S.H.

JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC
DOMBIVLI (W)

A Microproject Report on
“Build traffic light controller for specified
delay”

1126 – Paras Bagde

1132 – Chirantan Ahirrao
1143 – Kunal Raut
1146 – Gaurav Thakare
1147 – Devesh Phanse

Under Guidance: -
Ms. Mitali Choudhary

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Gaurav Thakare, Mr.

Chirantan Ahirrao, Mr. Devesh Phanse, Mr.
Kunal Raut, Mr Paras Bagde of the Fourth
Semester of Diploma in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering of Institute
S.H.J.P(code 0044) has completed Micro Project
satisfactorily in course for the academic year
2023-24 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Dombivli Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project.

However, it is not possible without the kind
support and help of our teachers and college
staff. We would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them. We are highly indeed to
S.H.J.P for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project. We would
like to express my gratitude towards our
parents for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.

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 Topic
Index

Sr No. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction 5

2 555 Timer IC 6

3 Circuit diagram 10

4 Working 11

5 IC 555 12

6 100µF capacitor 13

7 100K resistor 14

8 47K resistor 15

9 39 resistor 16

10 330 resistor 17

11 Breadboard 18

12 LED 19

13 9V battery 20

14 Result 21

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 Introduction

Four Way Traffic Lights Circuit using 555 Timer IC. In this traffic light
project we are going to design a circuit, to control traffic lights on a
four-way signal. This circuit is designed by 555 Timer IC timer and a
decade counter. The timer generates pulses and these pulses are fed
to the ten stage decade.Traffic signal lights are very Important to
regulate vehicles and traffic on roads, simple four way traffic light
circuit is designed with timer IC 555
we know each traffic signal light setup will have three colors and
representing Red for STOP, Yellow for WAIT, and Green for GO, those
signals are works based on time intervals. Traffic light has proved to
be an amazing way to stop the vehicular collisions and control the
traffic jams in today’s modern era where everyone owns the different
types of vehicles.

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 555 TIMER IC

The 555 Timer, designed by Hans Camenzind in 1971, can be found

in many electronic devices starting from toys and kitchen appliances
to even a spacecraft. It is a highly stable integrated circuit that can
produce accurate time delays and oscillations. The 555 Timer has
three operating modes, bistable, monostable and astable mode.
The 555 IC has the following operating modes:
1. Astable (free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as an
electronic oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse
generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse
position modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC,
converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g., selecting a
thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a
temperature sensor and the period of the output pulse is determined
by the temperature). The use of a microprocessor-based circuit can
then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even
provide calibration means.
2. Monostable (one-shot) mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as
a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing
pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency
divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM)
and so on.
3. Bistable (flip-flop) mode – the 555 operates as a SR flip-flop. Uses
include bounce-free latched switches.
4. Schmitt Trigger (inverter) mode - the 555 operates as a schmitt
trigger inverter gate which converts a noisy input into a clean digital
output.

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 Block Diagram of IC 555

The block diagram of a 555 timer is shown in the above figure. A 555
timer has two comparators, which are basically 2 op-amps), an R-S flip-
flop, two transistors and a resistive network.

• Resistive network consists of three equal resistors and acts as a

voltage divider.
• Comparator 1 compares threshold voltage with a reference
voltage + 2/3 VCC volts.
• Comparator 2 compares the trigger voltage with a reference
voltage + 1/3 VCC volts.

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 IC 555 TIMER PIN DIAGRAM:

Pin Description: Pin 1(GND):Ground reference voltage, low level (0V) .

Pin 2(TRIG):The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when
this input falls below ya of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 Vcc,
CTRL being 2/3 Vcc by default if CTRL is left open)
Pin 3(OUT): This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc,
or to GND.
Pin 4(RESET): A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to
GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above
approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides threshold.
Pin 5(CTRL): Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider
(by default, 2/3 Vcc).
Pin 6(THR): The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at
threshold is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).
Pin 7(DIS): Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor
between intervals. In phase with output.
Pin 8(Vcc): Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15
V depending on the variation.

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The important features of the 555 timer are :

• It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from +

5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
• Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
• The external components should be selected properly so that
the timing intervals can be made into several minutes along
with the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz.
• The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-transistor
logic (TTL) due to its high current output.
• It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm)
per degree Celsius change in temperature, or equivalently
0.005 %/ °C.
• The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.
• The maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and
its trigger and reset inputs has logic compatibility. More
features are listed in the datasheet.
•

Applications of 555 Timer circuits

To know more about applications of 555 Timer IC take a look at the
following :

• 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE MULTIVIRATOR

• 555 TIMER AS A MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
• 555 TIMER OSCILLATOR
• 555 TIMER – RAMP GENERATOR
• 555 TIMER PROJECTS

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Circuit Diagram

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 Working
Here we have used two such astable circuits with the first astable
circuit powering the other. So the second 555 timer IC will be powered
only if the output of first 555 timer IC is ON.
The red LED is connected such that it turns ON only if the output of
first 555 timer IC is at 0V. This is because the other terminal of red LED
is connected to positive voltage. Yellow LED turns ON during discharge
mode of second 555 IC, and the green LED turns ON whenever the
output of second 555 timer IC is at positive voltage.
Immediately after we power ON this circuit, output of the first 555
timer IC will be in ON state because the voltage at PIN-3 (Trigger Pin)
is less than 1/3rd of the supply voltage. The red LED cannot turn ON
yet, but the second 555 IC is powered and so the green light turns ON.
The capacitor of 2nd 555 timer IC slowly charges and as soon as it
charges to 2/3rd of the supply voltage (Threshold Voltage), the output
of 2nd 555 IC turns OFF and the yellow LED glows because the
discharge pin is activated.
Normally the yellow LED would turn ON for the same time as the green
LED. But even before the capacitor of 2nd 555 timer IC reaches 1/3rd
of supply voltage, the voltage across capacitor of 1st 555 timer IC
reaches 2/3rds of the supply voltage and so the output of 1st 555 IC
turns OFF, resulting in yellow LED turning OFF and the red LED turning
ON.
This cycle repeats again and again.

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 IC 555

➢ The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer,

delay, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. It is one of
the most popular timing ICs due to its flexibility and price.
Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits in one
package.

➢ 555 timer is used in almost every electronic circuit today. A 555

timer works as a flip-flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a particular
set of configurations. Some of the major features of the 555
timers would be,

1. It operates from a wide range of power ranging from +5 Volts to

+18 Volts supply voltage.
2. Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
3. The external components should be selected properly so that
the timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with
the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz

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 100 µF Capacitor

This Photo by Unknown

➢ This category of capacitors is known for its ability to store and

discharge energy, playing a pivotal role in managing power
supply and enhancing the performance of electrical systems.

➢ General purpose aluminum electrolytic capacitor 100uF (micro-

farad) 50 volts. Description: This is a great capacitor for use in
power regulation to smooth voltage fluctuations. This can also
be used in sensor applications to remove noise in the signal.

➢ 100 Microfarad capacitor is available in various voltage ratings -

12V, 16V, 25 V, ..... 63 V etc. If voltage applied to the capacitor
exceed the voltage rating, it's leakage current increases, life
reduces and even can result in damage to the capacitor.

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 100K resistor

➢ A 100K resistor is a type of resistor with a value of 100,000 ohms.

Resistors are passive electronic components that are used to
resist the flow of electrical current in a circuit.
➢ The 100K ohm resistor, as a passive component, finds
applications in reducing current flow, adjusting signal levels, and
more in electronic circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses.
Key Features:
• Accurate resistance rating
• Safe and long-term stability make these 100K ohm resistors
ideal for precise electronic applications.
• Wide applications operating range
• Generates less noise than carbon composition resistor
• Low tolerance
• Low temperature co-efficient of resistance
• Small in size

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 47kΩ resistor

This Photo by Unknown Author is

➢ One common type is the 47k resistor, which has a resistance

value of 47,000 ohms. These resistors are often used in audio
circuits, such as amplifiers and filters, as well as in digital circuits
like microcontrollers
➢ It's a 47k ohm 1/8 watt Resistor. This is a four band through hole
resistor. This is a general purpose resistor which is generally used
for control system system, power supply, motor driver driver
circuit and for many more application.

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 39Ω Resistor

➢ A 39-ohm resistor is an electronic component that has a

resistance value of 39 ohms. Resistors are passive two-terminal
electrical components that limit the electric current flowing
through a circuit. The resistance value, measured in ohms,
determines how much the resistor impedes the flow of current.

Here are some key points about a 39-ohm resistor:

1. Resistance Value: The resistor has a resistance of 39

ohms. This means that when a voltage of 1 volt is applied
across its terminals, a current of 1/39 amperes
(approximately 0.0256 amperes or 25.6 milliamperes) will
flow through the resistor according to Ohm's Law (V = IR).

2. Applications: Resistors are used in various electronic

circuits for purposes such as voltage division, current
limiting, and signal conditioning. The specific application
of a 39-ohm resistor would depend on the requirements
of the circuit in which it is used.

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 330Ω resistor

A 330 ohm resistor is a commonly used component in electronic

circuits. It is a type of resistor that restricts the flow of current in a
circuit, which makes it an essential part of many electronic devices.
This type of resistor can be found in a range of applications, including
LED lights, sensors, and motors.

1. Resistance Value: The resistor has a resistance of 330 ohms. This

implies that when a voltage of 1 volt is applied across its
terminals, a current of 1/330 amperes
2. Power Rating: Resistors are designed to handle a certain amount
of power without getting damaged. The power rating is usually
expressed in watts. A 330-ohm resistor commonly has a
standard power rating such as 1/4 watt, 1/2 watt, or higher.
3. Applications: Resistors play a crucial role in electronic circuits for
various purposes, including current limiting, voltage division,
and signal conditioning. The specific application of a 330-ohm
resistor depends on the requirements of the circuit in which it is
used.

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 Breadboard

➢ A breadboard (sometimes called a plugblock) is used for building

temporary circuits. It is useful to designers because it allows
components to be removed and replaced easily. It is useful to
the person who wants to build a circuit to demonstrate its
action, then to reuse the components in another circuit.

➢ A modern solderless breadboard socket consists of a perforated

block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or
nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations.

Pros & cons of using a breadboard

1. inexpensive.
2. it's reusable, no soldering is required.
3. changes to a circuit are simple to make by plugging
components in and out.
4. easy circuit construction.

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 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor Fig :Parts
of an LED

Uses :
• Used for TV back-lighting
• Used in displays
• Used in Automotives
• LEDs used in the dimming of lights

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 9V Battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that

supplies a nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2
to 9.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various
sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size is
known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios.

The PP3 battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one

end. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger
hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact.
The connectors on the battery are the same as on the load device;
the smaller one connects to the larger one.

➢ The 9V (nine volt) battery is a rectangular dry cell classified by

its 48.5mm x 26.5mm x 17.5mm dimensions and one-sided
clasp terminals. They hold mid-range capacities upwards of
1,200mAh and were often used in radios, but today are used
more for walkie-talkies, clocks, smoke detectors, and house
alarms.

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 Result

Conclusion : THIS KIT EXPLAINS ABOUT THE PROJECT “ 4 WAY

TRAFFIC SIGNAL USING 555 TIMER IC

Future Scope:
• The project is useful in developing countries and project has a bright
future as it is the improvement of the smart traffic system.
• The system can be replaced by image processing system which can
give efficient results.
• We can reduce the density of traffic in particular areas with this
process.

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