Visit https://ebookultra.

com to download the full version and

browse more ebooks or textbooks

Simulation and Modeling of Systems of Systems 1st

Edition Pascal Cantot

_____ Press the link below to begin your download _____

https://ebookultra.com/download/simulation-and-modeling-of-
systems-of-systems-1st-edition-pascal-cantot/

Access ebookultra.com now to download high-quality

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Multiscale Modeling of Developmental Systems 1st Edition

Santiago Schnell

https://ebookultra.com/download/multiscale-modeling-of-developmental-
systems-1st-edition-santiago-schnell/

Simulation of Dynamic Systems with MATLAB and Simulink 2nd

Edition Harold Klee

https://ebookultra.com/download/simulation-of-dynamic-systems-with-
matlab-and-simulink-2nd-edition-harold-klee/

Modeling and analysis of dynamic systems 3rd Edition

Charles M. Close

https://ebookultra.com/download/modeling-and-analysis-of-dynamic-
systems-3rd-edition-charles-m-close/

Modeling and analysis of stochastic systems 3rd Edition

Vidyadhar G. Kulkarni

https://ebookultra.com/download/modeling-and-analysis-of-stochastic-
systems-3rd-edition-vidyadhar-g-kulkarni/
Multi Agent Systems for Healthcare Simulation and Modeling
Applications for System Improvement Premier Reference
Source 1st Edition Raman Paranjape
https://ebookultra.com/download/multi-agent-systems-for-healthcare-
simulation-and-modeling-applications-for-system-improvement-premier-
reference-source-1st-edition-raman-paranjape/

Electrotechnical Systems Simulation with Simulink and

SimPowerSystems Viktor Perelmuter

https://ebookultra.com/download/electrotechnical-systems-simulation-
with-simulink-and-simpowersystems-viktor-perelmuter/

Advances in Modeling and Design of Adhesively Bonded

Systems 1st Edition S. Kumar

https://ebookultra.com/download/advances-in-modeling-and-design-of-
adhesively-bonded-systems-1st-edition-s-kumar/

Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Flows 1st Edition

Roland Schiestel

https://ebookultra.com/download/modeling-and-simulation-of-turbulent-
flows-1st-edition-roland-schiestel/

Performance modeling and design of computer systems

queueing theory in action Harchol-Balter

https://ebookultra.com/download/performance-modeling-and-design-of-
computer-systems-queueing-theory-in-action-harchol-balter/
Simulation and Modeling of Systems of Systems 1st
Edition Pascal Cantot Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Pascal Cantot; Dominique Luzeaux
ISBN(s): 9781118616659, 1118616650
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 6.46 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
Simulation and Modeling of Systems of Systems
Simulation and Modeling
of Systems of Systems

Edited by
Pascal Cantot
Dominique Luzeaux
First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adapted and updated from Simulation et modélisation des systèmes de systèmes : vers la maîtrise de la
complexité published 2009 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier © LAVOISIER 2009

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2011

The rights of Pascal Cantot and Dominique Luzeaux to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

____________________________________________________________________________________
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Simulation et modelisation des systemes de systemes. English

Simulation and modeling of systems of systems / edited by Pascal Cantot, Dominique Luzeaux.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84821-234-3
1. Systems engineering--Data processing. 2. Computer simulation. I. Cantot, Pascal. II. Luzeaux,
Dominique. III. Title.
TA168.S522813 2011
003--dc22
2011006656

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-234-3

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne.
 Table of Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Chapter 1. Simulation: History, Concepts, and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Pascal CANTOT
1.1. Issues: simulation, a tool for complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. What is a complex system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2. Systems of systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3. Why simulate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4. Can we do without simulation?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2. History of simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.1. Antiquity: strategy games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2. The modern era: theoretical bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.3. Contemporary era: the IT revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3. Real-world examples of simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.1. Airbus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.2. French defense procurement directorate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4. Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.2. Typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Chapter 2. Principles of Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Pascal CANTOT
2.1. Introduction to modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.2. Typology of models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.1. Static/dynamic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.2. Deterministic/stochastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
vi Simulation & Modeling of Systems of Systems

2.2.3. Qualities of a model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

2.3. The modeling process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3.1. Global process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.2. Formulation of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.3. Objectives and organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.4. Analysis of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.5. Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3.6. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.3.7. Coding/implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.3.8. Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.9. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.10. Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.11. Use of results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3.12. Final report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.13. Commissioning/capitalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.4. Simulation project management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Chapter 3. Credibility in Modeling and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Roland RABEAU
3.1. Technico-operational studies and simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2. Examples of technico-operational studies based on
simulation tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2.1. Suppression of aerial defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2.2. Heavy helicopters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3. VV&A for technico-operational simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1. Official definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.2. Credibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.3. Key players in the domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4. VV&A issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.4.1. Elements concerned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.4.2. Verification and validation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4.3. VV&A approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.4. Responsibilities in a VV&A process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.4.5. Levels of validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.4.6. Accreditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.5.1. Validation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.5.2. Validation approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.5.3. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
 Table of Contents vii

Chapter 4. Modeling Systems and Their Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Pascal CANTOT
4.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.2. Modeling time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.2.1. Real-time simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.2.2. Step-by-step simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2.3. Discrete event simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.4. Which approach? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.5. Distributed simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.3. Modeling physical laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.3.1. Understanding the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.3.2. Developing a system of equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.3.3. Discrete sampling of space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.3.4. Solving the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.4. Modeling random phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.4.1. Stochastic processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.4.2. Use of probability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.4.3. Use of statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.4.4. Random generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.4.5. Execution and analysis of results of stochastic simulations . . . . . 175
4.5. Modeling the natural environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.5.1. Natural environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.5.2. Environment databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.5.3. Production of an SEDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.5.4. Quality of an SEDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.5.5. Coordinate systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.5.6. Multiplicity of formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.6. Modeling human behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.6.1. Issues and limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.6.2. What is human behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.6.3. The decision process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.6.4. Perception of the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.6.5. Human factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.6.6. Modeling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.6.7. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Chapter 5. Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems: Pitfalls

and Limitations of Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Dominique LUZEAUX
5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.2. Complex systems, models, simulations, and their link with reality . . . 209
viii Simulation & Modeling of Systems of Systems

5.2.1. Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

5.2.2. Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.2.3. The difficulty of concepts: models, modeling, and simulation . . . 215
5.3. Main characteristics of complex systems simulation . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.1. Nonlinearity, the key to complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.2. Limits of computing: countability and computability. . . . . . . . . 223
5.3.3. Discrete or continuous models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
5.4. Review of families of models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.4.1. Equational approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.4.2. Computational approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.4.3. Qualitative phenomenological approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.4.4. Qualitative structuralist approach: application of
category theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.5. An example: effect-based and counter-insurgency military
operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Chapter 6. Simulation Engines and Simulation Frameworks . . . . . . . . . 253

Pascal CANTOT
6.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
6.2. Simulation engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.2.1. Evolution of state variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.2.2. Management of events and causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.2.3. Simulation modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.2.4. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.3. Simulation frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.3.1. Some basic points on software engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.3.2. Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
6.3.3. Obstacles to framework use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
6.3.4. Detailed example: ESCADRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
6.4. Capitalization of models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
6.5. Conclusion and perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
6.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Chapter 7. Distributed Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Louis IGARZA
7.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
7.1.1. The principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
7.1.2. History of distributed simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
7.1.3. Some definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.1.4. Interoperability in simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
 Table of Contents ix

7.1.5. Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

7.1.6. Advantages and limitations of distributed simulation. . . . . . . . . 303
7.1.7. Other considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
7.2. Basic mechanisms of distributed simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
7.2.1. Some key principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
7.2.2. Updating attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
7.2.3. Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7.2.4. Time management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.2.5. Dead reckoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.2.6. Multi-level modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.2.7. Section conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.3. Main interoperability standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.3.1. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.3.2. HLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
7.3.3. DIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
7.3.4. TENA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
7.3.5. The future of distributed simulation: the LVC AR study. . . . . . . 324
7.3.6. Other standards used in distributed simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
7.4. Methodological aspects: engineering processes for distributed
simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
7.4.1. FEDEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.4.2. SEDEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
7.4.3. DSEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.5. Conclusion: the state of the art: toward “substantive”
interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
7.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Chapter 8. The Battle Lab Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Pascal CANTOT
8.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.2. France: Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel (LTO) . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.2.1. Historical overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.2.2. Aims of the LTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.2.3. Principles of the LTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.2.4. Services of the LTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.2.5. Experimental process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
8.2.6. Presentation of an experiment: PHOENIX 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 345
8.2.7. Evaluation and future perspectives of the LTO . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
8.3. United Kingdom: the Niteworks project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
8.4. Conclusion and perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
8.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
x Simulation & Modeling of Systems of Systems

Chapter 9. Conclusion: What Return on Investment Can We Expect

from Simulation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Dominique LUZEAUX
9.1. Returns on simulation for acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
9.2. Economic analysis of gains from intelligent use of simulations . . . . . 357
9.2.1. Additional costs of the SBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
9.2.2. Additional costs from unexpected events or bad planning . . . . . . 364
9.3. Multi-project acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
9.4. An (almost) definitive conclusion: conditions for success . . . . . . . . 368
9.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Author Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
 Introduction

In fields such as aeronautics, transport, telecommunications, banking, or

defense, systems are becoming increasingly complex, containing more and more
components, with significant heterogeneity and disparate lifecycles. The update
process that follows the increasingly rapid obsolescence of sub-systems requires
a priori mastery of architectures of systems of which we do not know the
component configuration. Risk mitigation in the different phases of the project
(from the expression of need to implementation, or even withdrawal, considering
environmental protection constraints) thus becomes an essential consideration
throughout the whole lifecycle of the system.

Needs have also evolved. Demands in terms of performance, interoperability,

cost, security, and reliability have reached a level where each project becomes
a technical and managerial challenge. It is, therefore, necessary to attain new levels
of flexibility and reactivity in exploring system concepts. The changeable nature of
the environment and the necessary capacity of the system to adapt to different
evolutions contribute to its complexity. Moreover, the generalization of information
and communication technologies pushes towards the interconnection of systems,
leading to systems of systems, reinforced by the context of globalization of
exchanges giving rise to shared developments between economic partners: this
raises questions of integration, coherency, and interoperability of one system with a
higher-level system. Finally, budget, time, profitability, and time to market
constraints require mastery of acquisition costs: the utility of reuse becomes evident.

With such a wide variety of constraints, particular tools and processes are
needed in the area of system engineering and system-of-systems engineering.
Among these tools, modeling and simulation have already proven their utility
and demonstrated possibilities of reducing cycle time, resource usage, and risks
associated with system acquisition, while improving the quality of the systems in
question and reducing global possession costs. However, the expected gains can
xii Simulation & Modeling of Systems of Systems

only be achieved if modeling and simulation are used in the light of suitable
processes, which typically take their inspiration from convergent engineering.

This work is neither an encyclopedia nor a simulation manual, although it does

contain certain didactic aspects. It aims to allow the reader – be they an engineer,
project manager, sponsor, or manager – to acquire a basic grounding in the field
of simulation and to understand how simulation can help in mastering the challenges
of complex systems and systems of systems. This work will also show situations
in which simulation does not help; simulation not only has many qualities but also
has specific limitations and constraints.

Each chapter may be read independently, but we would strongly recommend

reading Chapter 1 first. Chapter 1 gives a first cultural overview of simulation.
A brief historical summary shows the origins of the discipline, followed by an
explanation of the broad basic principles of simulation. Examples taken from
areas particularly concerned with complex system problems (e.g. aeronautics and
defense) give an initial glimpse of the uses of simulation by large companies

Chapter 2 describes a typical model and simulation engineering process,

followed by a detailed explanation of each step, illustrated by numerous examples
to assist understanding.

Chapter 3 is dedicated to the reliability of data, models, and simulations. When

decisions (e.g. design choices) are based on the results of a simulation, it is
important to know how far the results of the simulation in question can be trusted.
This consideration is of fundamental importance and demands particular attention,
as much from the developer of the simulation as from the user or purchaser.

Chapter 4 deals with techniques used in modeling different aspects of a system.

This section is slightly more technical, but it is important to understand what
demands can reasonably be made of a simulation (and what we can reasonably
expect to pay), and what this implies, for example, in terms of data collection,
technology, development time, or processing power.

Chapter 5 tackles the specific case of complex systems. Without going into the
mathematical detail often found in articles dealing with complexity, the principal
characteristics are pointed out, information that we should keep in mind when
concerned with the modeling and simulation of systems of this kind. In spite of
being aware of precautions necessary when using complex systems, frequent users
of models and simulations can easily revert to old habits, ignoring the traps and
limitations found when using simulations.
 Introduction xiii

Chapter 6 covers the software engineering aspect of simulations and describes

how simulations are built, based on a foundation software infrastructure known as a
host structure, which notably provides the core of the simulation, the simulation
driver. This chapter provides an understanding of the development and operation of
simulations from an IT viewpoint alongside strategies for use when developing and
acquiring a simulation system.

Chapter 7 is based on Chapter 6 by dealing with a particular architecture, that of

distributed simulations, which are particularly well suited to modeling complex
systems and systems of systems, but which have their own specific set of problems.
A good deal of work is currently being undertaken on these simulation construction
techniques, which present numerous possibilities for development as long as they
are used correctly.

Chapter 8 concerns a new concept in system capacity and system-of-system

engineering: “battle labs”, laboratories of engineering, system and system-of-system
architecture. Battle labs use a variety of tools and techniques, including simulation,
in addition to processes and an organization. Although the battle lab concept is
relatively new, their great potential is already evident.

Finally, Chapter 9, which serves as a conclusion, goes back over certain cost
aspects linked to simulation, used in an integrated manner in the engineering process
for increasingly complex systems.

We, the editors, hope that this work will assist the reader in understanding
simulation in the context of complex system and system-of-systems engineering,
a area in which it constitutes a valuable tool, albeit one with its own specificities,
pitfalls, and limits, the mastery of which is essential to use the tool to its full
potential.

We would like to thank those individuals and businesses or organizations,

other than the contributing authors, who have helped us in the creation of this work
(with a very special mention for Jean-Louis Igarza for the dynamism and energy
he communicated to several generations, including some of his managers!), especially
Christian Sautereau, Stéphane Chaigneau, Eric Lestrade, Eric Pédo, Jérôme Martinet,
the ONERA, THALES Training & Simulation, SOGITEC, EADS, MBDA, and,
more generally, the members of the ADIS group (Armées, DGA, Industriesur la
1
Simulation) .

1 Armed Forces, DGA (Defense Procurement Directorate) and Defense Industry on Modeling
and Simulation.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 When the little golden brown fish had disappeared, held by the
head and eaten like a confection—for Mr. Mackworth would permit
neither knife nor fork—Captain Ludington sank back with a sigh.
“Mr. Mackworth,” he exclaimed, “of all the pleasures you have
given us and promised, none can take the place of this. It is the
sweetest morsel I ever ate.”
“And the cook who prepared that dish is to go with us?” asked
Lord Pelton eagerly.
Mr. Mackworth looked about and nodded his head toward Jake
Green.
“Robert thinks he cooked ’em,” he answered laughing, “but he
only thinks so. It was Jake who gave them just the dash of salt; the
suspicion of pepper and a touch of flour. No railroad chef knows just
the temperature of the pure olive oil into which they were dropped
for a few moments. Jake,” continued Mr. Mackworth, “they were
almost as good as if they had been cooked on the Little Manistee.”
“Thank you, sir,” exclaimed Jake, “but trout ain’t trout away from
the stream.”
“That’s right,” said his employer. “And if we’re lucky enough to find
some mountain rainbow trout where we are goin’, Jake’ll attempt his
masterpiece—a balsam bake. Then he’ll serve you what the chefs of
Europe can’t duplicate—a cooked trout on whose sides the gold and
carmine tints are yet glowing.”
“I suppose,” broke in Mr. Graham with a laugh and addressing the
Englishmen, “you’d like to know why the trout were served first and
alone?”
The guests turned toward him curiously.
“My brother-in-law has created a beautiful little romance. But we
don’t talk that way in the woods. The fact is that, after one or two
meals, we get saturated with trout. Then, when we have guests, we
give them their trout first and alone. We don’t even go to the table
until that course is served. If you don’t believe me, when you get a
chance, watch Mackworth while he’s fishing. He don’t want to catch
the trout—unless it’s a whale. He’s fly casting. He’s only thinking
about his skill with the rod and the fly. When he can’t help hooking
fish he sends them away at once to his friends.”
While all were laughing over this, Mr. Mackworth alone excepted,
Mr. Graham continued:
“Why I once heard an old fisherman say that two meals of brook
trout were great. After that he preferred, of all fish, a nice stew of
salt cod with plenty of potatoes.”
In such manner the dinner in the Teton proceeded. At its
conclusion there was an hour or more of leave taking between the
boys and their parents and, sometime after ten o’clock, Mr. and Mrs.
Graham and Mrs. Ewing withdrew. Mr. Mackworth and his guests
prepared for a last smoke of the evening and after filing some
telegrams for Mr. Mackworth, Frank and Phil retired to their
stateroom. They were not sleepy and for some time the two boys
rattled along in talk of the great events to come. At last they heard
their elders withdraw to their staterooms.
“I’m not goin’ to bed till we start,” announced Frank sleepily.
“We can go out and sit in the observation end after a bit,”
suggested Phil. But, each being in his pajamas and in bed, when
Frank looked at his watch later he was astounded to see that it was
three o’clock. The car was in motion. It had been attached to the
midnight train and was on its way to Chicago.
When Phil awoke his surprise was even greater, for it was after six
o’clock and the heavy Teton was hammering along over the
hundreds of railway intersections in the suburbs of Chicago. The two
boys tumbled out at once. But they were not the first to arise. The
berths in the dining room were made up; the rear observation room
and platform had been dusted and swept and Jake and Nelse were
busy with dust rags on the windows and woodwork.
“Can’t we do something?” began Frank, eager to be of service.
 “Here, give me a rag,” added Phil.
Nelse seemed not averse to accommodating the boys but Jake
suggested:
“Mr. Mackworth don’t get up very early and breakfast will be late.
If you young gentlemen will go into the end room, I’ll bring you
some coffee in a few minutes. And how would you like your eggs?”
It was apparent that Jake knew what he and Nelse were engaged
to do. While the boys were at their coffee the train drew out of the
southern suburbs and, after skirting the blue waters of Lake
Michigan for twenty minutes, came to a grinding stop in a big open
train shed. Mr. Mackworth, yet in his pajamas, appeared almost at
once.
“Well, boys,” he exclaimed, “I see you have a good start on us.
We’ll be in Chicago until ten o’clock to-night. You can take the day to
do as you like. The car will be in this depot until six o’clock this
evening when it will be switched around the city to the Union
Station. After six thirty this evening you’ll find the car there. In the
meantime you can amuse yourselves. Captain Ludington, Lord Pelton
and I will be at the Blackstone Hotel all day and dine there to-night.
If you want a little shore fare you can join us at any time. Or, if you
prefer, you can have your meals on the car. By the way, is there
anything you want? That reminds me,” he went on, dismissing Jake
under the pretext of bringing him a cup of coffee, “I may as well
advance you some money. What are you young men going to charge
me for your services?”
“I’m not going to charge anything,” exclaimed Phil. “I’m overpaid
already.”
“He wants a gun,” broke in Frank. “Father told me if I let you give
me a cent he’d lick me when I got back.”
“How much of a licking could you stand for, say, three hundred
dollars?” asked Mr. Mackworth chuckling, “for I think that’ll be about
the figure—one hundred dollars a week.”
 “Well,” answered Frank with a grin. “I’ve stood a good many for
nothin’ and I ought to stand a dandy for three hundred dollars, but I
guess I won’t take any pay. Say,” he added in a whisper, “give it all
to Phil. He can use it and I don’t need it.”
“Phil,” he said, “you’ll have to accept wages or leave us. I can’t let
you quit your work for nothing.”
“I get eighteen dollars a week when I’m at work,” answered Phil.
“If I have to take anything that’ll be enough.”
“But, my boy,” urged Mr. Mackworth, “I could never think of
trusting the safety of my friends to an eighteen-dollar-a-week
aviator. It’s preposterous.”
“Well, call it seven days a week, twenty-one dollars,” conceded
Phil. “That’ll certainly be plenty.”
Mr. Mackworth laughed, stepped into his stateroom and returned
in a moment with a wallet. One after another he drew out ten
yellow-backed twenty-dollar bills, dropped them on the table and
then said:
“There is something on account. We’ll settle the question of wages
later.” Jake having returned with his coffee, Mr. Mackworth refreshed
himself with a few swallows and then added: “Go out and buy what
you need. Get an automobile and take a ride around town. If you
need any more money, call me up at the Blackstone.”
Before the boys could protest he disappeared into his apartment.
“I can’t take it,” exclaimed Frank.
“Then I suppose I’ll have to act as trustee,” added Phil, “but I
don’t feel right about it.”
While he nervously gathered up the bills one of them fluttered to
the floor.
“You dropped a bill, Mr. Phil,” exclaimed Jake with alacrity, as he
picked it up.
 “That’s all right, Jake,” exclaimed Phil, wetting his lips. “Divide it
up with the other boys—a little spending money while you’re in the
city.”
Jake hesitated and looked at Frank.
“It’s all right, Jake,” exclaimed Frank, “you’d better keep it.”
The boys had not often visited the great western city and they
decided at once to make a full day of it. With notice to Jake that
they would return to the car for luncheon—having previously agreed
that they would not join their elders at the hotel—they were soon on
their way to the heart of the city. With nearly two hundred dollars in
their pockets, and all a boy’s longing for dozens of little odds and
ends that they had never felt rich enough to buy, they began the day
with a shopping tour that left no time for automobile riding.
“Besides,” suggested Phil, “an automobile would cost ten dollars—
and ten dollars is ten dollars.”
They got in a few glimpses of the great skyscrapers, but their time
in the main was spent in examining shop windows. For a long time
they studied over the purchase of a light weight, high power
sporting rifle, with telescope sight, pistol grip, revolving magazine,
.256 bore and a range of eight hundred yards. But the cost was $75
(with cartridges at $7 a hundred). They finally bought a 7-3/4
pound, five-shot autoloading, repeating rifle for $25. This was for
Phil. Frank had $25 of his own. With $15 of this he bought an
automatic, smokeless revolver, thirty-two caliber, holding eight
cartridges.
As this made quite an inroad in his own private funds he
subsequently permitted Phil to expend Mr. Mackworth’s money for
things even of his own selection although, to ease his conscience, he
insisted everything so purchased belonged to his chum. The list of
their purchases included:
Two Jersey cloth jackets, all wool, dead grass color $12.00
Two outing belts 2.00
 One-quart thermos bottle 5.75
One 2½ gallon water bag 1.85
Two waterproof match boxes 1.00
Two rubber drinking cups .40
Two hunting knives, razor ground, with sheaths 4.00
Two dozen imported Scotch eyed flies for trout 4.00
One large fish tackle box 2.50
Two silk neckties, black 3.00
One five-pound box of chocolate candy 4.00
One fountain pen 3.50
One box stationery 1.50
Four books postage stamps 1.00
One camera 18.00
Six rolls of films 3.50
———
$68.00
Counting the $1.00 for a cab used in carrying these articles to the
car, forty cents for two sundaes apiece and the $20 tip to Jake,
Nelse and Robert, the boys found that their $200 advance money
had already shrunk to $86.
“And that’s a whole lot to have left,” said Frank soberly.
 CHAPTER X
KOOS-HA-NAX, THE HUNTER

A few minutes after ten o’clock that night the Teton, attached to
the Oriental Limited train, began its real westward journey toward
the mountains. The occupants of the car were tired, but for awhile
all sat on the observation platform. Then, as the suburbs of the city
were passed and a cool night breeze began to be felt, there was a
general movement toward retiring.
“I have a little news for you,” said Mr. Mackworth as the yawning
boys arose to turn in. “Our scout, Sam Skinner, has been in
Winnipeg all winter and he’ll meet us at six o’clock to-morrow
evening at Moorhead, North Dakota. Then you can begin to stock up
on big game stories.”
“I thought scouts were a thing of the past!” exclaimed Frank.
“So they are,” said Mr. Mackworth, “the kind that used to guard
the emigrant trains and early railway surveyors. But Sam is a ‘game
scout’ now. We’ll have Sam to smell out the sheep and goats.”
The next morning the travelers were in St. Paul and after a ride
through Minnesota the train reached Moorhead almost on time. The
stop here was only a few minutes but, although all the Teton’s
passengers were out and on the lookout, Sam Skinner was nowhere
in sight.
“Don’t be alarmed,” said Mr. Mackworth, as the train started again.
“He’s on board. I’ll search the train.”
In ten minutes Mr. Mackworth reëntered the car, where dinner had
just been announced, with the much discussed Sam close behind.
The new arrival carried in one hand a rope tied fibre suit case,
crushed and worn. In the other was a short rifle and a cartridge belt.
His teeth were set on a short, nicked, black pipe. Frank and Phil
were shocked. Aside from the rifle and belt, nothing suggested the
old time hunter. And the man, although probably seventy years old,
was in no sense “grizzled.” He did not even wear the greasy old
sombrero with which all western veterans of fiction are crowned.
“Gentlemen, let me introduce Sam Skinner,” exclaimed Mr.
Mackworth.
“Pleased to meet you,” said Sam, who in the books should have
grunted or said “howdy.” Then, turning to Mr. Mackworth, Sam
continued: “Colonel, you’re goin’ to find a lot of snow up there in the
Elk River Valley Mountains. Did you bring your snowshoes?”
“Snow ain’t goin’ to bother us this time,” said Mr. Mackworth,
significantly. “We thought we’d come early and maybe scare up a
few grizzlies.”
“You’ll do that, I reckon,” exclaimed Sam, “but the best time to
tackle the timber line is September. There’s a power o’ snow in the
gullies just now.”
By this time Jake Green had relieved the westerner of his rifle and
box, and Sam had removed his hat and pipe.
“Here’s the same old hat, Colonel, you gave me four years ago
and good as new.”
He held out a limp, cloth traveling hat that had probably cost a
pound in London. Mr. Mackworth apparently did not recall the
incident and Sam continued: “Don’t you remember the day I lost my
hat over on Avalanche Creek, near Herchmer Mountain; the day we
thought we had Old Indian Chief at last?”
Mr. Mackworth’s eyes lit up.
“Sure,” he said, “and you nearly broke your neck at the same time.
I wonder if the ‘Chief’ has fallen a victim to anyone yet?”
 “I ain’t been in the valley for four years,” responded Sam. “But I
reckon’ he ain’t and never will. I kind o’ believe he ain’t nothin’ but a
ghost anyway.”
Every one had pricked up his ears. Captain Ludington especially
seemed to be no less curious about Old Indian Chief than Frank and
Phil.
“What’s that?” broke in Phil.
“Sam’ll tell you, sometime,” explained Mr. Mackworth, “but let’s
have dinner now. It’s sort of a myth of the mountains. Every one
tells it and each one a different way.”
“About goats?” persisted Phil.
“About a great Bighorn sheep,” added Mr. Mackworth.
“But where does the Indian part come in?” insisted Phil.
“Now I’m not going to try to piece together an old camp-fire tale,”
exclaimed Mr. Mackworth, “especially when I’m hungry. But here’s
the chapter heading of it, as you might say. For twenty-five years the
Indians and old-time hunters of the Selkirk Mountain and Kootenai
River region have circulated a picturesque tale of a hermit Indian, a
kind of a spirit savage who, with a monster Bighorn ram always at
his heels, is seen now and then by some hunter but never
overtaken.”
“And who escapes up almost unscalable cliffs by hanging on to the
ram’s horns,” broke in Captain Ludington.
“Then you’ve read the legend,” exclaimed Mr. Mackworth with
awakening interest.
“I heard it a few years ago at Glacier,” explained the captain.
“Young gentlemen,” he added wheeling toward Frank and Phil,
“that’s the story I meant to tell you sometime—‘The Monarch of the
Mountains.’ Now I give way to Mr. Skinner. Let’s hear the real story,”
he suggested, looking toward the new arrival.
 “By no means,” ordered Mr. Mackworth instantly. “Not, at least,
until we reach our coffee. You have before you a saddle of roast
mutton that I personally selected yesterday in Chicago. It demands
your exclusive attention. I got it that you may be able to distinguish
between the flavor of it and the haunch of young mountain sheep
that Mr. Skinner is sure to provide for us in a few days.”
Frank was already smacking his lips in anticipation of that game
dinner in camp. Already he could see Jake Green at work over the
camp fire basting a roast of mountain sheep. By this time all were
seated, Sam Skinner included.
“Sam,” exclaimed Mr. Mackworth, “as a special and honored guest
this evening, let me serve you a cut of this mutton. It’s English
Southdown.”
“English or French,” replied Sam slowly and hesitatingly, “it don’t
make no difference. You’ll have to excuse me, Colonel. Young
mountain sheep is certainly eatable after a fellow’s been livin’ on salt
pork—and little of that—for two or three weeks. But, to speak right
out, I ain’t much for sheep if there’s anything else on hand and I see
there’s a plenty.”
“Then you don’t care for sheep roasted over a camp fire way up
among the pines where you’ve chased your game all day?”
suggested Lord Pelton, while all laughed.
“Sure,” was Sam’s quick response. “That’s regular and proper. But
I’m speakin’ o’ times when you can have your choice. Them goat
steaks and bear ribs is all O. K. when you’re in camp. But give me
my choice and I’ll say they ain’t nothin’ finer nor sweeter than a big,
thick, round steak fried on a cook stove with plenty o’ milk gravy to
come.”
“Jake,” ordered Mr. Mackworth at once and without a trace of a
smile, “fry a porterhouse steak for Mr. Skinner and smother it with
gravy.”
Being a Canadian Sam had another peculiarity. He cared nothing
for coffee. Therefore, with his fried steak, came a pot of black tea.
Dinner under way at last the story of Old Indian Chief, or the
Monarch of the Mountains, again became the center of conversation.
Sam was urged to give his version of the tale and he, in turn, was as
eager to hear Captain Ludington’s story. With many interruptions
and cross suggestions, each man told the legend as he had heard it.
The “Monarch of the Mountains,” as related by the English officer—
and both stories were unquestionably different versions of the same
tale—had its origin among the Kootenai Indians.
“The big Indian in the story, as it was told to me,” said Captain
Ludington referring to a little notebook, “was named Koos-ha-nax.
He was a Kootenai and his tribe, twenty years ago, was living in the
Selkirk Mountains northwest of Kootenai Lake. Koos-ha-nax was
neither chief nor medicine man but a mighty hunter in the
mountains. In addition he was a thief. Being a skilful hunter his
stealing was for a long time overlooked. But, at last, Koos-ha-nax’s
thefts overbalancing the food he supplied, the thieving hunter was
summoned to trial. Being found guilty he was condemned to die.
Thereupon, he made a speech.
“It was then, and is now, a tradition of the Kootenais that the
mountain sheep is the king of all animals and that the mountain goat
is second in command. In the earliest days the Indians assert these
animals did not confine themselves to the peaks and highest ridges
of the mountains as now, but ranged the valleys and wooded
foothills. Then a war broke out between the sheep and goats and,
led by Husha the Black Ram and Neena the White Goat, they
separated—the sheep to the north and the goats to the south.
“‘Koos-ha-nax knows this well,’ spoke the hunter. ‘And so long as
Husha the Black Ram and Neena the White Goat lead the sheep and
the goats, so long will the hunting grounds of the Kootenai know
them not. To follow Husha the Black Ram and Neena the White Goat
into the sky itself may mean death. But I, Koos-ha-nax, the mighty
hunter, have talked with the sheep and the goats; Koos-ha-nax has
seen Husha the Black Ram and Neena the White Goat; Koos-ha-nax
has seen the great horns of Husha the Black Ram, and they are wide
as the span of a man’s arms; Koos-ha-nax has seen the black horns
of Neena the White Goat, and they are keen and sharp as the spear
of the fisher; Koos-ha-nax asks for his life, not that he fears death,
but that he may travel far to the north and to the south and bring to
his people the horns of Husha the Black Ram, and of Neena the
White Goat.’
“This offer of the great hunter,” went on Captain Ludington, “was
gladly accepted on the theory that in the death of Husha and Neena,
the sheep and the goats might be reconciled and subsequently
return to the valleys—the more convenient hunting grounds of the
Indians. There seems to be some basis for this part of the legend,”
explained Captain Ludington, “for I am told that the Indians are,
even to-day, notoriously bad hunters of these animals and seldom
pursue them further than their ponies can ascend the mountains.
Having been granted his life on these terms, Koos-ha-nax, armed
with his bow and arrows, disappeared and never returned.
Wandering Indians brought tales at times of seeing the mighty
hunter in the far north; others caught sight of him in the south.
When the ice cracked on the glaciers it was Koos-ha-nax in pursuit
of Husha; when the snow avalanches fell in the south it was Koos-
ha-nax chasing Neena. Children are taught to-day that a loose
boulder bounding down the mountain side is hurled by Koos-ha-nax,
the hunter. And, whenever a herd of sheep or goats is sighted in full
flight, close behind follows the ghostly form of the ceaseless hunter.
“Since every legend has its variation,” continued Captain
Ludington, “so has that of Koos-ha-nax. Advanced thinkers among
the Kootenais will tell you that Koos-ha-nax never tried to find and
kill Husha and Neena. By these wiseacres Koos-ha-nax is credited
with the power of understanding and talking to the sheep and goats.
They will tell you that the great hunter left his people with no other
intent than to live with the sheep and goats. Some have had distant
glimpses of the exiled Indian lying with his animal friends on rocky
heights, or rushing up almost inaccessible slopes assisted by old
Husha or Neena—as the narrator lives in the north or south. But
others say Koos-ha-nax will again return and, when he does, that
the hunting grounds will again be thick with the now rapidly
disappearing mountain sheep and goats. In any event,” laughed
Captain Ludington, “they tell me that if you are hunting with
Kootenai guides you will always be short of the big prize, unless you
can capture old Husha the Black Ram, or Neena the White Goat.”
It was now old Sam Skinner’s turn, but the old man hesitated.
“I never heard no such tale as that,” he said at last being
plentifully urged to give his version. “All I ever heard was some
Sioux Indians chinnin’, but it wasn’t about no Koos-what-do-you-call-
him. And I never heard ’em have no names like what you said for
the rams and goats. But they was an Old Indian Chief that they used
to talk about that had some trouble and was kicked out o’ the tribe,
and they make out as how he took to the mountains and lived like a
hermit. And they do say he got on such good terms with the
mountain animals that the sheep and goats all followed him and that
that’s why there ain’t no more sheep down there in the buttes o’
Montana. But the stories are sort o’ like in one way. Whenever a
Sioux gets sight o’ a Bighorn ram with shiny black horns they say it’s
Old Indian Chief, and I reckon they is some o’ them Indians yet livin’
who think Old Indian Chief that was kicked out o’ the tribe is a livin’
up in the Columbia Rockies.”
“Hold on there, Sam,” laughed Mr. Mackworth. “Didn’t you tell me,
when we were chasin’ sheep and a loose rock would come tumbling
down the mountain side: ‘look out—Old Indian Chief may be up
there protecting his friends!’”
“Well,” acknowledged Sam somewhat abashed, “the Indians are
always talkin’ that way. But that’s what they call all the big rams and
goats, too. If that Kootenai Kooshaynix and the Sioux is the same, I
reckon he’s froze stiff long ago and it’s his ghost that’s a heavin’
rocks and glacier ice and startin’ avalanches—”
“But,” interrupted Frank, all aglow with interest and excitement,
“do you really believe there was such an Indian, really and truly? It’s
like Mowgli in the Jungle tales!”
 “Of course not,” replied Mr. Mackworth. “The tale means only this:
Sheep and goats were once plentiful in all these mountains. They
began to disappear. The Indians must have an explanation for
everything. They imagined a cause and made it human—a man led
them away. That’s all.”
“I’m sorry,” said Phil. “I mean I’m sorry there is no Husha the
Black Earn, or Neena the White Goat. I’m sure we could find one or
the other. And I always like things with a story to them.”
“Well,” laughed Lord Pelton, who was no less interested than all
the others, “why not follow the practice of the Indians—if you like a
story, believe it?”
“I’m goin’ to,” exclaimed Frank. “I’m goin’ to believe it and I’m
goin’ to believe Koos-ha-nax is up there in the mountains,
somewhere—a man of real flesh and blood.”
“And we’ll find him!” added Phil, “the man king of the Bighorns.”
“I’d rather find old Husha,” put in Captain Ludington, smiling. “We
could take his horns home and I don’t know what we could do with
a decrepit old Indian. However,” he added, “in the language of Italy,
‘si non e vero e bene travata.’”
“What’s that mean?” asked the boys together.
“If it isn’t true it ought to be,” explained the Englishman.
 CHAPTER XI
A MIDNIGHT INTRUDER

When the boys turned out at seven o’clock in the morning they
found Sam Skinner already on the observation platform, his black
pipe glowing and his eyes busy with the landscape.
“We just passed Calais,” said Sam, “where the old Sioux
reservation used to begin. ’Tain’t like the old days though. They ain’t
many of the old braves about now—too many clothes, store beef
and wagons,” he explained. “But for about seventy-five miles—as far
as Whately—ten years ago, you could a seen plenty o’ the old
blanket boys hangin’ around these stations.”
“Where are they?” asked Frank.
“Most of ’em dead, I reckon,” answered Sam sucking on his pipe.
“Them ’at ain’t have houses and some of ’em plows and wheat
binders. But here’s some!” exclaimed the hunter springing suddenly
to his feet.
At that moment, through the cloud of dust following the swiftly
moving train, could be seen moving along on a near-by road, a party
of Indians. Two men, their blankets drawn closely around them,
walked stoutly ahead of an unpainted wagon drawn by two ponies.
In the wagon a squaw, her blanket about her hips, held the reins
and, clinging to the sideboards and yelling as lustily at the passing
train as white urchins, three children were jumping about excitedly
in the wagon bed behind.
Old Sam jerked his pipe from his mouth and, his hands to his face,
emitted a cry that startled the boys. At the sound of it the two
braves paused and then—as Sam repeated the call—with astounded
looks they raised their right hands above their heads. “Injun for
‘howdy,’” explained Sam with a laugh as the train left the Indians far
behind.
“Where are they goin’, do you suppose?” asked Phil. “Huntin’?”
“Probably to the nearest town to attend the ten-cent picture
show,” said Sam. “Their huntin’ days are over. Them Injuns can buy
beef.”
It was Frank’s and Phil’s first sight of Indian land.
“This is too flat and treeless for huntin’ along here, isn’t it?” was
Frank’s next question.
“The kind o’ huntin’ we do now ain’t the kind we used to do,”
answered Sam recharging his pipe. “This is old buffalo ground and
the best in the west in its day. My folks was English,” went on
Skinner reminiscently, “and they came out to the Assinniboine River
Valley in Canada when I was a baby. But from the time I was old
enough to help in camp I can remember the buffalo hunts each fall.
All them settlers—maybe several hundred—would trail for weeks to
get down here near the Missouri River. But it wasn’t huntin’—it was
the kind o’ work they do now in slaughter houses. We’d line up and
march against them buffaloes like soldiers; and we had officers, too,
to see that every one done his work. When the bugle blew, killin’
stopped for the day and all hands turned in to take care o’ the meat
and the hides. And that went on sometimes for a month—the
settlers followin’ the buffaloes till our wagons were full.”
“Full of what?” asked Phil innocently.
“My boy,” went on Sam, “them buffaloes was our winter’s
provisions. Part of the meat was smoked or ‘jerked’ as we called it;
the rest of it was ground up with the fat to make pemmican—that’s
the way we used most of it—and the hides had to be cured. They
was our profit, for even then we shipped ’em by the thousand to
England. When the hunt was over we made the long march back to
the Assinniboine. There’s buffalo yet,” he continued thoughtfully,
“but not around here. Up on the Mackenzie River, nearer the Arctic
Ocean than these prairies, there’s a few hundred animals that you
might call buffaloes, but they ain’t the old prairie bull with a hump
higher’n a man and wicked little eyes snappin’ out from a head
hangin’ most on the ground. But,” continued Mr. Skinner, “buffaloes
is buffaloes and I ain’t never goin’ to be satisfied till I’ve taken Mr.
Mackworth up there on the Mackenzie. Huntin’ sheep with a spyglass
may be sport all right but, for me, give me a good pony and the trail
of a buffalo and I’ll be ready to quit.”
And this was only a sample of Sam Skinner’s talk all day. At
breakfast and later as the train passed out of the Fort Peck
reservation, he reeled off tales of the wonders of the Bear Paw
Mountains to the south; the Sweet Grass big game country to the
north. Lord Pelton and Captain Ludington were as curious about this
as the inexperienced boys. But, at seven o’clock that evening,
hunting and Indian tales came to a temporary end; the train, as if
approaching a stone wall, thundered up to Midvale—the town at the
foot of the main range of the Rocky Mountains.
There were no gradually ascending foothills. From the almost flat
but flower-spotted grassy prairie—for the sage brush is almost
unknown here—the dusty travelers were whirled like the flash of a
moving picture into the wonders of the mountain world. Midvale
marks the southern boundary of the Glacier National Park—the old
Lewis and Clark reservation that extends into the heart of the
mountains, and 135 miles north to the Canadian boundary.
There was no thought of dinner. From seven o’clock until darkness
finally blotted out the view of peak and range; of chasm and
precipice; of matted and tangled forest; mountain streams and veil-
like falls, the entire party sat on the observation platform. It was
“Ah” and “Oh,” “Here, quick,” and “Look there,” until necks were stiff
and eyes ached.
“Wonderful!” exclaimed Captain Ludington.
“Them trees?” queried Sam Skinner. “You bet they are; all o’ that.
You couldn’t make five mile a day in ’em. And we got a good deal o’
that down timber in the Elk River Valley. It’s easier to look at than to
cut a trail through.”
Then came dinner after one of the longest and fullest days the
boys had ever known. The branch line, on which the Teton was to be
hauled to Michel and across the Canadian border into Canada, left
the main line at Rexford—well up in the mountains. The limited was
due there at a little after midnight. There the special car would be
sidetracked to await the leaving of the branch road train at four
o’clock the next day.
Mr. Mackworth suggested that every one turn in as there would be
plenty of time later for sight-seeing. But the boys, visiting the rear
platform after the evening meal, were so entranced with the scene
that they hastened to summon the others of the party. The laboring
train had crawled well up into the ruggeder mountain heights. And
now, on a higher level, it was whirling along on the shoulder of the
mountains; swinging around great cliffs on a roadbed cut in their
face; now and then shooting through a tunnel or over a spidery
trestle, and then getting new impetus on a tangent following the bed
of some foaming stream.
The moon had risen and all the world in sight was either the black
of the chasms or the silvery glisten of moonlit pines. But what
interested Frank and Phil was not so much this glory of nature’s
panorama as the song of the train as it sped in and out of narrow
places; panted under new grades or breathed full and deep under
restful downward grades, and then vied with the echo of its own
engine noises as they were caught up and hurled back by unseen
precipices.
“There,” exclaimed Frank, grasping Captain Ludington’s arm, “you
can tell we’re goin’ up again even when you can’t see anything.
Listen!”
“Chuc-a-chung, chuc-a-chung-chuc-a-chung,” rolled back from the
engine.
 Then the “chuc-a-chung” stopped for an instant, only to be heard
off to the left as if miles away.
“That means,” explained Frank, “we’re rounding a curve and
gettin’ the echo. It’s just as if the engine were talkin’. There, we’re
behind the engine again,” cried the enthusiastic boy as the “chuc-a-
chung” rang out again.
The dust of the prairie had now disappeared and as Nelse had
swept and wiped up the platform, the sleepiest of the delighted
travelers could not resist lingering to enjoy the mountain ride. The
June-time heat of the plains had also changed to a cool night breeze
that suggested sweaters. When, at last, a new and faster “chuc-a-
chuck” of the big mountain engine told of the rapidly increasing
grades, and a sudden curve of the train brought into view a distant
summit glistening silvery white in the moonlight, Mr. Mackworth
exclaimed:
“There it is, gentlemen! That’s the snow that we’ll have in sight for
three weeks. Having saluted it, let’s go to bed.”
All arose, but Sam Skinner seemed a bit embarrassed.
“Colonel,” he said at last, addressing Mr. Mackworth, “you know I
ain’t much for these sleepin’ cars. I slept on a shelf last night. If you
don’t mind I’d like to draw these curtains and bring my blankets out
here to-night.”
“Why there’s a couch in the dining room, Sam,” replied Mr.
Mackworth, smiling. “Try that.”
“’Tain’t that, Colonel, exactly. But this air tastes good to me after
four years down Winnipeg way. And you know I like to light a pipe
now and then when I turn over.”
“We’ll stay with you,” exclaimed Phil at once.
“You’ll go to bed,” ordered Mr. Mackworth, “there’s plenty of
outdoor sleepin’ coming to you boys.”
 Retiring to their stateroom, the two boys sat for some time
observing the beauties of the night scenery through the screens of
the window.
“We’ll be at Rexford in an hour,” Frank urged, “and I want to be up
and see the limited cut us off and leave us. I like to see what’s doin’
when we get to places.”
“By rights,” added Phil, “we ought to be awake and walk up to the
engine and give old Bill—all engineers are named Bill so far as I’ve
read—and give ‘Old Bill’ $20.”
“You’re right,” exclaimed Frank. “That’s regulations. We’ll take one
of your $20 bills.”
Phil, carried away by the new idea, examined his dwindling roll of
money, picked out a clean bill and put it in his vest pocket. Then, for
an hour’s sleep, the boys threw themselves on their bunks.
Sometime later Frank roused himself, lay for a few moments as if
trying to figure out where he was and then sprang up excitedly. All
was quiet. The Teton stood as still as a rock. Snapping on the light
the lad glanced at his watch. Then he caught Phil by the shoulder.
“Hey there, wake up!” he called in a low voice. As Phil opened his
eyes Frank added: “You’ve saved that $20. It’s now two o’clock and
‘Old Bill’ has left us.”
“Huh?” grunted Phil.
“Get up,” whispered Frank. “We’re at Rexford. Let’s get out and
have a look at things.”
“Not me,” drawled Phil. “Everything will be there in the morning.”
In another moment he was asleep again.
“All right,” thought Frank, “maybe I won’t ever be in a mountain
town again at two o’clock on a June mornin’ with the moon shinin’
all over everything. So here goes for a little sight-seein’ of my own.”
Reaching the observation platform Frank found Sam Skinner
apparently asleep. But the boy had no sooner touched the drawn
curtains than the hunter spoke.
“I’m just goin’ out to look about,” explained Frank.
Without comment Sam threw off his blankets, filled his pipe and
followed the boy to the ground.
“Was you awake when we got here?” asked Frank.
“Yes,” answered Sam, “Mr. Mackworth was up. I got out with him.
He saw the conductor. And say,” added Sam, “he went up to the
engine and gave the engineer some money. He’s always generous
with folks he likes.”
Frank was thinking hard. At last he said to himself:
“Well, anyway, it wasn’t any business of mine. It would have been
foolish for us to have done it. I’m glad we didn’t wake up.”
The moon, now behind a mountain range, left Rexford buried in
the shadows of the valley. There was not a light in sight except a
feeble glow in the near-by station and a few switch signals. Frank
could form no estimate of the size of the place, and as the gloom
was not inviting and the air was frostlike and snappy the boy gave
up his plan for a night excursion. He had just suggested a return to
Sam when the old hunter caught him by the arm, made a motion
signifying silence and then disappeared around the end of the car.
Frank kept at his heels. At first there was nothing to be seen or
heard and then the boy, catching his breath, pointed to the forward
end of the car where a faint glow seemed to come from the side
door of the baggage compartment. The boy darted forward ahead of
Skinner. A glance showed one section of the double doors shoved
back and a light in the car. On the ground beneath the door was an
empty box.
As Frank came opposite the open door and caught sight of the
interior of the car his heart leaped. Crouched over an object of some
kind was a man on his knees. By his side was a spluttering candle.
Surrounding the intruder on all sides were dozens of cans of
gasoline. The knowledge that at any instant the Teton might be
blown to pieces was the only thought in the boy’s mind. There was
no time to think of the peril of encountering the intruder unarmed.
“Put that light out!” yelled Frank. “Put it out. You’ll blow up the
car,” he shouted as he leaped on the box beneath the door. Instantly
the light went out; there was a rush in the car and then the boy,
already half through the door, was thrust backwards as if by a kick,
and a form hurled itself over his head.
The intruder and Frank rolled down the slight embankment almost
together and both against Sam Skinner.
“Stop!” yelled Sam as the man scrambled to his feet and stumbled
away in the darkness. But the intruder did not stop and, with one
quick look to make sure that it was Frank at his feet, Sam’s revolver
spit a streak of fire toward the fugitive. Without waiting to ask
questions the old hunter, his fighting blood aroused, disappeared
after the man. Frank, now alarmed for the first time over the chance
he had taken, got to his feet. As he did so he felt an ache in his
shoulder. It was not enough to stop him, however, and he sprang on
to the box again and into the dark compartment of the car.
There were roof electric lights in the car with a switch at the rear
door. Stumbling toward it, the boy finally turned on the lights. A
glance showed that a thief had been at work.
“And we got him just in time,” chuckled Frank to himself. Standing
by the open door were all the gun cases of the party. In the middle
of the car was Mr. Mackworth’s English sole leather gun trunk. A
sharp knife had been passed completely around the top and still
stuck in the cut leather, which in another moment could have been
lifted out like a loose panel. The car door had been pried open with
a railroad spike bar.
Frank had hardly made this examination before there was a knock
at the compartment door and a call to open it. It was Mr.
Mackworth, breathless. Frank stuttered out the facts. Almost before
he had finished, his uncle in slippers and pajamas was out of the
door and off in the darkness in the direction Sam and the fugitive
had taken. The door lock was broken but, pulling the section in
place, Frank turned off the lights, hurried back through the car and
—without arousing its other occupants—started after the would-be
thief and his pursuers.
 CHAPTER XII
THE END OF THE RAILROAD

Frank found Mr. Mackworth and Sam Skinner at the dimly lit depot
in consultation with the night telegraph operator. Rexford being a
town of a thousand or more inhabitants and a railroad junction point
with many switch tracks, freight cars and railway buildings, the
escape of the thief was not difficult. As the sloping sides of the
mountains reached down to the town on two sides, there were
avenues for successful flight over the rough and dark trails.
Therefore, further pursuit was abandoned.
“Anyway,” remarked Mr. Mackworth, “we haven’t lost anything.
And if we could catch the man we wouldn’t care to stay to prosecute
him.”
“Why, what’s the matter, Frank?” he exclaimed as he caught sight
of the boy’s pale face and saw him tremble.
“I guess it’s where he kicked me,” explained Frank trying to make
light of his injury.
Instantly Mr. Mackworth had Frank’s coat and shirt off. On his
chest near the left shoulder was a dull red mark, something like a
shoe heel in shape and rapidly turning black.
“Why didn’t you tell me of this?” exclaimed Frank’s uncle with
concern. “Does it hurt you?”
“Not much,” answered the boy, “except when I touch it.”
Sam Skinner pushed Mr. Mackworth aside and began an
examination of the bruise with all the practical skill of an outdoor
surgeon. As he ran his hands over the boy’s chest Frank winced and
turned paler.
 “No bones broken,” reported Sam confidently, as he pressed on
Frank’s collar bone and shoulder joint while the boy gritted his teeth.
“Cough!” ordered Sam.
Frank did so, Sam holding his ear to the boy’s chest.
“Spit!” ordered Sam.
Frank laughed and complied as well as he could. Sam nodded his
head.
“Only a bruise,” he explained. “Nothin’ hurt inside. A little liniment
and he’ll be all right in a day or two.”
“I certainly hope so,” said Mr. Mackworth as he helped Frank to
get into his shirt again. “I wouldn’t have you hurt, my boy, for all
that’s in the Teton. You certainly saved our shooting outfits and, like
as not, our lives as well. We’ve got both to thank you for.”
“There wasn’t anything else to do,” replied Frank. “And say,” he
added, “I reckon there ain’t any need to say anything about this is
there? I don’t want any hero business.”
“You’ll have to leave that to me,” responded his uncle as they
made their way back to the car. Frank got out the medicine kit his
mother had given him and Sam rubbed him with liniment. At three
o’clock, Frank crawled into his berth again. Lying still his bruise did
not pain him, but when Phil awoke him about seven o’clock the boy’s
shoulder was black and blue, and his arm was stiff.
The town by daylight was far from being as interesting as the boys
had hoped. The altitude was not great—not more than 4,000 feet—
but the distant view both east and west revealed mountain ranges,
snow crowned in places. North of the town and in a lower valley the
Kootenai River wound a bending course. Along this the party was
now to make its way into Canada.
Frank had not figured on the need of an explanation to account
for Mr. Mackworth’s ruined trunk and, therefore, the adventure of
the boy and Sam Skinner was fully known before breakfast. Then
the excitement began all over again. The Englishmen made the lad a
hero in spite of himself. It was doubtful if one man could have
carried away any considerable amount of the plunder that had been
heaped up near the door of the car. But each of Mr. Mackworth’s
guests had a most elaborate and expensive shooting outfit, and each
seemed convinced that Frank had saved his own particular property.
As Frank was a member of the party, the tactful Captain Ludington
and Lord Pelton recognized that they could not express their
gratitude in money. For that reason their verbal thanks were
genuinely profuse.
“I don’t know why you select me for all this fine talk,” Frank said
at last. “Mr. Skinner heard the man. He did more than I did—”
“All right,” exclaimed Mr. Mackworth. “We’ll have a special
luncheon to-day in honor of both.”
When this event came off it turned out to be a tribute to a third
person—Jake Green. Instead of a luncheon it was a banquet and a
jolly one. As Frank approached his chair he found by its side—
leaning against the table—a Lefever, sixteen gauge, hammerless
shotgun, automatic ejector, Damascus steel barrels, English walnut
stock and pistol grip.
At his plate was a card inscribed: “For value received,” and signed
by all the members of the party, including Phil, whose shotgun had
not been overlooked by the intruder.
“I won’t take it,” began Frank, red of face and embarrassed. “Give
it to Mr. Skinner.”
“O, I’ve got mine,” exclaimed Sam pointing to several folded bills
on his plate. “Better keep it. You’ll need it for grouse up on the Elk.”
Not knowing what else to do Frank sat down in confusion and thus
came into possession of the gun, which is yet one of his most prized
belongings. As soon as the attention of their friends had been
withdrawn Phil leaned over to his chum and whispered:
 “I never did have any use for a sleepyhead. This is an awful
warning to me.”
From Rexford to Michel—the mountain town in Canada at the
southern end of Elk Valley where the Teton was to stop, and from
which place Mr. Mackworth and his friends were to enter the goat
and sheep country by wagon, horse and airship—was about eighty-
five miles. The branch road was a mining line and when, just after
four o’clock in the afternoon, the special car was attached to the
daily “mixed train,” it was with no great assurance that the hunting
party heard the creaking and felt the swaying of the big car on the
lighter tracks.
The ride northward gradually lifted the train higher and higher.
The road followed the Kootenai’s east bank and, having left the less
abrupt region of Rexford behind them, the travelers soon had a
panorama rivaling that of the evening before. Immediately east lay
the Mission Mountains—the western boundary of the new National
Glacier Park—and slowly the laboring engine drew the train on to its
higher pine covered flanks. The Kootenai dropped below.
Undimmed by the shadows of night; clear and distinct beneath the
sapphire sky the whole world stood out until there seemed no
distance. There was not the speed of the transcontinental limited
and the train was a half hour in covering ten miles. This brought it to
Gateway—the boundary between the United States and Canada.
“The white mark over there on the station platform,” explained Mr.
Mackworth as the train came to a stop, “marks the boundary
between the two countries.”
Of course the boys had to alight and straddle the line.
“This is an event to me,” exclaimed Frank, “for it’s the first time
I’ve ever been out of the United States.”
“Me, too,” said Phil, who was yet standing in his own country. “And
that being true I think I’ll go abroad.” With a laugh he jumped across
the line. “But,” he added, “the United States is good enough for me.
I don’t see much difference. I think I’ll come home,” and he sprang
back again.
At seven o’clock the train reached Fernie, a soft coal town and a
fitting-out post for hunters in this part of Canada. But there was no
time for shopping—much to Phil’s regret—for the $20 he had not
given “Old Bill” was looked upon as that much saved. A few minutes
before eight o’clock the Teton finished its outward journey at the end
of the railway in the little village of Michel.
So long as the train was in motion, revealing new vistas of grand
and picturesque scenery, the passengers in the Teton would not
leave the observation platform for supper. But, as it came to a stop
in a narrow and deep valley through which a cool wind was already
drifting and where, cast by the sunlit painted ranges, deep shadows
were already on the little hamlet, Jake’s dinner at last received its
merited attention.
At Fernie the station agent had handed Mr. Mackworth a packet.
As the party had now reached the end of the long journey this first
meal in the cool, dark snowbound mountain valley was the liveliest
of the trip. Formality was put aside and, with the knowledge that the
next morning would see the first of their plans under way, all talked
at once. In the midst of this Mr. Mackworth produced his packet,
opened it and handed each one at the table—except Sam Skinner—a
small but formidable looking bit of paper.
“Now be happy, all of you,” he exclaimed. “Here’s a hunting license
for each. With it in your possession you may legally kill and take out
of the country five mountain goats. Let one of ’em be Neena and
may they all be Billies and big ones. You may also slay three
mountain sheep one of which, of course, will be Husha the Black
Ram. Incidentally you may capture all the grizzlies you see—if you
can. Let us hope for one twelve-foot skin at least. Of deer, shoot no
more than six each. The law don’t specify it, but we’ll take none but
bucks. And remember, don’t shoot a moose till you land a whopper,
for one is all you are allowed. As for elk,” concluded Mr. Mackworth,
raising his hand in warning, “none at all.”
 “Sam,” whispered Frank aside to the hunter, “what are these
licenses worth?”
“They ain’t worth much to most hunters,” answered Sam soberly,
“but they cost $50 each.”
“That’s $250,” exclaimed Frank taking a new glance at his license,
“and you haven’t one. What’ll you do?”
“O, I ain’t lookin’ for hides nor horns,” answered Sam. “If I shoot
anything it’ll be food.”
Michel, although a town of but a few hundred inhabitants, was a
mile and a quarter long. It stretched along the winding bottom of
the valley as a single street, the mountain slopes on each side rising
so quickly as to make a second street impossible. And as all the
houses were small and nearly all painted dark red, the new arrivals
had not seen much of the village in the fast gathering night. But the
single street pointed toward the jack-pine valley to the north through
which lies the road to the unsettled wilderness beyond—one of the
great game preserves of America—the Elk River Valley where as yet
the pot hunter is unknown.
“We’ll take things easy this evening,” said Mr. Mackworth when the
excitement over the hunting licenses had subsided, “and to-morrow
we’ll leisurely perfect our plans. I suppose the first thing will be to
find a suitable ground for assembling the airship.”
“And that don’t look any too easy,” broke in Frank. “This is the
narrowest town I’ve ever seen.”
“Then,” continued Mr. Mackworth, “we’ve got to inventory our
stuff. You can never be sure you have what you’re going to need.
What we’ve missed we’ll have to go back to Fernie and buy.”
“First job for the Loon,” exclaimed Phil. “That’ll be pie. It’s only
twenty-three miles away.”
“Not improbable,” went on their host, “since we have only one
train a day. We’ll be in Michel all day to-morrow. Early the next
morning all our provisions and camping paraphernalia will go by
wagons to the only ranch in the valley—Charley Smith’s place up
near Sulphur Springs—twenty-five miles distant. We’ll follow on
horses.”
“On horses?” cried out Frank. “Here’s two of us who won’t be on
horses. Phil and I’ll be in the Loon and two more may as well be
with us. We can take Captain Ludington and Lord Pelton. Why not?”
“But we’ve got to have horses. We can’t count on your airship for
everything.”
“That’s where you’re mistaken,” added Frank. “You can count on it
everywhere and at all times. We’ll take you all anywhere you want to
go. And when there are too many we’ll make double trips.”
“We’ll take horses for all,” insisted Mr. Mackworth. “They’re cheap.
Then if your aëroplane slips a cog we won’t have to walk home.
We’ll reach Smith’s ranch in the late afternoon. I suggest you wait
here until four or five o’clock with your flyin’ machine, and then I
suppose you can overtake us in an hour.”
“In thirty minutes,” said Phil proudly.
“So be it,” said Mr. Mackworth. “When we are all in camp near
Smith’s place we are going to stop two or three days to get
acclimated. We’ll also cross the ridge there and have a day’s sport at
Josephine Falls on the Fording, where I hope we’ll get enough trout
to give Jake a chance to give us a ‘balsam bake.’”
“It’ll be my first trout,” interrupted Lord Pelton.
“But not your last, I’ll bet,” went on Mr. Mackworth. “While we are
enjoying ourselves our guides will be sorting over our outfit for the
pack horses. The wagons will stop here. When we leave Smith’s we’ll
leave trails and civilization behind. We’ll make our way into the real
mountains by way of Goat Creek, and then in the Herchmer Range,
Bird Mountain and Goat Pass we ought to find our sport. We’ll
always camp in the timber and where the horses can climb. But we’ll
hunt on foot.”
Captain Ludington smacked his lips and lit a fresh cigar.
 “That sounds awfully good to me,” he chuckled.
At that moment Jake announced that Mr. Hosmer was outside.
“It’s one of our guides and teamsters,” explained Mr. Mackworth,
“Cal Hosmer, who was to report to me this evening. If the history of
the Elk River Valley is ever written Cal’s experiences will have to
appear on every page. If any of you want grizzlies, stick to Hosmer;
he’s the greatest bear hunter in Western Canada.”
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com