log(GR)

Mineral Density DT GR
Quartz 2.64 56 0-15
Calcite 2.71 49 0-15
Dolomite 2.85 44 0-15
Orthoclase 2.52 69 220
Micas 2.82 49 275
Kaolinite 2.41 - 80-130
Chlorite 2.76 - 180-250
Illite 2.52 - 250-300
Montmorillonite 2.12 - 150-200
Anhydrite 2.98 50 low
Pyrite 4.99 39 low
Coal 1.47 high low
 Gamma Ray Log(GR)

Well-1 Well-7 Well-2

GR Res
GR Res
GR Res
 Natural Gamma Ray Log(NGT)

• NGT tool measures the spectrum of

Potasium,Uranium, and Thorium
• NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
• With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification
 Natural Gamma Ray Log(NGT)

10

8 Glauconite
Biotite
6
Pe Illite
4
Montmorillonite
2 Muscovite
Kaolinite
00
2 4 6 8 10
K, Potasium (%)
 DensityLog

• Density tool is one of the most important instruments used to

evaluate formations which measures formation density and
directly ties to formationporosity
• The density tool measures the electron density, by emitting
gamma ray from radioactive source and returning to two
detectors
• The amount of Gamma rays that return depend on the number
of electrons present, electron density is related to bulk density
of mineral orrock
• In most cases environmental correction forDensity log is not
significant, field log density can be readily used for
interpretation
 DensityLog

Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to

collisions with other atomic particles:

Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to

generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV
 DensityLog

• Porosity determinationfrom density log:

RHOBma - RHOBlog
POR =
RHOBma - RHOBfluid

RHOBma - Matrix density

RHOBfluid - Formation fluid density
RHOBlog - Log density
PORd - Density derived porosity

Exercise: Determine porosity of limestone with field log

density inicated 2.5 gr/cc.
 Neutron Log

• The tool measures the Hydrogen Index which is the quantityof

Hydrogen per unitvolume
• The tools emit high energy neutrons either from radioactive
source or minitron.They are slowed down by collisions with
formation nuclei, collision will result energy loss, and the
element mostlyslowed down is H
• Water has high neutron counts, Oil has a little less counts than
Water, Gas will have very low neutron counts
• Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole
size, mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand‐off, pressure
and formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far
and near countrates.
Neutron Log
 Neutron Log
• Neutron tool has a wide range of applications
‐ Porosity Determination
‐ Gas Detection
‐ Borehole and formationsalinity
‐ Reservoir Saturation
‐ Reservoir Monitoring
‐ Borehole Fluid dynamics
• Neutron radioactive source in normally uses Am 241

Exercise Neutron Log environmental correction

Given: Uncorrected neutron porosity of 34%, 14” borehole size,
0.25” mud cake, 200 kppm borehole salinity, 12 ppg mud at
170 F, 5000 psi pressure, using water based mud with formation
salinity of 50 kppm.
 AcousticLog
• Sonic tool generates acousticsignals to measure the time travel to
pass through a formation, log measurement in time required to
travel in one foot formation (microsec/foot)
• Rock properties can be implied from sonic measurements;
Porosity, Lithology, Gas shows, Compaction and Rockstrength
• Main current use : ‐ Seismic Tie
‐ Mechanical properties
‐ Fracture identification
• Tool types; Borehole compensatedsonic
Long spacing sonic
Array sonic tool
Ultrasonic boreholeimage
Dipole shear sonicimage
AcousticLog
AcousticLog
 SpecialTools

• Resistivity Based Imaging Tool

- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
• Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
• Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.
 SpecialTools continued

• Modular Formation Test

- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
• Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)
Wellbore Seismic
 Log and Seismic TieEffort

• Log DataValidation
‐ Check the log quality
‐ See if there is any missing logdata
‐ Determine whether sonic peaks/anomalies representingformation
• Log editing
• Velocity Correction Sonic over VSP (using 4‐2 msecresolution)
• Synthetic Seismic Generation
‐ AcousticImpedance
‐ Convolution Wavelet to tie seismic and logpeaks
* Extracted Wavelet ‐ to utilize wavelet as seen in theseismic
it is highly recommended (similarapperance)
* Rickr Wavelet ‐ commonly used to have zerophase
 SyntheticSeismograms

• Synthetic Seismograms are used to correlate seismicsections

• Theoretically this method uses many simplification and assumptions put
into themodel
• It provides important link to understand thetie between seismic data and
well log responses
 VSP&
Seismic Section
 Velocity Survey
• Velocity or check shot surveys are performed in the wellbore to obtain
vertical travel paths through the formations by locating sources and
detectors/receivers at certain configuration, normally the receivers are
placed near the gelogicalhorizons
• The survey only utilize first arrival to use in the recordedseismic trace
• First arrivals are then converted into vertical travel times on time‐depth
graphs which can be used to calculate averagevelocities
• Sonic log calibration needs to be done prior to generation of synthetic
logs, normally borehole effects are found very often causing drift whichis
to be removed to prevent shifting in time of seismic reflections or
pesudoevents
 Vertical Seismic Profile
• Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) uses both entire recorded seismic trace and
first break. Receivers are spaced at very closed intervals in the wellbore in
order to get a seismic section in thewellbore
• The seismic waveand all effects are measured as a function of depth as it
propagates through the formations
• Thr receivers are close to reflectors where up‐going and down‐going waves
are recorded as a function ofdepth
• The down‐going wavelets are used to design deconvolutionfilters
• In general VSP provide much better spatial andtemporal resolution, the
signal changes interm of bandwidth and energy loss aremeasured
• Applicatios of VSP are to correlate the actual seismic events with more
confidence, and with much better resolution due to shorter travel paths it
can provide a tool to generate high resolution maps, and better estimateof
rock properties
Basic Concept of VSP
Basic Concept of VSP
 Offset VSP

• Offset VSP are used to detect faults and pincouts

developed to illuminate structure away from thewellbore

Multiple offset and walkaway VSP

• Multiple offset VSP were developed to provide high-resolution seismic

structural details in the area where interference from the shallow layers
• The disadvantages is very time consuming, it requires few days for the
acquisition by putting multiple source positioned in different locations
Offset VSP
 Basic Log Interpretation

Logs Data Applications

• Determine depth and thickness

• Identify productive zones
• Distinguish fluid types, gas, oil and water
• Estimate hydrocarbon reserve
• Help geological correlation and subsurface mapping
• Determine facies and drilling locations
 Basic Log Interpretation Continued
Common Tools in the Logging Industry

• Gamma Rays
• Self Potential
• Resistivity
• Induction
• Density
• Neutron
• Sonic
• Magnetic Resonance
• Formation Test
 Basic Log Interpretation Continued

Typical properties implied or estimated from

the log Measurements:

• Porosity
• Water Saturation
• Permeability
Fluid types
• Fluid contacts
• Lithology

• Dip angle
• Velocity
 Petrophysical Properties
Volume of pores
Porosity =
Total Volume of Rock

Porosity = “Storage Capacity”

Porosity is estimated using one or combination of

the followings; - Density
- Neutron
- Sonic
Combination of three inputs will get better estimate

Density Porosity:

POR = (DENmatrix – DENlog)/(DENmatrix – DENfluid)

 Petrophysical Properties
Formation Water in the pores
SW =
Total pore space in the rock

Water Saturation is estimated using combination of

the followings; - Porosity
- Resistivity
It requires formation factor and saturation index
derived from core analysis, and formation water resistivity

Archie’s Equation
1/Porm * Rw 1/n
Sw = ( Rt )
SW - Water saturation
n - Saturation exponent
Rw - Formation water resistivity
m - Cementation factor
Rt - True Formation resistivity
 Petrophysical Properties
Permeability Estimation from Logs

Timur’s

K= ( 93 * Por
Swi
2.2
) 2

where Swi = Irreducible water saturation

Tixier’s

K= ( 250 * Por
Swi
3
) 2

Permeability (K) is a measure of rock property to get the fluid passes through the rock.

The equations are based on empirical study, accurate K estimation can be obtained from
formation test, drillstem test (DST) or from core analysis
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognize fluid type and lithology of major
reservoirs,and some practicalapplications of log
data
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well logdesign
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs

Gas Sand
Gas
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
RES
0.1 100

Gas Sand
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
 How Can We Remember TheseEasily?
About LithologyInterpretation

• Claystone ‐ has large amount of water, and radioactive materials, is denser when it has
less water, is not harder than limestone and is very conductive.

• Sandstone‐ is less dense than limestone, has less water than clay, contain more water
than limestone except when it is saturated with dry gas, its conductivity is depending on
fluid type it contains, has small to none radioactive fragments.

• Limestone‐ is harder than both clay and sand, contains least water of the three, very
resistive, it has low radioactivity materials, fast velocity, high density.

• Coal ‐ Normaly low radioactive, rarely radioactive, lowest density and very resistive
 How Can We Remember TheseEasily?
About Fluid Interpretation

• High Radioactivity ‐ High GR

• Very Conductive ‐ Low Resistivity
• High Water ‐ High Neutron and LowResistivity
• High Gas ‐ Low Neutron and HighResistivity
• High Oil ‐ Higher Neutron than Gas, denser
than gas Less Neutron than water,
less dense than water, more
resistive than water, less‐
resistive than gas when other
properties are the same
• Dry Gas ‐ Very resistive, largest
density neutron crossover
• High GOR ‐ Larger density‐neutron crossover
than oil with low GOR
• Fresh Water ‐ Reservoir filled with high resistive water
 Are There Any Anomalies?
About Fluid Interpretation

• In a gaszone
‐Mud filtrate invasion will cause the neutron‐density
crossover looks like that of oil zone, the shallowinvestigation
resistivity will be less resistive than that of deeper depth of
investigation, resistivity difference is larger when conductive
mud is used
‐High Irreducible water (water bounds in clays and grains’
surface) will demonstrate little density‐neutron crossover
similar tothatof oil or water zones but less resistive than gas
or oil zones with less irreduciblewater
• In an oil zone ‐ similar to above
 How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?

• Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.

• Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also used
when possible log response anomalies encountered to get conclusive
fluid identification.
 Modern Formation For Fluid Identification

MDT String Configuration

Electric Power Module

Large sample Chamber

Multi sample Chambers

Fluid Description Module

Hydraulic Power Module

Test Probe
 Basic components of thetool

OLD NEW
Multi-sample
Probe Chambers

Resist. Pump Out

Probe
Valve sensor Module
HP Gauge
Strain Gauge

Optical Fluid
Pre-Test
Pre-Test Analyzer

Quartz Gauge
Isolation
Valve Flow line
Two Sample Chambers
 Gas Detector System

OFA Gas Detector Optics

Photodetector
Light Emitting Diode
Array
Cylindrical Lens Sapphire
Polarizer Prism

Sapphire window

Fluid Flow Gas Gas

Liquid
How OFA Divice Operates
OFASpectrometer

Filter Lens Filter lens

Catridge Photodiode
Light
Distributor
Solenoids
Source
Light path Lamp
Chopper motor
Measure
Light Path

Sapphire Fluid flow

How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?

OFASpectrometer

4.0 Visible Near infra-red

Crude Oil B
Optical Density

Water
Mud Crude OilA
Filtrate

Fuel
Oil
Diesel
0.0

500 1000 1500 2000

Wave Length - (NM)
Example--1 : Gas OFA
Example-2 : Water OFA
Example--3 : Oil OFA
 Are There Any Other LogsApplications?

The Logs Can Help Us to Determine:

• Volume of Hydrocarbon
• Fluid continuity
• ReservoirExtent
• Reservoir Rock Properties
• Depositional Environtment
• Diagenesis and Compaction
• Trapping
• Heterogeneity

➢ Selecting Drilling Location

➢ Well Completion
All are useful for
➢ Subsurface Geological Mapping
➢ Reservoir Characterization
Hydrocarbon Reserves Estimate

7758 * (1-Sw) * h * Por * RF *A

Oil rec =
BoI

(43560 * DEPTH*0.43)* (1-Sw)* h* Por*RF*A

Gas rec =
15

Where : RF - Recovery Factor

h - Thickness, A - Area
BoI - Oil Vol. factor
BoI = 1.05 + 0.5 * (Gas Oil Ratio/100)
 Lateral Continuity ?
Well-1 Well-7 Well-2
GR Res
GR Res GR Res
Compaction Trend?
DT
GR
Res
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognizefluid type and lithology ofmajor reservoirs,and
some practical applications of log data
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well logdesign
 Depth of Investigation and Resolution
of Logging Tools

Induction 80 cm
log

Resistivity

Laterolog 80 cm

Resolution
Neutron 40 cm

Radioactivity
Gamma-ray 30 cm

Density 20 cm

Acoustic Sonic 60 cm

Micro resistivity 5 cm
Micro log
Resistivity Dipmeter 2 cm
250 cm 200 cm 150 cm 100 cm 50 cm 0 cm
Depth of Investigation
 Tools Size and Measuring point for Typical
Oil Based Mud Environment

AIT SDT LDT CNT SGT LEH TCC AMS

GR
Neutron
Tool Length
Density
Sonic
Induction

Additional combinable tools:

- Dipmeter
- Magnetic Resonance
- Borehole Imager
Measuring point from - Dipole Sonic
the bottom of the tool
- Formation Tester
- Others

This slide helps you to configure the tool string that is appropriate for your well
Tool Specification
Resistivity Measurement Problems and Limitations

Resistivity measurements are not reliable when you have:

Severe invasion due to overbalanced mud
Large washed-out borehole
Shoulder bed affects
High content of conductive minerals
Some older tool generations have limited vertical resolution
Effects of BoreholeEnvironment

Flushed
Ro Zone Undisturbed
Rt Ri Rxo Formation
Rw Rz Rmf Ri
Rm
Si Sxo Invaded
Sw
Zone

Mud Cake
Rmc
 Invasion Profile

Fresh Mud Rmf > RW Low High

Rm Rxo D M S
Rt

Salt Mud Rmf < Rw

S M D
Rt
Rxo
Rm
SP LogLimitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

GR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of
Formation to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation

Density Log Limitations

Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.
Neutron LogLimitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.

Sonic Log Limitations

Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.

Formation Test Log Limitations

Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognizefluid type and the lithologyof major reservoirs,
and practical uses of logdata
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy of a well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well logdesign
Why Wireline Welllogging

1. Better Resolution
2. More advanced tools
3. Better depth control
4. Only choice available (certain tools)
5. More certain on data quality
Disadvantages of Wireline
logging

1. Invasion effect
2. Hole condition dependant
3. Unable to log in high angle wells (>60 deg)
4. Acquired after drilling, more rig time
5. More uncertainty in getting data or good
data in problem prone wells
Important Issues with
Running Wirelinelogs

1. Borehole fluid type

2. Borehole size
3. Well deviation
4. Tool combination
5. High Mud Weight resulting in over balanced
Logging while Drilling
 Why LWD?

• Reduce Rig Time

• Real Time Decisions
• Minimized Borehole Problems
• High Angle/Horizontal Wells
 Disadvantages of LWD
• Borehole size and rugosity are not known
• Good data collected only when the tool is rotating
• Data quality is ratedependant
• Log resolution is generally poorer than that of wireline
• Ability to configure the tools is limited
• Not a good application for a slow drilling rate for cost
consideration especially for expensiverig.
• Depth control is poorer than wireline data
 LWD and WirelineComparison

X800
Invasion
X800

X900 X900
Wireline Log Example

X400

X450
 LWD Real time and RecordedLogs

D. RES
GR D. RES
GR NEU NEU DEN
DEN
X500 X500

X600 X600

X700 X700
 Selecting the Tools to run
What tools do you run in the hole?

It depends on what type of informationyou are about to get

and the cost you are willing to spend.

Need Want

What is the value of information you are getting?

Ability to Define YourNeed

• Geological
• Geophysical
• Reservoir
• Petrophysical
• Mechanical
 Type of Information toAcquire

• Geology
‐ Sand development and sand thickness
‐ Stratigraphic information
‐ Lateral continuity
‐ Hydrocarbon source

• Geophysics
‐ Velocity uncertainty
‐ Well to seismic tie
‐ Seismic and fluids/lithology correlation
 Type of Information… continued

• Petrophysics
‐ Porosity
‐ Water saturation
‐ Permeability
‐ Mineralogy
• Reservoir
‐ Compartment
‐ Fluid properties
‐ Reservoir pressure
‐ Reservoir monitoring
• Rock Mechanics
‐ Stress direction
‐ Pressure profile
‐ Fracture orientation
Understand the Scales OfObservation

Seismic Section

Wireline Logs

Out-Crops/Core

Thin Sections
Scales Of Observation
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognizefluid type and the lithologyof major reservoirs,
and practical uses of logdata
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various well loggingdesigns
 Exercise with well logdesign
 Well Logging Design Objective

The objectives of a well logging design should follow

your drilling objectives, if drilling objective is not met,
the objectives of logging program should be adjusted
accordingly.

A logging program would vary depending on drilling

Objectives.
 Well Logging Design‐1

• Onshore well

A development well, A‐5, is to drill updip structure of A‐Sand

to accelerate oil production, the A‐4 well has produced this
Reservoir for a year, and currently produces 80% water. The
reservoir has a strong aquiver drive mechanism.
 Well Logging Design‐1 continued

• Drilling objective is to drill and complete the A‐Sand Level

• Logging program objective for this well is then to locate the
top of the A‐Sand and make sure that the interval is still in the
oil column.
• Other information: Strong water drive means it has good
pressure maintenance, therefore, no need to take pressure
data.
• Rig type: Onshore Rig (inexpensive), a vertical well.
• Logging Design : Wireline GR‐Resistivity‐Neutron‐Density
 Well Logging Design‐2

• Offshorewell

A third appraisal well is proposed on the west flank of the

structure. First two‐wells suggest that well to well log
correlation is not easy, however pressure data has helpedthe
well to well correlation. This well is to reveal the lateral
continuityand the compartmentissue of the reservoirs.
 Well Logging Design‐1 continued

• Drilling objective is to drill and to find out the lateral continuity

of some reservoirs.
• Logging program objective is to collect as much datato
confirm lateral continuity and well to well correlation.
• Other information:The well is still in the appraisalphase.
• Rig type: Offhore Rig (expensive), directional well?
• Logging Design :
‐ LWD GR‐Resistivity‐Density‐Neutron
‐ Wireline GR‐Resistivity‐Density‐Neutron ascontigency
in case LWD data is not reliable
‐ Wireline formationtest for pressure correlation
‐ Wireline OBMI for stratigraphic information
to help well to wellcorrelation
 Example‐1 ‐ LoggingProgram
• 26 “ Conductor ‐ 3500’ to3700’MD
None

• 20” Casing ‐ 3700’ to 4100’MD

None

• 17‐1/2” Hole section 4100’ to 6000’MD

‐ LWD: GR‐Resistivity

• 12‐1/4” Hole Section 6000’ to 9000’MD

‐ LWD: GR‐Resistivity‐Density‐Neutron
‐ Wireline: Triple combo only when LWD fail
Formation test as required

• 8‐1/2” Hole section 9000’ to 12000’MD

‐ LWD: GR‐Resistivity‐Density‐Neutron
‐ Wireline: Triple combo only when LWD fail
Formation test as required
Borehole image as required
Nuclear Magnetic tool asrequired
 Example‐2 Logging Program Continued

• 8‐1/2” Hole Section 9000’ to 12000’MD

LWD:
GR‐Resistivity‐Density‐Neutron

Wireline:
Triple combo as a contingency when LWDfail
Wet Case:
Triple combo as a contingency when LWD data is not reliable
Formation tests for pressures and watersamples
H.C.Case:
Triple combo as a contingency when LWD data is not reliable
Formation tests for pressures and fluidsamples
Borehole image log for dip and stratigraphicinformation
Nuclear Magnetic tool when considerable thick‐shaly sand reservoirsare
penetrated
Borehole seismic for velocitysurvey
Important Aspects ToConsider

• Risk
• Cost
• Environment
• Hole Size
• Well Design
• Tool Speed
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Risk
‐While we are running in hole with wireline tools, the
tools could not go down at certain depth. Thecompany
representative has decided to pull out of hole to run
different toolconfiguration.

‐In case of a risk that we are not able to go down passing

the same depth with new tool configuration, the
petrophysicisthas asked the log engineer to log up while
pulling out of hole to get data assurance.
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Cost
‐After the well reached TD at 6000 ft, the team found out
that they do not have room to get all log data to the base of
the reservoir near TD if they use typical triple combination
wireline tools, to drill additional50 ft would take 24 hour rig
time including RIH andPOOH.

‐The petrophysicisthas then decidedto split the tools into

two runs, which only require additional6 hour rig time for
second wireline run. By doing that it would have saved 18
hour rig time if they drill additional 50 ft to have only one
logging run
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Environment
‐The well is to drill complex lithology interval in Jurasic
section. Where coal, shale, sand, limestone can be
penetrated in the same hole section.

‐The geologist and petrophysicist have suggested their

drilling team to drill the well with oil based mud to help
possible swelling clay problem, formation of limestone
ledges and washed‐out sand section, therefore it would
promote a smooth and successful logging operation after
they reach TD.
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Hole Size
‐The Drilling engineer has suggested to run only LWD in the
12‐1/4” hole section to reduce well cost.

‐The petrophysicist has argued and suggested to run

wireline because based on previous wells in this field where
they have drilled at average rate of 300 ft/hr resulting in not
reliable data.The team has supported their petrophysicistto
run wireline because it would help to support field
certification.
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Well Design
‐After the G&G team provide the targets to the drilling
engineer, the team has to end up with a well design that it
requires a highly deviated well exceeding 60 deg.

‐LWD log data acquisition is then put in their logging

program because based on their experience in this field 50
deg well was the highest deviated well that they could log
with wireline.
 Important Aspects ToConsider
Some examples

• Tool Speed
‐Based on the statistics drilling the Pliocene section is very
quick, averaging 400 ft/hr, the company is drilling a
horizontalgas well at about 3000 ft TVD.

‐LWD engineer and the petrophyscist have worked together

and have given a recommendationto do controlled drilling at
about 200 ft/hr to get an acceptable log data quality.
 What do youhave in mind?

On Shore Off Shore

Development Well Deep water
development-well

In respect to Risk, Cost, Environment, Hole Size, Well Design, Tool Speed
 Exploratory Well
• Seismic Information
• Regional GeologyInformation
• Drilling the well using “Learning while doing”
concept
• HighRisk but must be manageable
• Mostly Verticalwell
 Development Well
• In Many cases with littleto no need of seismic
information
• Local GeologyInformation
• Drilling with fullknowledge
• Low Risk mainly mechanical
• Vertical, highly deviated to horizontal wells
An Example of rather complex LoggingProgram
DecisionTree

West Seno Data Gathering Strategy

Y Y Y Y
Standard 12 1/4 “ WIRELINE
PAY LWD
well PAY
MDT N
N LWD
LWD N Y
SAMPLING SAMPLES
N Fully
Full Y N
Loade d PRESSURE
Cor es
Wireline P.O

N Y N
CST Special PEX SAMPLING
Cor es Logging MD T
N
N
STOP

Y
Objective Objective
driven-logging
N
Velocity Y CSAT De epest Y
VSP
Uncertainty or VSP Well

STOP N
STOP
N

N Y
UBI or CBL Cased Hole G R
N
G R to bottom of 13 3/8 “
 Another Way To Save Cost!

• ACQUIRE DATA WITHOUT USING COSTLY RIG TIME

(PIPE DECISION NOT NECESSARY ‐ NO DRY HOLES)

– GATHER DATA REALTIME WHILEDRILLING

– GATHER DATATHROUGH TUBING AFTERCOMPLETION
– COMBINATION OFBOTH
 Project Base Approach

UOME company has $200 M M program for

exploratory wells for the year 2004.

As a follow up of their exploration campaign,

UOME Company has $ 600 M M program for
developing a new deepwater field for the year
2005 that will have peak production of 100,000
BOPD
 Objectives

 Get to know various logmeasurements

 Recognizefluid type and the lithologyof major reservoirs,
and practical uses of logdata
 Familiarize with factors affecting the logresponse
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various well logging designs
 Exercise with well log design
 Exercise‐1
• PT Indooil Co., the sole owner of mineral right on Block A, on‐shore, 2 km in
adjacent to a known oil producing area in the Block B. The company is looking ata
prospect to drill the first well, Indoco‐1, in the block targeting for the same
producing interval in Block B at about 4000 ft depth, and it is estimated 50 ft down
dip in thisblock.
• The costsfor various availablelog data acquisition are as follow:
• Wireline GR ‐ $1/ft, Induction ‐ $4/ft, BHC Sonic ‐ $1/ft, Density‐$2/ft,Neutron‐$2/ft
• Formation test ‐ $100/pressure, $1000/fluid identification, $2000/fluid sample
• Depth charge for each Wireline tool isfree.
• LWD GR and Induction ‐ $10,000/day,Density and Neutron ‐ $10,000/day
• The rig cost is$5000/day
• 1) What is your recommended data gathering strategy and well logging designfor
the well?
• 2) While drilling, the wellpenetrates 5 thicksand units with high mud log gas from
3,000 to 4,200 ft.How do you recommend the company on the logging design?
• 3) After the well reached the proposed TD, there were no encouragement seen from
the mud log signs, what would you do for your logging program?
 Exercise‐2
• The exercise‐1 was seismically to test the amplitude anomaly
at Orange horizon, equivalent to the Berani Clastic Formation.
The Indoco‐1 well encountered 300 ft of Oil column and was
completed and produced from this level for over one year
with cumulative production of 4 mmbo. The company is
looking at similar seismic character 1‐1/2 km away from
Indoco‐1 well, which was connected by dim event to the
amplitude at the Indoco‐1 well. It has been interpreted as a
different channel lobe. The company did low profile and ran
only simple wireline GR, resistivity, density, neutron and sonic
on the Inoco‐1well.
• What is your data gathering strategy for this Indoco‐2 well?
 Exercise‐3
• A subsurface team is evaluatinga four‐wayclosure structure
offshore East Kalimantan, based on their synthesis, if the
timing of migration is right, it is a big structure filled with
hydrocarbon. The water depth around the prospect is about
4500 ft. To properly evaluate the prospect, the team thinks
that they need at least 8 wells drilled at various locationson
the structure. Some apparent faults due to regional
compressive stress cut the structure into possible many
compartments.
• Make assessment on options the company needs to do and
make recommendationon well evaluationstrategy.
 Exercise‐4
• An offshore well is proposed to redrill the A‐5 well
with updip direction from this well to get the gas leg
of clean and blocky sand found with gas water
contact in the A‐5 well. The company is trying to get
more gas production. The team is looking at drilling
horizontal well with about 500 ft of producing
section. What is your recommended logging
program for this well and why?