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 CHAPTER 7. HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS:
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE CHANGE

NAME THAT SOUND CHANGE

1. voicing 8. syncope, rhotacism
2. consonant deletion 9. epenthesis
3. apocope 10. place assimilation, degemination
4. affrication (palatalization) 11. palatalization
5. nasalization, consonant deletion 12. voicing
6. vowel reduction 13. degemination, frication
7. consonant deletion, degemination, apocope 14. total assimilation

Now…
frication, voicing, syncope, rhotacism

PHONOLOGICAL SOUND CHANGE

Try This!
[o:] > [u] noon
[i:] > [aj] life
[e:] > [i] sweet
[ɔ:] > [o] boast
[u:] > [aw] gown

Try This!
1. [k] cool 5. [f] foul
2. [p] lip 6. [h] home
3. [k, b] crab 7. [t] sweet
4. [g, p] grip

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
Try This!
year+ling under+ling
duck+ling hire+ling
goose+ling nurse+ling

The words in the first column are normally considered to be more common than those in the
second column. Both columns have roughly the same meaning: the first refers to baby animals,
while the second refers to people who are connected to someone else or undergoing an
experience.

SYNTACTIC CHANGE
Try This!
In Old English, negatives were formed by placing the negative particle not after the main verb
(treads, counsels, clamber). In Modern English, the negative particle is not placed after the main

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario 55

verb. Instead, some form of do (do, does, did) must be inserted. The negative particle is then
placed after the inserted do.

LEXICAL CHANGE
Practice! Practice!
1. broadening 6. broadening
2. amelioration 7. narrowing
3. metaphor 8. semantic shift
4. broadening 9. pejoration
5. amelioration 10. semantic shift

COMPARATIVE RECONSTRUCTION
Practice!

GROUP ONE

1. * muto 4. * noka
2. * fumo 5. * wusa
3. * pippona 6. * fito

Lang A: nasalization, vowel reduction, apocope

Lang B: frication, voicing, degemination, palatalization

GROUP TWO

1. *puka
2. *nizuz

Lang A: frication, affrication

Lang B: voicing
Lang C: consonant deletion
Lang D: apocope, consonant deletion, rhotacism

GROUP THREE

1. *pika
2. *wiza
3. *bita

Lang A: rhotacism, frication, voicing

Lang B: apocope, voicing
Lang C: apocope, rhotacism, frication
Lang D: frication, voicing, rhotacism

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario 56

GROUP FOUR

1. *tuhu 5. *juhu
2. *nika 6. *pita
3. *kasa 7. *kati
4. *tuku 8. *kwasi

Lang A: voicing
Lang B: consonant deletion, frication
Lang C: palatalization

GROUP FIVE

1. *pukka 5. *kakka
2. *lisa 6. *tupi
3. *manni 7. *sammu
4. *wanna 8. *matu

Lang A: degemination, frication, vowel reduction, rhotacism, voicing

Lang B: degemination, voicing, palatalization
Lang C: affrication, voicing, nasalization
Lang D: apocope (probably preceded by vowel reduction), nasalization, consonant deletion
(probably preceded by degemination), consonant weakening (gliding)

Now try this one!

1. *apara 6. *nisphala
2. *dipa 7. *paskhalati
3. *hasta 8. *pita
4. *loka 9. *puspa
5. *nara 10. *suska

Magadhi Prakit: voicing, palatalization

Pali Prakit: total assimilation
Maharastri: voicing, frication, total assimilation, consonant deletion

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario 57

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 Witness. "It was. It was always kept on when my master was out.
His habit was to turn it off himself, the servants sometimes being
abed."

The Attorney-general. "Now, during the time you were in the

prisoner's employment, had you ever passed such a day as this you
have described?"

Witness. "Never."

The Attorney-general. "Did you ever know him to come home

with a lady, alone, at that hour of the night?"

Witness. "Never."

The Attorney-general. "All the incidents of the day were unusual?"

Witness. "Very unusual. I thought them very strange."

The Attorney-general. "The question I am about to put is, in

another form, partly a repetition of one you have already answered.
Did you ever know the prisoner to come home in the carriage late at
night with a strange lady--that is, with any other lady than his wife?"

Witness. "Never. With a gentleman sometimes, and sometimes

with more than one gentleman; but never with a strange lady."

The Attorney-general. "He occasionally came home late with

friends?"

Witness. "Oh yes; but then his wife was always with him."

The Attorney-general. "During the last few months was this

usual?"

Witness. "No. Mrs. Layton was an invalid, and seldom drove out--
not once during the last three or four months at night."
 The Attorney-general. "On the day we have gone through--the
25th of March did you see anything of Mrs. Layton?"

Witness. "No, sir, she was seriously ill."

The Attorney-general. "That, however, is not within your personal

observation?"

Witness. "No, sir. My duties were outside the house."

The Attorney-general. "The lady whom he brought home on the

night of the 25th of March was not his wife?"

Witness. "No, sir. Mrs. Layton had been confined to her room for
several weeks."

The Attorney-general. "You are quite positive on this point?"

Witness. "Quite positive, sir."

The Attorney-general. "That will do."

(To the surprise of every person in court, who expected that the
witness would be subjected to a long cross-examination, the
prisoner asked but few questions.)

Prisoner. "You say that at five minutes to twelve I came out of

Prevost's Restaurant?"

Witness. "You and the lady, sir."

Prisoner. "It was a dark night?"

Witness. "It was, sir."

Prisoner. "Did I call for you?"

 Witness. "No, sir. I saw you come out of the restaurant with the
lady, and I drew up at once. I was within half a dozen yards of the
door."

Prisoner. "When the lady and I got into the carriage, as you say,
and I called out, Home!' you observed that my voice was thick and
my manner flurried?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

Prisoner. "Did it occur to you then, or does it occur to you now,

that the voice which uttered that word was not my voice?"

Witness. "No, sir."

Prisoner. "You are certain it was my voice?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

Prisoner. "I wore my ulster?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

Prisoner. "You drove home, and you saw me open the street door
with a latch-key and pass into the house with the lady?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

Prisoner. "Still with my ulster on?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

Prisoner. "Did I turn my face towards you?"

Witness. "No, sir."

Prisoner. "If I had done so, could you have recognized my

features in the darkness?"
 Witness. "Scarcely, sir."

Prisoner. "You know nothing more?"

Witness. "Nothing more, sir."

Prisoner. "I do not put the question offensively--you have been a

good servant, and I have never had occasion to find fault with you--
but you are positive that the version you have given of my later
movements is correct?"

Witness (who appeared much distressed). "I am positive, sir."

Prisoner. "I have nothing more to ask, Moorhouse."

Witness. "Thank you, sir."

Re-examined. "You are a strict teetotaler?"

Witness. "Yes, sir."

The Attorney-general. "Did you take any ale or spirits during the
day?"

Witness. "No, sir. I have touched neither for years."

The Attorney-general. "The prisoner's figure being familiar to you,

and your eyesight being so strong that you could distinguish him in
the darkness, is it likely that you could be mistaken in him on this
night?"

Witness (reluctantly). "It is not likely, sir."

The Attorney-general. "Scarcely possible?"

Witness. "Scarcely possible, sir."

 III.

THE EVIDENCE OF ADOLF WOLFSTEIN, WAITER.

The next witness called was Adolf Wolfstein, a waiter in Prevost's

Restaurant.

The Attorney-general. "Your name is Adolf Wolfstein?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "What is your trade?"

Witness. "I am a waiter."

The Attorney-general. "Where are you employed?"

Witness. "At Prevost's, in Church Street, Soho."

The Attorney-general. "How long have you been in employment

there?"

Witness. "A little more than seven weeks."

The Attorney-general. "Do you remember the date on which you

entered your present service?"

Witness. "Yes, it was the 25th of March."

The Attorney-general. "So that the 25th of March is impressed

upon your memory?"
 Witness. "It is for another reason impressed upon my memory."

The Attorney-general. "Simply answer the questions I put to you.

You are a German?"

Witness. "No, I am French."

The Attorney-general. "But your name is German, is it not?"

Witness. "Wolfstein is. It was my father's name, who settled in

France when he was a young man."

The Attorney-general. "You understand English perfectly?"

Witness. "Oh yes; perfectly. I spoke it when I was a boy."

The Attorney-general. "Look at the prisoner. Do you recognize

him?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Did you see him on the 25th of March?"

Witness. "Yes. Monsieur came to the restaurant on that day."

The-Attorney-general. "At what hour?"

Witness. "At eleven o'clock at night."

The Attorney-general. "Was he alone?"

Witness. "No; monsieur had a lady with him."

The Attorney-general. "Did he occupy a private room? If you wish

to explain yourself on this matter you can do so."

Witness. "I was coming down-stairs when I saw monsieur enter

from the street with a lady. He looked about him, and seeing me,
asked if he could have supper in a private room. I showed monsieur
and madame up-stairs to a room in which I served."

The Attorney-general. "What occurred then?"

Witness. "I handed monsieur the menu."

The Attorney-general. "In English, the bill of fare?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "What did he order?"

Witness. "Tortue claire."

The Attorney-general. "In English, clear turtle soup?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Did he consult the lady?"

Witness. "No."

The Attorney-general. "Was he long in selecting the kind of soup

he ordered?"

Witness. "No. It was on the instant."

The Attorney-general. "He merely glanced at the bill of fare?"

Witness. "That is so."

The Attorney-general. "Did you get the soup and place it before
him?"

Witness. "I first asked monsieur, For two?' He said, quickly, 'Yes,
for two.' Then I served it."
 The Attorney-general. "In a tureen?"

Witness. "Yes, in a tureen."

The Attorney-general. "When you placed the soup before him, did
he order any wine?"

Witness. "I handed monsieur the wine-list, and he said,

'Champagne.' I asked him of what kind. He said, 'The best.'"

The Attorney-general. "You brought the best?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "That is, the most expensive?"

Witness. "Of necessity."

The Attorney-general. "When you placed the wine before him, did
you observe anything that struck you as unusual?"

Witness. "Yes; it was that, like other people, they should have
been drinking their soup, or have finished it; but they had not drunk
it."

The Attorney-general. "Had it been served from the tureen into

their plates?"

Witness. "No, not a spoonful. It was as I brought it--not touched."

The Attorney-general. "As they were not eating, what were they
doing?"

Witness. "They were engaged in conversation."

The Attorney-general. "Very earnestly?"

Witness. "Very earnestly."

 The Attorney-general. "And speaking very low?"

Witness. "Very low."

The Attorney-general. "Did you hear anything they said?"

Witness. "Not a word."

The Attorney-general. "Upon observing that they had not

commenced their soup, did you make any remark?"

Witness. "Yes. I said, 'Does not monsieur like the soup?'"

The Attorney-general. "What was his answer?"

Witness. "He answered, 'Oh yes, it is very good,' and slightly

pushed the tureen away with his hand."

The Attorney-general. "Indicating that he had done with it?"

Witness. "I regarded it so, and I removed it."

The Attorney-general. "Did he object to its being removed?"

Witness. "No, not at all."

The Attorney-general. "Did the lady object--did she seem

surprised?"

Witness. "No; she said not a word, nor did she look surprised."

The Attorney-general. "Your answer to the last question causes

me to ask whether the lady was old or young?"

Witness. "But I do not know."

The Attorney-general. "You said she did not look surprised?"

 Witness. "It is that she did not appear surprised. She did not look
up. In truth, she had her veil down."

The Attorney general. "Had she removed her cloak?"

Witness. "No."

The Attorney-general. "Did she keep it on all the time she was in
the room?"

Witness. "Yes; all the time."

The Attorney-general. "Now, when you asked the prisoner if he

liked the soup, and he answered, 'Oh yes, it is very good,' you were
surprised to find that they had not drunk a spoonful?"

Witness. "Why, yes, it was surprising."

The Attorney-general. "Did the prisoner pour out the

champagne?"

Witness. "I filled a glass for madame and one for monsieur."

The Attorney-general. "Did the prisoner order another dish?"

Witness. "I asked monsieur, 'What will you have to follow?' and
handed him the menu--the bill of fare. He said, 'Salmon cutlets.' 'For
two, monsieur?' I asked. 'For two,' he said. I served them."

The Attorney-general. "Did he at any time summon you by ringing

the bell?"

Witness. "No. It appeared to me that monsieur did not wish to be

disturbed therefore I did not disturb him, but I noticed--"

The Attorney-general. "You noticed what?"

 Witness. "That, as with the soup, monsieur ate nothing, and
helped madame to nothing. I waited till I thought it was time, and
then I went to the table and asked whether he did not like the
salmon cutlets. Monsieur answered, 'Oh yes, they are very good,'
and pushed them away as before. I removed them, as with the
soup. What will monsieur have to follow?' I asked. 'Ices,' he said.
'Vanille?' I asked. 'Yes,' he said, 'Vanille.' I brought them. They were
not eaten."

The Attorney-general. "Did they drink the wine?"

Witness. "Monsieur once raised his glass to his lips, but tasted it
only, and as if he had no heart in it."

The Attorney-general. "Did he order anything else?"

Witness. "No. When I asked him, he said, 'The bill.' I brought it."

The Attorney-general. "What did it amount to?"

Witness. "One pound four shillings."

The Attorney-general. "How much of the champagne was drunk?"

Witness. "Half a glass--not more."

The Attorney-general. "Did not the lady drink any of hers?"

Witness. "Not any."

The Attorney-general. "Did the prisoner make any remark as to

the amount of the bill?"

Witness. "Oh no; he gave me a sovereign and a half-sovereign,

and said, 'That will do.'"

The Attorney-general. "Meaning that you could keep the change?"

 Witness. "I took it so, and he said nothing."

The Attorney-general. "A good customer?"

Witness. "A very good customer. Not many such."

The Attorney-general. "Without a murmur or a remark, the

prisoner paid you thirty shillings for half a glass of champagne?"

Witness. "That is so. It was, as I say, surprising. I did not forget

it."

The Attorney-general. "It was not a circumstance to forget. You

say that the lady who accompanied the prisoner did not remove her
cloak or veil. Was that the case the whole of the time she was in the
room?"

Witness. "The whole of the time."

The Attorney-general. "Her gloves--did she wear those the whole

of the time?"

Witness. "But, no. I remember once seeing her hand ungloved."

The Attorney-general. "Her right or left hand? Be particular in

your answer, and think before you speak, if it is necessary. My object
is to ascertain whether the lady was married, and wore a wedding-
ring."

Witness (smiling). "But a wedding-ring matters not. Those wear

them who are not married."

The Attorney-general. "Reply to my question. Was it her right or

her left hand which you saw ungloved?"

Witness. "I cannot remember."

The Attorney-general. "Try."

 Witness. "It is of no use. I cannot remember."

The Attorney-general. "Can you remember whether it was a small

or a large hand?"

Witness. "It was a small white hand."

The Attorney-general. "The hand, presumably, of a lady?"

Witness. "Or of a member of the theatre. Who can tell? We have

many such."

The Attorney-general. "Were there rings upon her fingers?"

Witness. "I observed one of turquoises and diamonds."

The Attorney-general. "Was it a ring with any particular setting by

which it could be identified?"

Witness. "A ring set with diamonds and turquoises. That is all I
know."

The Attorney-general. "Would you recognize it again if you saw

it?"

Witness. "I cannot say. I think not. I did not particularly remark
it."

The Attorney-general. "Did you remark the color of her gloves?"

Witness. "They were black gloves."

The Attorney-general. "Of kid?"

Witness. "Yes, of kid."

The Attorney-general. "At what time did the prisoner and his
companion leave the restaurant?"
 Witness. "It must have been about twelve."

The Attorney-general. "Why do you say 'It must have been about
twelve?'"

Witness. "Because I did not see them leave the room."

The Attorney-general. "You can, however, fix the time within a

few minutes?"

Witness. "Oh yes. At a quarter to twelve, as near as I can

remember, I had occasion to go down-stairs. When I returned, after
three or four minutes, monsieur and madame were gone."

The Attorney-general. "Were you aware that they had a carriage

waiting for them?"

Witness. "Only that I heard so. I did not see it."

(The witness was then briefly cross-examined by the prisoner.)

Prisoner. "You say that you saw me enter the restaurant from the
street, and that I asked you if I could have supper in a private
room?"

Witness. "That is so."

Prisoner. "Did you show me into a private room?"

Witness. "Yes."

Prisoner. "Where other persons could not enter?"

Witness. "Oh no; it was a room for six or eight persons."

Prisoner. "During the time I was there, did you attend to other
persons besides me?"
 Witness. "Yes."

Prisoner. "The room was not strictly private?"

Witness. "As private as I have said."

Prisoner. "What was the first thing I did when I went to the table
you pointed out to me?"

Witness. "You removed your overcoat. It was wet with rain; and it
surprised me that madame did not remove hers, which was also wet
with rain."

Mr. Justice Fenmore. "Do not make remarks. Simply answer the
questions put to you."

Witness. "Yes, my lord."

Prisoner. "What did I do with the overcoat when I had taken it

off?"

Witness. "You hung it up behind you."

Prisoner. "On a peg in the wall?"

Witness. "Yes."

Prisoner. "Was this peg quite close to the table at which I sat?"

Witness. "No, it was at a little distance."

Prisoner. "At the back of me?"

Witness. "Yes."

Prisoner. "Did I put the overcoat on before I left the room?"

Witness. "Yes."
 Mr. Justice Fenmore. "You have said in examination that you did
not see the prisoner and his companion leave the room."

Witness. "But when I returned, after being away for three or four
minutes, monsieur was gone, and the coat was also gone."

Prisoner. "Then you did not see me put on the overcoat?"

Witness. "No."

Prisoner. "I have nothing more to ask you."

Re-examined. "Would you be able to recognize the overcoat which

the prisoner wore?"

Witness. "Oh yes; it was remarkable."

The Attorney-general. "Is this it?" (Ulster produced.)

Witness. "Yes; it is the same."

At this stage the court adjourned for luncheon.

IV.

THE EVIDENCE OF LUMLEY RICH, DETECTIVE OFFICER.--THE NINE OF

HEARTS.

Upon the reassembling of the court, the first witness called was
Lumley Rich.

The Attorney-general. "You belong to the detective force?"

 Witness. "I do."

The Attorney-general. "On the 26th of March were you called to

the prisoner's house?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "At what hour of the morning?"

Witness. "At seven o'clock."

The Attorney-general. "Was the prisoner in the house at the

time?"

Witness. "He was not."

The Attorney-general. "Whom did you see for the purpose of

information?"

Witness. "The prisoner's coachman, James Moorhouse, and Ida

White, lady's-maid, and other servants."

The Attorney-general. "What passed between you and the

coachman?"

Witness. "I asked him at what time on the previous night the
prisoner returned home. He said at about twenty minutes past
twelve, and that the prisoner entered his house accompanied by a
lady, opening the street door with his latch-key. I asked him if he
had seen the prisoner since, and he replied that he had not. I asked
him from what part of his dress the prisoner took the latch-key, and
he replied, from the pocket of the ulster he wore."

The Attorney-general. "Although the prisoner was not at home,

was this ulster in his house?"

Witness. "Yes, it was hanging on the coat-rack in the hall."

 The Attorney-general. "Did you take possession of it?"

Witness. "I did."

The Attorney-general. "Did you search the pockets?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "What did you find in them?"

Witness. "The latch-key of the street door and a playing-card."

The Attorney-general. "Nothing else?"

Witness. "Nothing else."

The Attorney-general. "Is this the latch-key?" (Latch-key

produced.)

Witness. "It is."

The Attorney-general. "Is this the playing-card?" (Playing-card,

the Nine of Hearts, produced.)

Witness. "It is."

The Attorney-general. "How do you recognize it?"

Witness. "By a private mark I put in the corner."

The Attorney-general. "There was absolutely nothing else in the

pockets of the ulster?"

Witness. "Nothing else."

The Attorney-general. "Did you see the prisoner before you left
the house?"
 Witness. "I did."

The Attorney-general. "Describe what passed."

Witness. "The prisoner suddenly made his appearance while I was

questioning the servants, and inquired my business there. I told him
I was an officer, and that I was there because of his wife being
found dead in her bed. 'Dead!' he cried; 'my wife!' and he rushed to
her room. I followed him. He looked at her and sunk into a chair. He
seemed stupefied. I had his ulster coat hanging on my arm, and I
told him I had taken possession of it. He nodded vacantly. A moment
or two afterwards he laid his hand upon the ulster, and demanded to
know where I had obtained it. I informed him from the coat-rack in
the hall. He cried, 'Impossible!' and as it seemed to me he was
about to speak again, I informed him that anything he said might be
used in evidence against him. 'In evidence!' he cried, 'against me!'
'Yes,' I replied; there has been murder done here.' 'Murder!' he
cried; 'and I am suspected!' To that remark I did not reply, but
repeated my caution. He said, 'Thank you,' and did not utter another
word."

The prisoner did not cross-examine the witness; and this was the
more surprising as it was remarked by all in court that upon the
production of the playing-card, the Nine of Hearts, he was greatly
agitated.

V.

THE EVIDENCE OF IDA WHITE, LADY'S-MAID.

 The next witness called was Ida White, an attractive-looking
woman about thirty years of age.

The Attorney-general. "What is your name?"

Witness. "Ida White."

The Attorney-general. "Do you know the prisoner?"

Witness. "Yes; he was my master."

The Attorney-general. "In what capacity were you employed?"

Witness. "I was lady's-maid to his wife, my poor dead mistress."

The Attorney-general. "Were you in her service before she was

married?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "What was her maiden name?"

Witness. "Agnes Beach."

The Attorney-general. "When you first entered her service were

her parents alive?"

Witness. "Both of them."

The Attorney-general. "Do they still live?"

Witness. "No. Mrs. Beach died on my mistress's wedding-day; Mr.

Beach died in February of this year."

The Attorney-general. "Was your late mistress very much affected

at her mother's death?"
 Witness. "She almost lost her reason. She fell into a fever, and
was scarcely expected to live. It was weeks before she recovered."

The Attorney-general. "Have you any knowledge of the

circumstances of your mistress's engagement with the prisoner?"

Witness. "She was very much in love with him."

The Attorney-general. "And he with her?"

Witness. "I don't think so."

The Attorney-general. "And according to your observation, not

being in love with her, he engaged himself to her?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Was she a good-looking woman?"

Witness. "She would not generally be considered so."

The Attorney-general. "Is this a fairly good likeness of her?"

(Photograph of the deceased produced, which, after the witness

had examined it, was handed to the jury. It represented a woman,
very plain, with a face which seemed to lack intelligence.)

Witness. "It is very like her."

The Attorney-general. "Was she strong-minded?"

Witness. "No, she was not but she was very obstinate when she
took it into her head."

The Attorney-general. "How old was she at the time of her

engagement with the prisoner?"

Witness. "Twenty-eight."
 The Attorney-general. "Do you know the prisoner's age at the
time?"

Witness. "My mistress told me he was twenty-four."

The Attorney-general. "Was she well-formed?"

Witness. "No."

The Attorney-general. "Had she a good figure?"

Witness. "No."

The Attorney-general. "Many plain women have some peculiar

attraction, either in manners or features. Had she anything of this
kind to distinguish her?"

Witness. "I cannot say she had."

The Attorney-general. "But there might have been other

attractions. Was she brilliant in conversation?"

Witness. "On the contrary. She had very little to say for herself
upon general subjects."

The Attorney-general. "But she was passionately in love with the

prisoner?"

Witness. "Passionately."

The Attorney-general. "Did she limp?"

Witness. "Yes. One leg was shorter than the other."

The Attorney-general. "Had she known the prisoner for any length
of time before the engagement?"

Witness. "For a few weeks only, I believe."

 The Attorney-general. "In what way did he make her
acquaintance?"

Witness. "He came to the house."

The Attorney-general. "In a friendly way?"

Witness. "He came first upon business."

The Attorney-general. "To see whom?"

Witness. "My mistress's father, Mr. Beach."

The Attorney-general. "Upon what business?"

Witness. "Upon betting business, my mistress said."

The Attorney-general. "What was Mr. Beach's occupation?"

Witness. "He was a book-maker."

The Attorney-general. "A betting man?"

Witness. "Yes. He used to make large books."

The Attorney-general. "On racing?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Was he an educated man?"

Witness. "No."

The Attorney-general. "Would you call him a vulgar man?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Did he move in good society?"

 Witness. "He did not."

The Attorney-general. "But he was rich?"

Witness. "Very rich. He drank a great deal of champagne."

The Attorney-general. "You say the prisoner first came to the

house upon business. Do you know upon what particular business?"

Witness. "It was something about horses, and bets he had made
upon them."

The Attorney-general. "Bets which he had lost?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "How was it that your mistress became

acquainted with him on that occasion, when the fact was that he
came upon business?"

Witness. "He was asked by Mr. Beach to stay to dinner, and he

stayed."

The Attorney-general. "Mr. Beach, you say, was not in good

society. Had he any desire to get into it?"

Witness: "He was crazy about it."

The Attorney-general. "Upon the first occasion of the prisoner

dining at Mr. Beach's house, did your mistress make any remark with
reference to the prisoner?"

Witness. "She never ceased speaking about him. She said she had
seen the handsomest man in the world."

The Attorney-general. "Narrate as briefly as you can what

occurred between your mistress and the prisoner up to the time they
were engaged."
 Witness. "He came five or six times to the house, and every time
he came my mistress was more and more in love with him. I
understood from what she told me that he was in difficulties, and
that he had lost a great deal of money at horse-racing."

The Attorney-general. "Did he keep racing horses?"

Witness. "I did not understand that, but that he had been betting
upon horses. There was money owing not only to Mr. Beach, but to
other book-makers as well, and the prisoner wished Mr. Beach to
arrange the whole matter. 'Those things are easily arranged,' I said
to my mistress; 'all you have to do is to pay.' 'But supposing you
haven't the money to pay?' asked my mistress. 'I thought Mr. Layton
was a gentleman,' I said. 'There are poor gentlemen as well as rich
gentlemen,' my mistress said, 'and my papa gets a lot of money out
of all sorts of people.' That was true enough; I have heard him and
his friends chuckling over it many times, and Mr. Beach used to call
them a lot of something fools. I heard a great deal about 'swells,' as
Mr. Beach called them, being ruined by backing horses, and I knew
that that was the way he had grown rich. He used to say that he
had got a lot of stuck-up swells under his thumb. 'I can arrange Mr.
Layton's business with papa,' my mistress said; and when I found
her practising songs at the piano, out of time and out of tune--for
she had no ear for music--I knew that she was making up to him. It
came about as she wished, and one night she told me she was the
happiest woman in the world--that Mr. Layton had proposed and she
had accepted him."

The Attorney-general. "Were there rejoicings in the house?"

Witness. "A good many big dinners were given, but I can't say
much for the company. My mistress was sometimes very happy, and
sometimes very miserable. To-day she complained that he was cold
to her, to-morrow she would go on in the most ridiculous way
because he gave her a flower, as though it was better than a big
diamond."
 The Attorney-general. "Did he seem to be wanting in attention to
her during the courtship?"

Witness. "He wasn't a very warm lover, as far as I could see. But
my mistress was so much in love that she put up with anything. He
had only to give her a smile or a pleasant word, and you would think
she was in heaven."

The Attorney-general. "How did the prisoner get along with Mr.
Beach?"

Witness. "I know they had words on two or three occasions."

The Attorney-general. "About what?"

Witness. "About the settlements. My mistress told me, and she

said her father was a screw."

The Attorney-general. "A screw! What was meant by the word?"

Witness. "That he was mean and sharp, that was what she
meant."

The Attorney-general. "Go on. That her father was a screw--"

Witness. "And wanted to bind Mr. Layton down too tight. He had
conversations with her about it."

The Attorney-general. "He! Who?"

Witness. "Mr. Layton."

The Attorney-general. "Did he seek these conversations?"

Witness. "Oh no; they were of her seeking. She was afraid that
something might occur to break off the engagement. She said to me
more than once, 'If anything goes wrong, I sha'n't care to live.' I
never in all my life saw a woman so madly in love as she was."
 The Attorney-general. "Do you know the result of those
conversations about the settlements between the prisoner and your
mistress?"

Witness. "Both Mr. Beach and Mr. Layton stood out, and I don't
believe either of them would have given way if my mistress had not
taken it up. She and her father had some warm scenes."

The Attorney-general. "By 'warm' do you mean 'angry?'"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Whose money was it that was in dispute?"

Witness. "Mr. Beach's. He was rich; Mr. Layton had no money to

settle. My mistress used to say, 'I know that I am not very
handsome, but I can make Mr. Layton comfortable all his life, and I
am sure we shall get along very well together. Papa shall do
whatever I want.'"

The Attorney-general. "Then is it your impression that the

prisoner paid court to her for her money?"

Witness. "I don't think he would have looked at her else."

The Attorney-general. "And that your mistress was aware of it?"

Witness. "She must have had some notion of it, but it couldn't
have been a pleasant thing for her to talk much about, and it
seemed to me that she was glad to avoid it. She didn't think she was
as plain as she was. No woman does."

The Attorney-general. "How was the matter finally arranged?"

Witness. "The money was settled upon my mistress, and after her
death it was to go to Mr. Layton."

The Attorney-general. "Do you know what the amount was?"

 Witness. "My mistress told me it was £20,000."

The Attorney-general. "Which would come absolutely into the

prisoner's possession when his wife died?"

Witness. "I understood so. My mistress did say something else

about the settlement. 'There's one thing I would like put in about
the money,' she said, 'and that is, that it shouldn't be his if he
married again; but I would not dare to mention it.'"

The Attorney-general. "Did she give you a reason for not daring to
mention it?"

Witness. "Yes; that he would break the engagement."

The Attorney-general. "Now, about the wedding. Was it a private

or public wedding?"

Witness. "Not private--oh no, not at all! there were at least a

hundred at the wedding breakfast, and any amount of champagne
was opened."

The Attorney-general. "What kind of company?"

Witness. "Mixed--very much mixed."

The Attorney-general. "Be more explicit. Were there many of Mr.

Beach's set there?"

Witness. "They were all of his set."

The Attorney-general. "But some of the prisoner's friends were

there as well?"

Witness. "Not one. There were words about it."

The Attorney-general. "On the wedding-day?"

 Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Words between whom?"

Witness. "Between Mr. Beach and Mr. Layton. I heard Mr. Beach
say, I gave you thirty invitations to fill up and Mr. Layton answered,
didn't fill up one of them. I didn't intend that a friend of mine should
meet such a crew as I knew you would get together.' 'Not good
enough for you, I suppose?' said Mr. Beach. 'No,' said Mr. Layton,
'decidedly not good enough,' and then he walked away."

The Attorney-general. "Did your mistress make any remark on the

subject?"

Witness. "No she was too happy to find fault with anything. She
was delighted, too, with the wedding presents. There was nearly a
room full of them."

The Attorney-general. "Many of them from the prisoner's friends?"

Witness. "Not one."

The Attorney-general. "Do you mean to inform the court that not
a single friend or relative of the prisoner's was present, and that
among the wedding presents there was not a single token from his
connections?"

Witness. "Not a single one."

The Attorney-general. "Well, they were married, and they went

away?"

Witness. "Yes; they took the night train to Paris."

The Attorney-general. "Did you accompany them?"

Witness. "No."
 The Attorney-general. "Did your mistress's mother die before they
left?"

Witness. "No; some hours afterwards, and a telegram was sent

on to them in Paris, at the Hotel Bristol."

The Attorney-general. "What is the next thing you remember?"

Witness. "A telegram arrived from Mr. Layton, requesting me to

come to Paris immediately. We received the telegram at about two
o'clock on the day after the wedding, and I went by the night train."

The Attorney-general. "Did any person meet you?"

Witness. "Yes; Mr. Layton. He said my mistress was very ill, and
he took me to the hotel. She was in bed, and she remained there for
several weeks. I attended her the whole of the time."

The Attorney-general. "Did she have good doctors?"

Witness. "The best that could be got."

The Attorney-general. "Was the prisoner attentive to her?"

Witness. "Pretty well; I shouldn't have liked it."

The Attorney-general. "What do you mean by that?"

Witness. "Well, he never sat by her bedside for any length of

time; he never held her hand; he never kissed her. Oh, it is easy to
tell when a man loves a woman!"

The Attorney-general. "How long was it before she was able to

get about?"

Witness. "Quite three months."

 The Attorney-general. "Did she then return to England with her
husband?"

Witness. "Not for another month. They went to Italy, and I went
with them."

The Attorney-general. "Did the prisoner's attentions to his wife

undergo any marked change after her convalescence? Was he more
affectionate--more lovingly attentive?"

Witness. "Not that I saw. All he seemed to crave for was

excitement. It was nothing but rushing here and rushing there.
Every night some theatre or entertainment to go to; every day riding
about, and dining out at different places."

The Attorney-general. "So that there was not much of home life?"

Witness. "None at all."

The Attorney-general. "Was this state of things agreeable to your

mistress?"

Witness. "I am not sure. Sometimes she suggested to her

husband that they should spend a quiet evening at home, but he
always replied that he had tickets, or had taken seats, for some
place of entertainment. When she spoke to me of the life they were
leading, she used to say how attentive her husband was to her, and
how he was always looking out for something to amuse her. But I
did not regard it in that light; I thought it was more for himself than
for her that he kept up such a round of excitement. It helped him to
forget."

The Attorney-general. "To forget what?"

Witness. "That he was a married man."

 The Attorney-general. "During those early days were there any
quarrels between them?"

Witness. "No, not what you can call quarrels. Sometimes she
complained, or found fault, but he seldom at that time answered her
in any way to cause a quarrel--that is, so far as he was concerned. It
was different afterwards. There were occasions during their honey-
moon--if you can call it a honey-moon--and at first when they were
settled at home, when his silence provoked my mistress, and made
her madder than an open row would have done. But the more she
stormed the quieter he was, and these scenes always ended in one
way: Mr. Layton would leave the house, and remain absent for a
good many hours. Then my poor mistress would torment herself
dreadfully, and would cry her eyes out, and rave and stamp about
like a distracted creature. 'He will never come back!' she would say.
'I have driven him from me! He will make away with himself! What a
wretch I am!' A ring at the bell or a knock at the door would send
her flying down-stairs to see if it was her husband. I was really
afraid sometimes that she would go quite out of her mind. Then,
when he came back, she would rush up to him and throw her arms
round his neck, and sob, and fall upon her knees to ask forgiveness.
It was a dreadful life to lead."

The Attorney-general. "In what way would the prisoner receive

these tokens of penitence on the part of your mistress?"

Witness. "In just the same way as he received her scoldings. The
one remark I heard him make to her in those days--not always in
the same words, but always to the same effect--was, 'You should
have more control over yourself.' I used to wonder that a man could
be so provoked and keep so cool. But a person may be cold outside
and hot inside."

The Attorney-general. "Do you think that was the case with the
prisoner?"
 Witness. "Yes, I do think so."

The Attorney-general. "Well, they came home and settled down?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Now about the home they occupied? Did

they rent it, or was it their own property?"

Witness. "It was their own property. My mistress said it was

purchased partly with her own money, and that it was included in
the settlements."

The Attorney-general. "What do you mean by 'partly with her own

money?' money she had saved or inherited?"

Witness. "No money she won upon races."

The Attorney-general. "Was she, then, in the habit of betting?"

Witness. "She used often to put money on a horse. She would

say, 'Papa has given me a good tip, and I am going to put twenty or
thirty pounds on. If you like, Ida, you can have half a sovereign with
me.'"

The Attorney-general. "And did you?"

Witness. "Yes, because she wished me, and because I knew I was
safe. Mr. Beach was a very knowing man. My mistress would back a
tip he gave her at twenty-five to one. I have known her back it at
fifty to one. She would do this sometimes before the weights
appeared. Then her father would say, 'Aggie' (that is what he called
her)--'Aggie, your horse is at ten or twelve to one. I am going to
hedge part of your money for you.' As my half-sovereign was in my
mistress's bet, of course I went with her and I more often won than
lost."
 The Attorney-general. "Without going minutely into the
technicalities of horse racing and betting, may we take it that the
principle of the hedging you have spoken of is wise, from a gambling
point of view?"

Witness. "Oh yes. By backing a likely horse at a long price, as my

mistress had the opportunity of doing through her father, and by
laying against it if it comes to a short price, you reduce the chances
of losing. That is good hedging."

The Attorney-general. "Can anybody do that?"

Witness. "Well, not exactly. Those who are behind the scenes
have the best advantage. As a rule the people who back horses are
gulls. That is why the book-makers make fortunes. They are playing
at a game they know nine out of ten who bet with them are playing
at a game they don't know. That is how it is. I have heard Mr. Beach
say, 'The devil is on our side.'"

The Attorney-general. "Meaning on the side of the book-makers?"

Witness. "Yes."

The Attorney-general. "Were you fond of betting yourself?"

Witness. "I hated it. I only did what my mistress advised me to

do, to please her."

The Attorney-general. "To return to the house which was partly

paid for with the money your mistress won. Did the prisoner take an
active part in the selection of the furniture?"

Witness. "He did nothing whatever. Everything was done by my

mistress, and she was disappointed because he would not go with
her to the different establishments she visited. But in the end she
argued as she always did when he was in question. He was quite
right, she said; she could not expect him to trouble himself about