COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES

DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD FOOD INSECURITY IN

JAMMA WOREDA OF SOUTH WOLLO ZONE, AMHARA REGION

BY
MEZGEBU AYELE, WOLDE

JANUARY, 2019
ADDIS ABABA
 COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES

DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD FOOD INSECURITY IN

JAMMA WOREDA OF SOUTH WOLLO ZONE, AMHARA REGION
BY
MEZGEBU AYELE,WOLDE
THESIS ADVISER
MESKEREM ABI (PhD)

MSC THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO CENTER FOR FOOD

SECURITY STUDIES, COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES,
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

January,2020
Addis Ababa
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures..............................................................................................................iv
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………..v
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1
1.1Background of the Study............................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................3
1.3. General objective..................................................................................................................5
1.3.1. Specific objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.4. Research Questions...................................................................................................................5
1.5 Review of Related Literature.....................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework.............................................................................7
1.5.1.1 Conceptual.......................................................................................................................7
1.5.1.2 Definition of Food Security and Conceptual Perspective....................................................9
1.5.1.3. Theoretical Approaches to Food insecurity..................................................................10
 The Food Availability Decline (FAD) Approach...............................................................11
 The Food Entitlement Decline (FED) Approach................................................................11
1.5.1.4. Households Coping Mechanisms against Food Insecurity...........................................11
1.5.2 Determinant of Food insecurity in Ethiopia......................................................................12
1.5.3. Conceptual model of Household Food Insecurity............................................................13
1.6. Description of the Study Area and the Research Methods.....................................................14
1.6.1. Description of the study area...........................................................................................14
6.2. Research design......................................................................................................................16
1.6.3 Sample techniques and sample sizes....................................................................................16
1.6.4 Sample size determination....................................................................................................16
Table 1:Distribution of Sample Household heads.....................................................................18
1.6.5 Data collection types and sources.........................................................................................18
1.6.5.1 Primary Sources.............................................................................................................18
1.6.5.2. Secondary sources.........................................................................................................18
1.6.5.3. Tools of data collection....................................................................................................19
1.6.5.4 Household Surveys........................................................................................................19
1.6.5.5. Key informant interviews (KII)....................................................................................19
1.6.6 Field observations.............................................................................................................20
1.6.7 Techniques of data analysis..................................................................................................20
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study...........................................................................................20
1.8. Data Validity and Reliability..................................................................................................20
1.9 Ethical Consideration...............................................................................................................21
1.10 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................21
Reference.......................................................................................................................................23
List of Tables and Figures
figure1: The conceptual model of household food insecurity……....……….12
Figure 2: Jamma Woreda in its national and regional settings ………………15
Table 1: Distribution of Sample Household heads…………………….….…19
Abbreviations
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
CSA Central Statistical Authority
DFID Department for International Development

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FSS Food security strategies

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute

MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

NDRMC National Disaster Risk Management Commission

NGOS Non-Governmental Organizations
PSNP Productive Safety Net Program
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WFP World Food Programme
1.INTRODUCTION

1.Background of the Study

We are living in a world where more than one billion people are poor, 800 million are food
insecure, and where about 170 million children are malnourished .The problem of hunger and
food insecurity have global dimension and are likely to persists and even increase dramatically in
some regions due to the anticipated increase in the world’s population and stresses on natural
resources and also the households with insufficient access to food often face other challenges
related to food insecurity including poor health and a decline in productivity. These challenges
can often create a vicious circle where households are unable to produce enough food, even in
good years,because they are attacking chronic health issues and are unable to work to their full
potential has led much of the development agenda to search for specific areas for intervention
given limited resources and growing populations in many developing countries (IFPRI,2010).

According to FAO (2010), the total number of undernourished people in the World is estimated
to have reached 1023 million in 2009 but, is declined to 925 million in 2010. Though the number
of hungry people in the world is declining, the hunger remains high. Currently, the number of
hungry and chronically undernourished people in the world reached 821 million, which is up
from 811 the previous year (WFP,2019). The majority of food insecure and hungry people live in
developing countries, which account for 98%.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the most vulnerable region in the world currently facing widespread
chronic food insecurity as well as persistent threats of famine (Devereux and Maxwell, 2003).
Ethiopia is one of the most food-insecure and famine-affected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Over 80 percent of the Ethiopian population lives in rural areas and is heavily dependent on rain-
fed agriculture;thismakes them extremely vulnerable to changes in weather conditions(Anderson
et al.,2009). Food insecurity has become one of the defining features of poverty in Ethiopia. The
state of poverty in Ethiopia is among the worst in the world measured by most socio-economic
and human development indicators. Over the period 2005-2010, the Human Development Report
(HDR) ranked the country as 157th, out of 169 countries.

There are millions of people who have been facing food insecurity that can be explained as either
chronic or transitory in nature (Desalegn et al,2013; African Development Bank, 2014). But also,
the number of food-insecure people in the country increasing from time to time; which was
estimated to 2.9 million in 2014 and 4.5 million in August 2015 and by the end of the same year
these numbers had more than doubled to 10.2 million food-insecure- people. Drought and land
degradation, population pressure, instability, and armed conflict are major sources of food
security problems in Ethiopia (Abduselam,2017). The food security situation in Ethiopia is
highly linked to regular food shortages and famine in the country, which is associated with
recurrent drought (Deribe,2018). According to CSA, the Ethiopian population will exceed 126
million by the year 2030. This increase in population will impose additional stress on the already
depleted resources of land, water, food, and energy (Dessale,2019).

The vulnerable groups in Ethiopia, an estimated 2.9 million people require relief food assistance
in 2015, an increase from 2.7 million for the same period in 2014. All of the above data indicate
the food security situation in Ethiopia has been a long-standing challenge to the government,
donors, and other international organizations.

Nowadays, food insecurity has gained great attention by policy makers, researchers,
governmental and non-governmental organizations and development workers. In line with this,
ensuring food security remains a key issue for the government of Ethiopia. Jamma Woreda is one
of the drought-prone Woreda of South Wollo Zone. The main reasons for selecting Jamma
woreda has been repeatedly prone to seasonal food insecurity even during the periods of good
rain. So the purpose of this study will be to examine the factors determining household food
insecurity in the study area.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
About 870 million people in the world are estimated to have been undernourished (in terms of
dietary energy supply) in the period 2010–2012. This figure represents 12.5 percent of the global
population or one in eight people. The vast majority of these, 852 million, live in developing
countries, where the prevalence of undernourishment is now estimated at 14.9 percent of the
population (FAO,2012).Despite the reduction in the food poverty index, the scale of food
insecurity and malnutrition remains serious23 million people have insufficient income to meet
their food needs (WFP,2011).Nevertheless, the latest FAO estimates indicate that about 805
million people in the globe are chronically undernourished in between the years 2012–14, of
which an estimated 791 million chronically hungry people were from developing countries. This
means that about one in every nine people in the world and one in eight people in developing
regions still has insufficient food for an active and healthy life. Food security in Africa has come
under extremely threats due to some factors some of which are natural while some are artificial
depending on the circumstances and some are socio-economic and political the countries
involved. Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world with more than 27.8 percent of its
population is believed to be living below the poverty line in the year 2012 and is ranked 173 out
of 182 countries in Human Development Index (Ermias,2018).

The severity of food insecurity problem in Ethiopia varies from region to region depending up on
natural resources availability. Drought is the only significant cause of chronic food insecurity in
Ethiopia (Tsegamariam,2019). Currently, there is a growing consensus that food insecurity and
poverty problems are closely related in the Ethiopian context. More than 50% of the total
population, of whom the majority reside in rural areas, does not have access to the medically
recommended minimum average daily intake of 2100cal per person per day (Adimasu
etal.,2019).

It is the fact that hunger and food shortages have been widespread in rural and urban parts of
Ethiopia for many generations. Since the Derg regime took the position, the issues of food
security became a concern in public policy address and a variety of program initiatives were put
in place to tackle the problem (Desalegn et al, 2013). This means that before the Derg regime,
few institutions were operating in the food and agriculture sector and has not been increased
awareness of the complex causes of food shortages and a growing determination on the part of
decision-makers to bring an end of the food shortage and hunger from the vulnerable people in
the country.

Amhara regional state is the most affected by food insecurity in Ethiopia. One of these is the
mixed farming production system area which is South wollozone. Most of the land resources
(mainly the soils and vegetation) of this part of the country have been highly degraded because
of the interplay between some environmental and human factors such as relief, climate,
population pressure and the resultant over-cultivation of the land, deforestation of vegetation and
overgrazing. The area is generally considered as resource poor with limited or no potential and
hence highly vulnerable to drought (Mota et al.,2019).Jamma Woreda is one of the food insecure
areas (Mulumebet,2010).The rate of population growth is increasing due to lack of knowledge on
family planning, services on the part of the household head, limited or no health-related service
providers and socio-cultural influence instated of (Mulugeta.,2016).
The productivity of agricultural system in Jamma woreda is very low. The poor production and
productivity of crop and livestock resulted in food insecurity (Dessale,2019). This implies the
existence of socioeconomic, demographic and other factors underlying the poverty and food
insecurity problem in the study area. Having this background, this study will be, to examine the
determinants of household food insecurity in Jamma woreda, Amhara Region. To the best of my
knowledge, there are no studies done on household food insecurity in Jamma woreda.
Therefore, this study will be conducted in order to fill this gap by sharing strong empirical
evidence on determinants of food insecurity and household food security status in the Jamma
woreda. The result of this study will be intended to be useful for policy makers, land use
planners, and development practitioners in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular,
who are seeking to understand how best to respond to the problems of food insecurity by
identifying their major determinants. Moreover, the households will be able to gain adequate
knowledge on understanding the best ways of alleviating the problems of food insecurity.
1.3. General objective

The general objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of household food insecurity
in JammaWoreda, Amhara Region

1.3.1. Specific objectives are to

1. analyze the socio-cultural food situation of the households in Jamma Woreda
2. examine factors limiting food production in Jamma woreda,
3. Identify the determinant factors related to food consumption patterns of the household in
Jamma woreda,
4. examine the major coping strategies used by the farmers during food crises

1.4. Research Questions

i. Which socio-economic factors relate with and best explain the levels of food insecurity of
these households?
ii. What is the relationship between food insecurity and its determinants?
iii. How are the coping strategies followed by the households against the risks of food
shortage?
1.5 Review of Related Literature
Food insecurity is an evolving concept. There are many definitions of food insecurity, which is a
clear indication of differing views and approaches to the problem. FAO defined food insecurity
as “a situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and
nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life” (FAO, 2010;
Marion,2011).According to this definition, factors that may lead to a situation of food insecurity
include non-availability of food lack of access, improper utilization and instability over a certain
time period. Household food insecurity in Ethiopia has been studied by many researchers, who
came up with different findings. Food security situation in Ethiopia and causes of food
insecurity, and found that about 10% of Ethiopia’s citizens are chronically food insecure and this
figure rises to more than 15% during frequent drought years. According to them, the
deteriorating food security situation in Ethiopia is caused by multifactor, which include
population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food
production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack,
shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension services, high labor
wastage, poor social and infrastructure facility and pre-and post-harvest crop loss(Endalewet
al,2015). This is partially so due to the multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral nature of food
security. Many disciplines including agriculture, anthropology, economics, nutrition, public
policy, and sociology, as well as numerous national and international governmental and non-
governmental agencies have been engaged with the term food security (Jones et al.,2013).

The predominant way of thinking about food insecurity has changed considerably over time.
Food insecurity has become more holistic in nature, complex and people-cantered
(Nombo,2007). Historically, food insecurity has been considered in terms of overall regional,
national or even global food supplies and shortfalls in supply compared to requirements
(Maxwell, 1996).

Food insecurity is defined as inability of a household or a nation to meet target consumption

levels in the face of fluctuating production, prices, and incomes. The Life Sciences Research
Office (LSRO) of USA defines food insecurity as the “limited or uncertain availability of
nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in
socially acceptable ways” (Bickel et al.,2000).
1.5.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Food security and hunger are by no means tightly-defined concepts and different definitions arise
depending on the number of factors involved. These include the scope of the analysis, namely
whether the causes or the effects of food insecurity are being examined and whether the situation
is real or potential; whether the analysis is in qualitative or quantitative terms; and the level at
which analysis is being carried out: a macro- or country-wide level, a meso- or regional level, or
a micro- or household level (Masset, 2010).

Whereas food security describes adequate access to enough food at all times ensuring a healthy
active life, food insecurity basically measures hunger. This was seen at the 1996 Rome World
Food Summit when governments pledged to halve world hunger levels by 2015 and again in
Target 3 of the MDG’s aim to ‘halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger but in the years 2011-2013, an estimated 842 million people were suffering
from chronic hunger. The United Nations (UN) recognized the Right to Food in the Declaration
of Human Rights in 1948 and has since noted that it is vital for the enjoyment of all other rights
(Parvathamma,2015). As article 25 of UDHR puts it “everyone has the right to a standard of
living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family including food, clothing,
housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control”.

Food security was understood as adequacy of food supply at global and national levels until the
mid-1970’s. This view favored simply food production-oriented variables and overlooked the
multiple forces which in many ways affect food access. Evidences show that during the last two
decades, food production has been increasing in the world. However, large amount of food at
global level does not guarantee food security at national level. Moreover, availability of enough
food at national level does not necessarily ensure household food security (Tsegay,2009). For
instance, in 1990, the calorie supply at global level was more than 110 percent compared to the
total requirement.

However, during the same period, more than 100 million people were affected by famine and
more than a quarter of the world’s population was short of enough food (UNDP, 1992).
Although food production has been increasing from time to time, food insecurity, malnutrition
and hunger and much more serious problems would remain the main agenda in the globe today
(Barrett, 2002).The conceptual framework of food security has also progressively developed and
expanded with occurrence of hunger, famine, and malnutrition are increasing from time to time
in developing countries. The idea of food security attained wider attention since the 1980s after
the debate on ‘accesses to food and the focus of the unit shifted from global and national levels
to household and individual levels. This paradigm came with new concept and definition of food
security and it led to two additional major shifts in thinking; from a first food approach to a
livelihood perspective and from objective indicators to subjective perceptions (Maxwell et al.,
1994). The most commonly accepted definition of Food security is “access by all people at all
times to enough food for an active and healthy life” (World Bank, 1986).

Food insecurity is a situation in which individuals have neither physical nor economical access to
the nourishment they need. A household is said to be food insecure when its consumption falls to
less than 80% of the daily minimum recommended allowance of caloric intake for an individual
to be active and healthy. In particular, food insecurity includes low food intake, variable access
to food, and vulnerability- a livelihood strategy that generates adequate food in good times but is
not resilient against shocks. These outcomes correspond broadly to chronic, cyclical, and
transitory food insecurity, and all are endemic in Ethiopia (Devereux, 2000). When an individual
or population lacks, or is potentially vulnerable due to the absence of, one or more factors
outlined above, then it suffers from, or is at risk of, food insecurity. According to the World
Food Summit of 1996, food insecurity exists when people do not have Physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their Dietary needs and food
preferences for an active healthy life. It has been reported by URT (1999) that food insecurity is
indicated by the population who are unable to get 270kgs of grains per adult per year. Food
insecurity is conceptualized in several ways. It is conceptualized as transitory (when it occurs in
times of crisis), and chronic (when it occurs continuingly).Researchers and policymakers have
begun to use the terms "permanent food insecurity" as a chronic and "periodic food insecurity" as
a transitory to describe the different types of food insecurity (FAO, 2010). Individuals may
experience "periodic food insecurity" if they do not have access to healthy food due to seasonal
variation or for brief periods. "Permanent food insecurity" has been used to describe long-term
periods without food.
The WHO states that there are three pillars that determine food security: food availability,
food access, and food use. The FAO adds a fourth pillar: the stability of the first three
dimensions of food security over time. In 2009, the World Summit on Food Security stated
that the "four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization, and stability.

Food Availability: according to FAO (2013), food availability is a dimension of food security
that plays a prominent role. Enough supply (availability) of food to a population is a necessary
but not sufficient condition for food access. Food availability relates to the supply of food
through production, distribution, and exchange is determined by a variety of factors including
land and use; soil management; crop selection, breeding, and management; livestock breeding
and management; and harvesting. Crop production can be impacted by changes in rainfall and
temperatures. Food distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and
marketing of food. Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also impact
the amount of food wasted in the distribution process. Food availability can be seen as a physical
availability of food and it is a direct result of individual access to resources. Food availability
combined with food access leads to food security at the individual household level.

Food Accessibility: food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the
preferences of individuals and households’ (1996) also puts “the physical and economic access
to sufficient food “as the basic point of the food security definition.

The assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can
determine a household's access to food. However, the ability to access to sufficient food may not
lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. Demographics and education
levels of members of the household as well as the gender of the household head determine the
preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that are purchased. A
household's access to enough and nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake of all
household members, as intra-household food allocation may not sufficiently meet the
requirements of each member of the household (Hiwot,2014).

Utilization: proper biological use of food, requiring a diet with sufficient energy and essential
nutrients, potable water and adequate sanitation, as well as knowledge of food storage,
processing, basic nutrition and child care and illness management.
The concept of food security also has spatial and temporal dimensions. It is possible to analyze
food security at the global, continental, national, sub-national, village, household, or individual
level (Hoddinott,1999).Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization, since the
health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized for example, intestinal parasites can
take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. Sanitation can also decrease the
occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. Education about nutrition and
food preparation can impact food utilization and improve this pillar of food security
(Maxwell ,1996).
Stability: food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food security can be
transitory, seasonal, or chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during
certain periods of time. At the food production level, natural and drought result in crop failure
and decreased food availability. Civil conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in
markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity.

1.5.2. Theoretical approaches to food insecurity

General explanation of food insecurity. The general approach has pointed out a number of
environmental and socio-economic attributes assumed to explain famine and food security. The
principal ones include: rapid population growth, war and civil strife, drought, ecological
degradation, government mismanagement, unequal access to resources and unequal exchange,
socio-economic and political dislocation (Getachew, 1995). The argument of this approach is
that one or a combination of these can disrupt food production. However, production failure may
or may not result in famine or food insecurity. Due to this fact, the attributes (factors) are not
precise explanations of the causation of the process of famine.

It is in response to this major problem weakness that the specific approaches (models) of famine
emerged (Degafa,2002). From the theoretical and empirical causes and determinants of food
insecurity, it can be generalized that food insecurity is a function of environmental crises, rapid
population growth, poor assets basis, socio-cultural related issues, and poor access to market and
infrastructure (Tsegay,2009).
 i. socio-cultural factors: education has a tremendous influence on the food
security status of households. Educational attainment by the household
head could lead to awareness of the possible advantages of modernizing
agriculture by means of technological inputs; enable them to read
instructions on fertilizer packs and diversification of household incomes
which, in turn, would enhance household’s food supply (Kidaneet
al.,2005).
ii. Demographic Theories: the central concern of demographic theory is the relationship
between population growth and food availability in which two divergent and competing
theories exist regarding their relationship. The first theory is the Malthusian perspective
which aims that uncontrolled rapid population growth is the cause of food shortage and
argues that, unless population growth is checked, food production cannot keep pace with it.
However, Malthus theory faces critiques from different scholars as the theory fails to allow
for means of improving household food security (Degefa,2005). The second theory regards
large population growth as a positive stimulant for economic and social development in
which the works of Easter Boserup is remarkable. Boserup (1965) sees population growth as
a force, favoring an adoption and diffusion of technological innovation that expands
agricultural production, thereby reducing vulnerability to food insecurity and hunger. She
argues that the positive effect of population growth is by making financially feasible
investment in infrastructures such as irrigation, energy, transport and improved production
technologies (Degefa,2005).
iii. Climatic Theory: climatic theory considers drought or/and flood as a causes of crop failure
and leads to food insecurity in areas of rain-fed agriculture. Both scarcity and excessive
water have adverse effects up on crop and livestock production that are the main stay of
livelihood of farm households. In sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries, drought and
flood cause many disasters that had causes the deaths of millions of people (Degefa,2005).
For instance, the Ethiopian famine in1958, 1973, 1984 and 2002-2003 are partly explained
by drought and resultant crop failures and massive deaths of livestock. Drought also causes
reducing rural employment and drastic increase of food prices in the market which, in turn,
would leads to problem of food access through purchase in the market. Thus, various food
security problems could be attributed to climatic
1.5.3. Theoretical and conceptual models of food insecurity

A. The Food Availability Decline (FAD) Approach

The Food Availability Decline Approach had been a dominant theoretical explanatory
framework for food crises since the eighteenth century until the year 1980. The availability
declines per capita of food for consuming unit. This approach conceived famine as shortages of
food supplies per capita, motivated by natural factors; e.g., drought, floods and other calamities
that undermine crops; or demographic factors, i.e., vegetative growth that goes beyond supply
(Hewitt, 1993).

B. The Food Entitlement Decline (FED) Approach

Amartya Sen’s influential book ‘poverty and Famine’ (1981) decisively shifted the focus of
famine analysis from supply side to the demand side. The entitlement approach emphasizes
access to food, or people’s relationship to the food, rather than the availability of food (Devereux
and Maxwell,2003). The empirical review for this study is organized some causes of food
insecurity documented in Ethiopia and other developing countries of the world particularly in
Africa. and generalizes the findings of certain previous studies concerning the determinants of
food insecurity.

1.5.4. Causes of Food Insecurity in Other Developing Countries

Achieving food security in its totality continues to be a challenge not only for the developing
nations, but also for the developed world. The difference lies in the magnitude of the problem in
terms of its severity and proportion of the population affected. Mwanki (2005) mentioned the
main causes of food insecurity in developing countries. Some of them include: unstable social
and political environments that preclude sustainable economic growth, war and civil strive,
macro-economic imbalances in trade, natural resource constraints, poor human resource base,
gender inequality, inadequate education, poor health, natural disasters, such as floods and locust
infestation, and the absence of good governance. All these factors contribute to either insufficient
national food availability or insufficient access to food by households and individuals. Other
causes include rapid population growth, limited access to agriculture-related
technical
assistance, underdeveloped agricultural sector and lack of knowledge about
profitable soil fertility management practices leading to expansion in to less-
favorable lands. Barriers to market are also causes of food insecurity in
Africa (Mwanki, 2005; FAO, 2005).

As he mentioned some barriers of market access were poor infrastructure,

market standards, limited information, and requirements for large initial
capital investments, limited product differentiation, and handicapping
policies. Diseases and infection are also identified as causes of food
insecurity.

1.5.5. Households Coping Mechanisms against Food Insecurity

In addition to the role of government, to cope up with the food insecurity situation households in
the country used different coping mechanisms (Seid, Biruk,2017). Different findings in Ethiopia
revealed that farm households in rural parts of Ethiopia apply different coping mechanisms
which includes sales of a livestock, agricultural and certain types of off-farm employment and
migration to other areas, taking a loan for the purchase of grains, gathering and selling firewood
and charcoal burning for energy, conducting petty trade, daily wage labor, and handicrafts
(Birara et al.,2015).Studies conducted in the Central parts of Ethiopia argued that farmers applied
diverse coping mechanisms in order to attain food security which includes selling animal dung
and crop residues, reducing meat consumption from their livestock, minimizing the level of food
consumption, consuming wild plant species, reliance on remittance from their relatives,
depending on relief assistance, selling their clothes and offering part of their houses for sale
(Birara et al., 2015). Various studies conducted in the Northern parts of Ethiopia confirmed that
reducing meal consumption, postponing special festivals, selling small ruminants, harvesting
food crops that are not well matured, livestock selling to purchase food, loan/gift requesting from
relatives, reducing school and medical expenses, relief assistance and selling farm tools were
used as a coping mechanisms to food insecurity (Arega,2015).

Coping mechanisms used by farm households in rural Ethiopia include livestock sales,
agricultural employment, certain types of off-farm employment and migration to other areas,
requesting grain loans, sale of wood or charcoal, small scale trading, selling cow dung and crop
residues, reduction of food consumption, consumption of meat from their livestock, consumption
of wild plants, reliance on relief assistance, relying on remittances from relatives, selling of
clothes, and dismantling of parts of their houses for sale (Bedek, 2012).

1.5.6. Determinant of Food insecurity in Ethiopia

Different factors that affecting food security status of the farmer in Ethiopia. Access to
agricultural extension services, off farm income, number of oxen owned, total land size and
safety net participation are found to be the major determinants of household food insecurity that
significantly reduce the level of HHFS.Military conflict, Socio-Cultural Factors, Poor Asset Base
of the Rural Households, Environmental Crises and Demographic Factors.

Whereas age dependency ratio, family size, crop disease incidence and fertilizer utilization are
uncovered to be significant and positive covariates of household food insecurity in
(Negash&Alemu,2013). According to Siraje &Bekele (2013) study shows family size, age of
household head, dependency ratio, livestock disease incidence was causing food insecurity.

1.5.7. Conceptual model of Household Food Insecurity

The factors that determines food insecurities are education, household age’s, input availability,
technology, adoption, farm size, land quality, price of input and credit have been identify as the
available income with the households. Family size, income distribution with household, food
price, employment statues are the determinants of access of the household and gender
expenditure on food, dietary intake, dietary safety, and health are considered as the determinant
of utilization. Education has a tremendous influence on the food security status
of households. Educational attainment by the household head could lead to
awareness of the possible advantages of modernizing agriculture by means
of technological inputs; enable them to read instructions on fertilizer packs
and diversification of household incomes which, in turn, would enhance
household’s food supply (Kidaneet al., 2005).
In general, many of the natural and human induced factors that made
Ethiopia a food-insecure
country at the national level over the last few decades are mentioned in a
paper by Degafa (2002)
 food availability, food access and food utilization combined affect food
security status.

Food availability and food accesses themselves are influenced by various internal and external
factors. These factors are the determinants of the household’s access to resources, volume of
production and storage. Absorption capacity of the body which can be manifested through the
demand for verities, dietary composition and health aspects has significant impact on the level
and ability of the body to utilize a given food. These three factors altogether affect food security
status

Figure1: conceptual model of Household Food Insecurity

Household food insecurity

Food availability Food utilization

Access to food

Dietary safety

Healthy status

Storage

Production Income

Food aid Food price Gender of HH

Rainfall Farm size and oxen Age of household head
Soil quality Agricultural input, House hold size
Water availability Fertilizer, seed. Education/Literacy
Access to forest resource
1.6. Description of the Study Area and the Research Methods
1.6.1. Description of the study area
The study will be carried out in Jamma woreda. It is located in the Northeastern part of Amhara
National Regional State, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Geographically, the woreda is located
between 10°23′0″ and 10°27′0″N latitude and between 39°07′0″ and 39°24′0″E longitude. The
woredahas an altitude that ranges from 1600 to 2776 meter above sea level. Jamma woreda is
bordered on the Southeast by Qechene River which separates it from North Shewa Zone, on the
west by Kelala, on the North by Legahida, on the Northeast by Wore Ilu, on the South by Mida,
on the east by Gera Mider and Keya Gebrieal.TheWoreda capital town,Degolo, is about 260
kilometers away from Addis Ababa and 110 kilometers away from the zonal city of South Wollo
Zone, Dessie (Desale,2019).

The Woreda has 23 kebeles. With traditional climatic zone classification JammaWoreda is
consisted of 77.1% Dega, 22.3% WoinaDega, and 0.6% moist Kola. The topography of the area
is heaving with medium slope and widely distributed gullies in sub-watersheds (Mulugeta,2016).
Due to rolling types of the area, the erosion hazards have series impact on farmland. Average
rainfall of Woreda is 1130 mm and the average land size per individual farmer is 1.5 ha. The
woreda has uni-modal rainfall. Soil composition of the Woreda by color is as follow. 63% black,
10% red, 17% gray and 19% brown with 84.2% clay 6.8% sandy and 9% alluvial accumulation
soil texture. The watersheds are dominated with verity clay soil (Abidu,2010).

Jamma Woreda’s population is estimated to be around 148, 168 people based on 2016 CSA
projection and the recent Woreda’s population is estimated around 149,925 peoples (Jamma
Woreda communication office report,2019). The Woreda has a population density of 147.58
persons per square kilometer. 32,165 households are counted with having 4.39 persons to each
household. The sole economy is crop production supplemented by livestock rearing. 80 % of the
Woreda’s population livelihood depends on mixed agriculture, 16.6% of the population depends
on crop production alone, 3% and 9.4% on handcrafts and trade respectively. Wheat, Teff, red
sorghum and pulses are the main crops grown in the area. Sheep, cattle and equines are the main
livestock types reared. Cash is generated from the sale of livestock and livestock products more
than crop sales in the area (Mulugeta,2016).

Figure 2: JammaWoreda in its national and regional settings Map

Source :( Moges, 2018)

6.2. Research design
This research has a cross-sectional study design because cross-sectional study designs will be
used for population-based surveys. It is not costly to perform and does not required a lot of time.
This study will use mixed type of research involving both qualitative and quantitative methods
and to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data.
The strategy followed in this research is concurrent triangulation to explain concepts,
characteristics, descriptions and measures to express situations of the issues.

1.6.3 Sample techniques and sample sizes

The target population for this study will be all household heads of Jammaworeda.This study
employed; two stages sampling techniques will be select sample households. At the first stage,
Jamma Woreda will be selected purposively because considering the size of people and the other
reasons the woreda has faced by food deficit (shortage) in every year and the population is
supported by safety net program and food aid is common in the area (Mulumebet,2010).

Although rate of population growth is increasing due to lack of knowledge on family planning,
services on the part of the household head, limited or no health-related service providers and
socio-cultural influence instated of (Mulugeta,2016). The productivity of agricultural system in
Jamma woreda is very low. The poor production and productivity of crop and livestock resulted
in food insecurity (Dessale,2019). Mainly, the familiarity of the researcher with the study area
causes to select purposively because the study sites have food insecurity issues.

Second step: three kebeles, namely. Micha, Boren and Gomatsa will be selected by using simple
random sampling techniques. Because simple random sampling techniques to minimize biasness
and followed by the proportional technique at the total of 180, household heads will be selected.

1.6.4 Sample size determination

To determine sample size Yamane (1967) provides a simplified formula to calculate sample sizes
and the level of precision (e) = ± 7% will be assume for Equation.
 N

Where n= 1+ N (e) 2
n is the sample size,

N is the population size

e is the level of precision.

In addition to this, will be going to use proportionate sampling that will be enable us in taking
samples from each sub strata’ which are to be select from the target population.

N = 410+480+615=1505, where, Micha, Boren and Gomatsa respectively

N = the total number of households
N = 1505
e = the margin of error = 7% or 0.07
n= the total sample size of households
1505
n= 1+ 1505(0.07) 2
n =180
Then, I will be to apply proportionate sampling to obtain how many respondents will be select
from each stratum by using formulas: nh = nh (Nh)/N

Where: nh = Sample size for stratum h

Nh is the numbers of households for stratum h

N is the total numbers of households and n is the total sample size.

 nh1 = 180(410)/1505 = 49
 nh2 =180(480)/ 1505 = 57
 nh3=180(615)/1505 = 74
So that, nh1=49, nh2=57, and nh3 = 74 are the sample size of the strata to the kebele, Micha,
Boren, and Gomatsarespectively.
Table 1: Distribution of Sample Household heads
Sample Kebeles Total number of households of sample
kebele**
Male Female Total sample households
Headed Headed
Micha 200 210 410 49
Boren 250 230 480 57
Gomatsa- (Dega) 300 315 615 74

Total 750 755 1,505 180

1.6.5Methods of data collection and sources

Primary Sources
The primary data will be largely collected from sampled rural household s in the study area. A
formal survey method will be employed using a structured questionnaire. Before starting the
actual data collection, the questionnaire will be pre-tested and on the basis of the results
obtained, the necessary modifications will be made to the questionnaires. The household heads
will be asked about food security and related issues to gather qualitative and quantitative data
pertaining to household demographic characteristics, asset possession, off-farm/ non-farm
income, livestock ownership, types and amounts of food eaten by the household in a specific
period. Other additional data will be also collected including resource endowments, farm
technology use, access to credit, accessibility of farm inputs, attitudinal and other aspects of
households including food and non-food consumption. The primary data will be asked where
elderly and knowledgeable people about the area will ask on various issues of the study.
Similarly, the copping strategies practiced by households will be also collected at different
levels.

Toolsand techniques of data collection:

Both primary and secondary data will be collected from different sources to identify important
variable that affect household food insecurity. Generate primary data household interview
schedule will be ask the respective household direct food insecurity status, the determinants of
household food insecurity, range of coping stratagem practice by food insecurity households.
Secondary data will be collected from published and unpublished sources from related to the
subject.

Household Surveys

To generate quantitative information at household level, household survey will be undertaken

by developing structured questionnaires. The developed structured questionnaire will translate
into the local language, ‘Amharic’ for the convenience of data collection during household
survey. To achieve the objective of the study. Thus, household survey will be conducted by
selecting three development agents as enumerators for each study site and deep discussion will
be also held to make the questionnaire clear. Thee numerators will be selected from
development agents and teachers working in sample kebeles based on their experience in the
area and communication skills.

purpose of the questioner will be to collect necessary data from the sampled population to
examine determinants of household food insecurity in JammaWoreda.

The survey will be conducts on the selected 180, households. In order to avoid redundancy of
respondent households and make the research valid. Sampled households will be selected
simple random sampling techniques.

Key informant interviews (KII)

The data will be collected from respondents and key informants by employing structured and
semi-structured interviews. The interviews will also be held with the three kebele
administrators, and the head of woreda agriculture office, and the head of
disaster risk management office. The interview will be conducted by
preparing interview guides.
Field observations
In addition to the above data collection methods, a field visit will be executed by the researcher
to substantiate and augment the information obtained through other primary and secondary data
collection tools. The biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of the area will be explored
through the field observation. In the meantime, experts and administrators in the woreda and
kebeles will be the interview body.
Secondary sources
Document review will be also the most important data collection instrument. Different published
and unpublished documents, journals, the determinants of food insecurity related workshop
manuals, Brusher, magazines and other key documents which necessary and related to the study
objectives will be review to incorporate and enrich the findings of the study.

1.6.6 Techniques of data analysis

After completion of fieldwork, the data will be coded and entered into Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software for windows version 20. Here after, data will be cleaned and
verified for analysis.

The descriptive narrative analysis approach will be conducted for the qualitative data generated
through field observations and key informants. In addition, descriptive analysis method will be
used to describe data collected from sample households. Qualitative data also analyzed
physically by identifying thematic area of the study.

The quantitative data generated through household interview and questionnaire survey will be
analyzed by employing Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 20) computer
software. Then, results of data analysis will be presented by creating a frequency and percent
table format of variables. Descriptive statistical analysis will be carried through cross tabulation
by frequency and percentage.
Logistic regression analysis will be used to analyze relationships between a dichotomous-
dependent variable and independent variables. In this case, multiple independent variables will
be presented simultaneously to predict membership of dependent variable which will be
dichotomous (categorical).

Study variables

Dependent variable: household food insecurity will be measured by Food Insecurity Access
Scale even though there are many food security measurement tools.
Dependent variable will be coded as the following: Household food security status (0=food
secure, 1=food insecure).

Independent variables

Agricultural inputs (improved seeds and fertilizers); have confidence to escape from food
insecurity; Household Size; Educational level of household head; Age of household head’s in
years; Livestock own; Land size; Income of the household head; Access to forest resource;
Access to market; Infrastructure and dependency ratio of the households.

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The research is delimited geographically because of time and financial constraints. Regarding the
geographical delimitation, it is confined to the Jammaworeda only on specifically selected three
kebeles namely, Micha, Gomatsaand Boren.In addition, the study will be focused to examine the
determinants of food insecurity such as socio-cultural, education, agricultural inputs, dependency
ratio, householdsize, livestock own; land size; income of the household head; access to forest
resource; access to market; infrastructure and dependency ratio of the households.

Concerning the conceptual dimension, since the concept of food insecurity is multi-dimensional;
the researcher could not cover all concepts and all critical factors causing food insecurity within
a short period and limited budget.

1.8. Data Validity and Reliability

To check the clarity of the feedback questions, reliability and validity tests will be conducted before
the data collection. After the test, some modifications will have been made on the interview guide and
questionnaire.In order to avoid redundancy of respondent households and make the research
valid.Study subjects will be also informed about the aim of the study and confidentiality will
be kept. The questionnaire format will be tested before the main study for its reliability and
finally, the data will be checked for its completeness before analysis.
1.9 Ethical Consideration
The concerned people in the Jamma Woreda will be communicate through a formal letter from
Addis Ababa University food security and development studies department office. The
objectives of the research will be clearly explained to focus group discussions, key informants.

In case of data collection, ethical considerations will be seriously taken into account to ensure the
protection, integrity, anonymity, consents and other human elements of the informants. The
respondents will not identify by names and their consent will be required during interview and
discussions
1.10 Significance of the Study

This study would provide findings on status of food insecurity and its determinants of
ruralhousehold. Identifying and understanding factorsthat cause food\insecurity would afford
information for policy makers, planners, governmental and nongovernmental organizations
which are working in the areas of food security program in order to modify and re-plan food
security program interventions and take measurements on causes of food insecurity. In addition,
it indicates gaps to be filled by further studies sothis study will have both academic and policy
significance.

Moreover, theconcerned organizations and institutions that have interest of interventions in the
study area will get additional information and better understanding of local conditions so that
enables them to design relevant programs that targets and aims at combating critical factors
causing food insecurity among farm households of the study area. Furthermore, by analyzing the
challenges linked with food insecurity in the study area, the data obtained from the study will
help as a springboard for the researchers as they are conducting and investigating further study
on related topics among rural farm households. Finally, the study will contribute for the
development practitioners and policy makers to have better knowledge as they will assess the
need for assistance, judge the effectiveness of existing programs design in helping such people
with food insecurity as to where and how to intervene and respond food crisis situation in the
study area. Furthermore, there is no or only small number of researches on household food
insecurity determinants and the Dietary consumption statues of Jamma woreda household heads.
The output of this research, therefore, will fill the knowledge gap in local and institutional
responses to household food security in the study area.

Budget breakdown
S/N Items Duration Payment rate Total (ETB)

1 Transportation and data 30days 600ETB/day 18,000

collections
2 Secretarial and printing 30/days 6000
100ETB/day
3 Fuel expense 5000
4 Stationery materials 5000
Total 34,000
Time table

2019/2020

Activities Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

Proposal
development
Agreement signing

Data collection and

entry
Data analysis and
interpretation
Write up
Submission to
adviser and
incorporation of
Comments
Thesis defense

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