 Engineering – Hyperloop, a form of high-speed transport proposed by

entrepreneur Elon Musk, which he describes as "an elevated, reduced-pressure

tube that contains pressurized capsules driven within the tube by a number of
linear electric motors".[67]
 Construction – WikiHouse is an open-source project for designing and building
houses.[68][69]
 Energy research – The Open Energy Modelling Initiative promotes open-source
models and open data in energy research and policy advice.
Robotics
[edit]
Main article: Open-source robotics
An open-source robot is a robot whose blueprints, schematics, or source code are
released under an open-source model.

Other
[edit]

VIA OpenBook is an open-source hardware laptop reference design.

 Open-source principles can be applied to technical areas such as digital

communication protocols and data storage formats.
 Open-design – which involves applying open-source methodologies to the design
of artifacts and systems in the physical world. It is very nascent but has huge
potential.[70]
 Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) refers to technologies that are
designed in the same fashion as free and open-source software.[71] These
technologies must be "appropriate technology" (AT) – meaning technology that is
designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social,
political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. An example of
this application is the use of open-source 3D printers like the RepRap to
manufacture appropriate technology.[72]
 Teaching – which involves applying the concepts of open source to instruction
using a shared web space as a platform to improve upon learning, organizational,
and management challenges. An example of an Open-source courseware is the
Java Education & Development Initiative (JEDI).[73] Other examples include Khan
Academy and wikiversity. At the university level, the use of open-source-
appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in
forging the connection between science/engineering and social benefit:[74] This
approach has the potential to use university students' access to resources and
testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology.
Similarly OSAT has been used as a tool for improving service learning.[75][76]
 There are few examples of business information (methodologies, advice,
guidance, practices) using the open-source model, although this is another case
where the potential is enormous. ITIL is close to open source. It uses
 the Cathedral model (no mechanism exists for user contribution) and the content
must be bought for a fee that is small by business consulting standards (hundreds
of British pounds). Various checklists are published by government, banks or
accounting firms.
 An open-source group emerged in 2012 that is attempting to design a firearm that
may be downloaded from the internet and "printed" on a 3D Printer.[77] Calling
itself Defense Distributed, the group wants to facilitate "a working plastic gun that
could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer".[78]
 Agrecol, a German NGO has developed an open-source licence for seeds
operating with copyleft and created OpenSourceSeeds as a respective service
provider. Breeders that apply the license to their new invented material prevent it
from the threat of privatisation and help to establish a commons-based breeding
sector as an alternative to the commercial sector.[79]
 Open Source Ecology, farm equipment and global village construction kit.
"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"
[edit]
Free and open-source software (FOSS) or free/libre and open-source
software (FLOSS) is openly shared source code that is licensed without any
restrictions on usage, modification, or distribution.[citation needed] Confusion persists about
this definition because the "free", also known as "libre", refers to the freedom of the
product, not the price, expense, cost, or charge. For example, "being free to speak" is
not the same as "free beer".[19]

Conversely, Richard Stallman argues the "obvious meaning" of term "open source" is
that the source code is public/accessible for inspection, without necessarily any other
rights granted, although the proponents of the term say the conditions in the Open
Source Definition must be fulfilled.[80]

"Free and open" should not be confused with public ownership (state ownership),
deprivatization (nationalization), anti-privatization (anti-corporate activism),
or transparent behavior.[citation needed]

 GNU
 GNU Manifesto
 Richard Stallman
 Gratis versus libre (no cost vs no restriction)
Software
[edit]
Main article: Open-source software
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is
available to the general public for use for any (including commercial) purpose, or
modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative
effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes
within the community. Code is released under the terms of a software license.
Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their
version (fork) back to the community.
  List of free and open-source software packages

 Open-source license, a copyright license that makes the source code

available with a product
 The Open Source Definition, as used by the Open Source Initiative for
open source software
 Open-source model, a decentralized software development model that
encourages open collaboration
 Open-source software, software which permits the use and modification of its
source code
 History of free and open-source software
 Open-source software advocacy
 Open-source software development
 Open-source-software movement
 Open-source video games
 List of open-source video games
 Business models for open-source software
 Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
 Diversity in open-source software
 MapGuide Open Source, a web-based map-making platform to develop and
deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services (not to be
confused with OpenStreetMap (OSM), a collaborative project to create
a free editable map of the world).
Hardware
[edit]

 RISC-V
Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and
production
[edit]

 Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT), is designed for environmental,

ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects
 Open-design movement, development of physical products, machines and
systems via publicly shared design information, including free and open-
source software and open-source hardware, among many others:
 Open Architecture Network, improving global living conditions through
innovative sustainable design
 OpenCores, a community developing digital electronic open-source
hardware
 Open Design Alliance, develops Teigha, a software development platform
to create engineering applications including CAD software
 Open Hardware and Design Alliance (OHANDA), sharing open hardware
and designs via free online services
  Open Source Ecology (OSE), a network of farmers, engineers, architects
and supporters striving to manufacture the Global Village Construction
Set (GVCS)
 OpenStructures (OSP), a modular construction model where everyone
designs on the basis of one shared geometrical OS grid
 Open manufacturing or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Manufacture
Local", a new socioeconomic production model to openly and collaboratively
produce and distribute physical objects
 Open-source architecture (OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and
formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure
 Open-source cola, cola soft drinks made to open-sourced recipes
 Open-source hardware, or open hardware, computer hardware, such as
microprocessors, that is designed in the same fashion as open source
software
 List of open-source hardware projects
 Open-source product development (OSPD), collaborative product and process
openness of open-source hardware for any interested participants
 Open-source robotics, physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open
design movement
 Open Source Seed Initiative, open source varieties of crop seeds, as an
alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.
Science and medicine
[edit]

 Open science, the movement to make scientific research, data and

dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquiring society, amateur or
professional
 Open science data, a type of open data focused on publishing
observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to
analyze and reuse
 Open Science Framework and the Center for Open Science
 Open Source Lab (disambiguation), several laboratories
 Open-Source Lab (book), a 2014 book by Joshua M. Pearce
 Open-notebook science, the practice of making the entire primary record of
a research project publicly available online as it is recorded
 Open Source Physics (OSP), a National Science Foundation and Davidson
College project to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care
of much of the heavy lifting for physics
 Open Source Geospatial Foundation
 NASA Open Source Agreement (NOSA), an OSI-approved software license
 List of open-source software for mathematics
 List of open-source bioinformatics software
 List of open-source health software
 List of open-source health hardware
Media
[edit]
 Open-source film, open source movies
 List of open-source films
 Open Source Cinema, a collaborative website to produce a documentary
film
 Open-source journalism, commonly describes a spectrum on online
publications, forms of innovative publishing of online journalism, and content
voting, rather than the sourcing of news stories by "professional" journalists
 Open-source investigation
See also: Crowdsourcing, crowdsourced journalism, crowdsourced
investigation, trutherism, and historical revisionism considered "fringe" by
corporate media.

 Open-source record label, open source music

 "Open Source", a 1960s rock song performed by The Magic Mushrooms
 Open Source (radio show), a radio show using open content information
gathering methods hosted by Christopher Lydon
 Open textbook, an open copyright licensed textbook made freely available
online for students, teachers, and the public
 CAD libraries - such as SketchUp 3D Warehouse and GrabCAD

Organizations
[edit]

 Open Source Initiative (OSI), an organization dedicated to promote open

source
 Open Source Software Institute
 Journal of Open Source Software
 Open Source Day, the dated varies from year to year for an international
conference for fans of open solutions from Central and Eastern Europe
 Open Source Developers' Conference
 Open Source Development Labs (OSDL), a non-profit corporation that
provides space for open-source project
 Open Source Drug Discovery, a collaborative drug discovery platform
for neglected tropical diseases
 Open Source Technology Group (OSTG), news, forums, and
other SourceForge resources for IT
 Open source in Kosovo
 Open Source University Meetup
 New Zealand Open Source Awards
Procedures
[edit]

 Open security, application of open source philosophies to computer security

 Open Source Information System, the former name of an
American unclassified network serving the U.S. intelligence
community with open-source intelligence, since mid-2006 the content of OSIS
is now known as Intelink-U while the network portion is known as DNI-U
 Open-source intelligence, an intelligence gathering discipline based on
information collected from open sources (not to be confused with open-source
artificial intelligence such as Mycroft (software)).
Society
[edit]
The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing
tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is
often copyrighted, and restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing
access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property
laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of
copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those
articulated in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), placed on attempts to
circumvent anti-piracy technologies.[81]

Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under fair-use doctrines, the

complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines create an atmosphere of uncertainty
among cultural practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners
create what some call a "chilling effect" among cultural practitioners.[82]

The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to "Free Culture", but is

substantively different. Free culture is a term derived from the free software
movement, and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source
culture (OSC) maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to
protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than
corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law
as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or
desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as
in "the Good life"[clarification needed]) and ends.

Sites such as ccMixter offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their
work under a Creative Commons license. The resulting cultural product is then
available to download free (generally accessible) to anyone with an Internet
connection.[83] Older, analog technologies such as the telephone or television have
limitations on the kind of interaction users can have.

Through various technologies such as peer-to-peer networks and blogs, cultural

producers can take advantage of vast social networks to distribute their products.
As opposed to traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the
Internet can be virtually costless. Technologies such
as BitTorrent and Gnutella take advantage of various characteristics of the
Internet protocol (TCP/IP) in an attempt to totally decentralize file distribution.

Further information: Open-source software movement

Government
[edit]

 Open politics (sometimes known as Open-source politics) is a political process

that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for
a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their
 supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term Open-source
politics which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules
and processes similar to the open-source software movement.
 Open-source governance is similar to open-source politics, but it applies more
to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information.
 Open-source political campaigns refer specifically to political campaigns.
 The South Korean government wants to increase its use of free and open-
source software, to decrease its dependence on proprietary software
solutions. It plans to make open standards a requirement, to allow the
government to choose between multiple operating systems and web
browsers. Korea's Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning is also
preparing ten pilots on using open-source software distributions.[84]
Ethics
[edit]
Open-source ethics is split into two strands:

 Open-source ethics as an ethical school – Charles Ess and David Berry are
researching whether ethics can learn anything from an open-source
approach. Ess famously even defined the AoIR Research Guidelines as an
example of open-source ethics.[85]
 Open-source ethics as a professional body of rules – This is based principally
on the computer ethics school, studying the questions of ethics and
professionalism in the computer industry in general and software development
in particular.[86]
Religion
[edit]
Main article: Open-source religion
Irish philosopher Richard Kearney has used the term "open-source Hinduism" to
refer to the way historical figures such as Mohandas Gandhi and Swami
Vivekananda worked upon this ancient tradition.[87]