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 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY

David M. Kroenke | David J. Auer | Scott L. Vandenberg | Robert C. Yoder

40th Anniversary Edition

DATABASE PROCESSING
Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation
15th Edition

Chapter 7
SQL for Database Construction and Application Processing

Prepared By
David J. Auer
Western Washington University
Instructor's Manual to accompany:

Database Processing: Fundamental, Design, and Implementation (15th Edition)

David M. Kroenke | David J. Auer | Scott L. Vandenberg | Robert C. Yoder

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

❖ CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To be able to create and manage table structures using SQL statements
• To understand how referential integrity actions are implemented in SQL statements
• To be able to create and execute SQL constraints
• To understand several uses for SQL views
• To be able to use SQL statements to create, use, and manage views
• To gain an understanding of how SQL is used in an application program
• To understand how to create and use functions
• To understand how to create and use triggers
• To understand how to create and use stored procedures

❖ IMPORTANT TEACHING NOTE – READ THIS FIRST!

Chapter 7 is intended to be taught in conjunction with one of these downloadable online
chapters depending on which DBMS product you are using:
• For Microsoft SQL Server 2017, use online Chapter 10A.
• For Oracle Database 12c Release 2 or Oracle Database XE, use online Chapter
10B.
• For MySQL 5.7, use online Chapter 10C.
For each topic discussed in Chapter 7, there is a more detailed and DBMS specific
treatment of the same topic in online Chapters 10A, 10B, and 10C.
When you teach a topic in Chapter 7, extend the coverage with the associated material
in online Chapters 10A, 10B, and 10C.
Assignments from the end of chapter Review Question, Project Questions, Cases and
Projects also can and should be coordinated between Chapter 7 and the online DBMS
specific chapters.
The online Chapters are available for downloading at
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke/.

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

❖ ERRATA
[05-MAY-2018 – David Auer] Page 412. The Queen Ann Curiosity Shop Project
Question M has a misspelled word. The corrected question text is:
Write an SQL statement to create a view called EmployeeSupervisorView that shows who, if anyone,
supervises each employee at The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop, and which contains E1.LastName as
EmployeeLastName, E1.FirstName as EmployeeFirstName, E1.Position, E2.Lastname as
SupervisorLastName, and E2.FirstName as SupervisorFirstName. E1 and E2 are two aliases for the
EMPLOYEE table, and are required to run a query on a recursive relationship. Include employees
who do not have a supervisor. Run the statement to create the view, and then test the view with an
appropriate SQL SELECT statement.

[05-MAY-2018 – Scott Vandenberg] Page 416. There is an error in the list of values for
the STORE.Country column. Based on Figure 7-61, possible values should include the
People’s Republic of China, but not Hong Kong because Hong Kong is now part of the
People’s Republic of China. The corrected question text is:
Values of the Country column in the STORE table are restricted to: India, Japan, People’s Republic of
China, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, and United States.

[05-MAY-2018 – David Auer] Page 412. The Queen Ann Curiosity Shop Project
Question M has a misspelled word. The corrected question text is:
Write an SQL statement to create a view called EmployeeSupervisorView that shows who, if anyone,
supervises each employee at The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop, and which contains E1.LastName as
EmployeeLastName, E1.FirstName as EmployeeFirstName, E1.Position, E2.Lastname as
SupervisorLastName, and E2.FirstName as SupervisorFirstName. E1 and E2 are two aliases for the
EMPLOYEE table, and are required to run a query on a recursive relationship. Include employees
who do not have a supervisor. Run the statement to create the view, and then test the view with an
appropriate SQL SELECT statement.

[06-MAY-2018 – Bob Yoder] Page 412. The Queen Ann Curiosity Shop Project
Question Q has an incorrect SQL view name. The corrected question text is:
Write an SQL statement to create a view called CustomerFirstNameFirstSaleSummaryView that
contains SALE.SaleID, SALE.SaleDate, CUSTOMER.CustomerID, the concatenated customer name
using the FirstNameFirst function, SALE_ITEM .SaleItemID, SALE_ITEM.ItemID,
ITEM.ItemDescription, and ITEM.ItemPrice. Run the statement to create the view, and then test the
view with an appropriate SQL SELECT statement.

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

❖ TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
• If your students have been using Access, now is really the time to switch to Microsoft
SQL Server 2017, Oracle Database, or MySQL 5.7. Refer your students to the
beginning of Online Chapter 10A for Microsoft SQL Server 2017, Online Chapter 10B
for Oracle Database (Oracle Database Express Edition 11g Release 2, aka Oracle
Database XE is heavily recommended), and Online Chapter 10C for MySQL 5.7
setup instructions.
• The SQL examples shown in Chapter 7 and the questions in the end of chapter
material work the best with the Transact-SQL (T-SQL) used in Microsoft SQL Server
2017. If your students are using Microsoft SQL Server 2017, they should be able to
create the tables, populate the tables and run the other SQL commands with little
trouble. The SQL used in Microsoft Access 2016, Oracle Database (PL/SQL), and
MySQL 5.7 varies in their ability to support all the SQL commands used here.
Oracle Database and MySQL do a better job of supporting standard SQL, while
Microsoft Access has significant variations from the standard. In the answers to the
end of chapter questions I have often shown the solution using two or more of the
three DBMSs. Otherwise, I primarily use Microsoft SQL Server 2017. If your
students are using Microsoft Access 2016, Oracle Database, or MySQL 5.7 check
the solutions to the questions before you assign them so that you can tell your
students what to watch out for!
• As discussed in the IM Chapter 2 suggestions, there is a useful teaching technique
that will allow you to demonstrate the SQL queries in the text using MS SQL Server if
you have it available.
• Create a new SQL Server database named Cape-Codd.
• Use the SQL statements in the *.sql text file DBP-e15-MSSQL-Cape-Codd-
Create-Tables.sql to create the Cape Codd database tables (the additional
tables used in the Chapter 2 Review Questions, are also created).
• Use the SQL statements in the *.sql text file DBP-e15-MSSQL-Cape-Codd-
Insert-Data.sql to populate the Cape Codd tables (the additional tables used
in the Chapter 2 Review Questions, are also populated).
• Open the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and select the Cape-
Codd database.
• In the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, open the *.sql text file DBP-
e15-MSSQL-Cape-Codd-Query-Set-CH02.sql. This file contains all the
queries shown in the Chapter 2 text.
• Highlight the query you want to run, and then click the Execute Query button
to display the results of the query. An example of this is shown in the
following screenshot.
• All of the *.sql text files needed to do this are available in the Instructor’s
Resource Center on the text’s Web site
(www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke).

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

• The trick shown for SQL Server 2017 also works for Oracle Database using the
Oracle SQL Developer and for MySQL 5.7 using the MySQL workbench.
• Remind your students that Microsoft Access does not support all SQL constructs.
• Because of the complexity of the SQL statements to construct the View Ridge
Gallery VRG database, the necessary SQL scripts are included in the set of student
data files available at the text’s Web site (www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke).
• Review Questions 7.04-7.40 are specifically designed to reinforce the most important
basic ideas of creating and populating tables, with a bit on SQL views also included.
These exercises are based on our recent classroom teaching experience, which
taught us the need for some very basic exercises in creating and populating tables
before going on to more complex assignments. This set of exercises is very heavily
recommended!
• Tell your students that a check constraint that provides an enumerated list is often
implemented with a table and a relationship. For example, the constraint CHECK
(Rank IN (‘FR’, ‘SO’, ‘JR’, ‘SR’)) could be implemented by creating a Rank table and
placing the list in that table. Now the Rank attribute becomes a foreign key and
referential integrity enforces the constraint. Changing the list means adding and
deleting from the RANK table.
• The relationship of database applications and the DBMS is sometimes confusing.
For a simple application using a personal DBMS such as Microsoft Access, the
application and the DBMS are nearly indistinguishable. If an application has only a
few forms and reports, and all of these are created using DBMS facilities, then the
application and the DBMS are the same. On the other hand, for an organizational
database processed by say, Oracle Database, any application elements discussed in
this chapter would be provided by application program code completely separate

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

from the DBMS. It’s easier to understand all of this by focusing on application
functions that must be provided — in some cases by facilities in the DBMS and in
other cases by separate application programs.
• It is important to distinguish between an SQL view (the logical structure of data
elements) and a materialization of the view (a form or report). One SQL view can
have many materializations. While this distinction has always been important, it has
become even more so in light of three-tier architecture.
• Remind students that views can be used to implement certain types of security. Most
commonly, they are used to restrict access to attributes and to restrict actions on
tables. This is discussed in detail in Chapter 9.
• You might also remind students that sometimes SQL views are necessary to
complete certain queries.
• Too often students understand how SQL can be used for interactive query, but do
not really understand its role in application processing. In fact, SQL is far more
frequently used for SQL view processing as described here than it is as an
interactive query tool.
• SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM), stored procedures and triggers
complete a student’s understanding of how database systems work. Often, we talk
about designing database systems to enforce business rules but find many rules that
we cannot enforce through design alone. Triggers will help enforce most rules that
design cannot enforce.
• SQL *sql files containing the solutions to the questions and projects at the end of the
chapter are available on the text’s Web site (www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke).

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

❖ ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

7.1 What does DDL stand for? List the SQL DDL statements.

DDL stands for Data Definition Language. DDL statements include:

• CREATE TABLE

• ALTER TABLE

• DROP TABLE

• TRUNCATE TABLE

7.2 What does DML stand for? List the SQL DML statements.

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. DML statements include:

• INSERT

• UPDATE

• DELETE

• MERGE

7.3 Explain the meaning of the following expression: IDENTITY (4000, 5).

The IDENTITY keyword is used to modify a column name, and is used to specify surrogate keys.
The first number parameter after IDENTITY specifies the starting value for the surrogate key,
and the second number specifies the increment value for each additional record. Thus a column
named RelationID and modified by IDENTITY (4000, 5) will be a surrogate key named
RelationID with an initial value of 4000 (for the first record in the relation), and with following
values incremented by 5: 4000, 4005, 4010, etc.

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For this set of Review Questions, we will create and use a database with a set of tables that will
allow us to compare variations in SQL CREATE TABLE and SQL INSERT statements. The
purpose of these questions is to illustrate different situations that call for specific uses of various
SQL CREATE TABLE and SQL INSERT options.

The database will be named CH07_RQ_TABLES and will contain the following six tables:

CUSTOMER_01 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

CUSTOMER_02 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

CUSTOMER_03 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

SALE_01 (SaleID, DateOfSale, EmailAddress, SaleAmount)

SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)

EmailAddress is a text column containing an email address, and is therefore not a surrogate
key. CustomerID is a surrogate key that starts at 1 and increments by 1. SaleID is a surrogate
key that starts at 20150001 and increases by 1.

The CH07_RQ_TABLES database has the following referential integrity constraints:

EmailAddress in SALE_01 must exist in EmailAddress in CUSTOMER_01

CustomerID in SALE_02 must exist in CustomerID in CUSTOMER_04

The relationship from SALE_01 to CUSTOMER_01 is N:1, O-M.

The relationship from SALE_02 to CUSTOMER_04 is N:1, O-M.

The column characteristics for these tables are shown in Figures 7-35 (CUSTOMER_01), 7-36
(CUSTOMER_02, CUSTOMER_03, and CUSTOMER_04), 7-37 (SALE_01), and 7-38
(SALE_02). The data for these tables are shown in Figures 7-39 (CUSTOMER_01), 7-40
(CUSTOMER_02), 7-41 (CUSTOMER_04), 7-42 (SALE_01), and 7-43 (SALE_02).

7.4 If you are using Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, or MySQL, create a folder in
your Documents folder to save and store the *.sql scripts containing the SQL statements
that you are asked to create in the following Review Questions about the
CH07_RQ_TABLES database.

• For SQL Server Management Studio, create a folder named CH07-RQ-TABLES-

Database in the Projects folder in your SQL Server Management Studio folder.

• For Oracle SQL Developer, create a folder named CH07-RQ-TABLES-Database

in your SQL Developer folder.

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

• For SQL Workbench, create a folder named CH07-RQ-TABLES-Database in the

Schemas folder in your MySQL Workbench folder.

• If you are using Microsoft Access 2016, create a folder named CH07-Databases
in your DBPe15-Access-2016-Databases folder.

This is self-explanatory. The student will create the appropriate folder to hold the *.sql scripts
created in these Review Questions

7.5 Create a database named CH07_RQ_TABLES.

This is self-explanatory. The student will create the appropriate database base upon which DBMS
product they are using. For further guidance on creating a new database:

• For Microsoft SQL Server 2017, see online Chapter 10A.

• For Oracle Database, see online Chapter 10B.

• For MySQL 5.7, see online Chapter 10C.

7.6 If you are using Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, or MySQL, create and save an
SQL script named CH07-RQ-TABLES-Tables-Data-and-Views.sql to hold the answers to
Review Questions 7.7–7.40. Use SQL script commenting (/* and */ symbols) to write
your answers to Review Questions that require written answers as comments.

If you are running Microsoft Access 2016, create and save a Microsoft Notepad text file
named CH07-RQ-TABLES-Tables-Data-and-Views.txt to hold the answers to Review
Questions 7.7–7.40. After you run each SQL statement in Microsoft Access 2016, copy
your SQL statement to this file.

This is self-explanatory. The student will create an *.sql script named CH07-RQ-TABLES-
Tables-Data-and-Views.sql, unless the student is using Microsoft Access 2016 (which they really
shouldn’t be at this point!), in which case they will create a text file named CH07-RQ-TABLES-
Tables-Data-and-Views.txt to hold certain answers.

7.7 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the CUSTOMER_01 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and MySQL 5.7:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_01(
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_01_PK PRIMARY KEY(EmailAddress)
);

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

7.8 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the CUSTOMER_02 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_02(
CustomerID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(1, 1),
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database:

Oracle creates primary key surrogate values by using sequences.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_02(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL ,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

CREATE SEQUENCE seqC02 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1;

For MySQL 5.7:

MySQL creates primary key surrogate values by AUTO_INCREMENT, which always
increments by 1. The starting value may be set using an SQL ALTER TABLE statement.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_02(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

7.9 Are there any significant differences between the CUSTOMER_01 and CUSTOMER_02
tables? If so, what are they?

CUSTOMER_02 uses a surrogate primary key, while CUSTOMER_01 uses a non-surrogate

primary key.

7.10 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the CUSTOMER_03 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_03(
CustomerID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(1, 1),
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_03_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database XE:

Oracle creates primary key surrogate values by using sequences.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_03(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL ,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_03_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

CREATE SEQUENCE seqC03 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1;

For MySQL 5.7:

MySQL creates primary key surrogate values by AUTO_INCREMENT, which always
increments by 1. The starting value may be set using an SQL ALTER TABLE statement.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_03(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_03_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

7.11 Are there any significant differences between the CUSTOMER_02 and CUSTOMER_03
tables? If so, what are they?

The table structure is the same, so there are no significant differences between the
CUSTOMER_02 and CUSTOMER_03 tables.

7.12 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the CUSTOMER_04 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_04(
CustomerID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(1, 1),
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_04_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database XE:

Oracle creates primary key surrogate values by using sequences.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_04(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL ,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_03_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

CREATE SEQUENCE seqC04 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1;

For MySQL 5.7:

MySQL creates primary key surrogate values by AUTO_INCREMENT, which always
increments by 1. The starting value may be set using an SQL ALTER TABLE statement.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_04(

CustomerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT CUSTOMER_04_PK PRIMARY KEY(CustomerID)
);

7.13 Are there any significant differences between the CUSTOMER_03 and CUSTOMER_04
tables? If so, what are they?

The table structure is the same, so there are no significant differences between the
CUSTOMER_03 and CUSTOMER_04 tables.

7.14 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the SALE_01 table. Note
that the foreign key is EmailAddress, which references CUSTOMER_01. EmailAddress.
In this database, CUSTOMER_01 and SALE_01 records are never deleted, so that there
will be no ON DELETE referential integrity action. However, you will need to decide how
to implement the ON UPDATE referential integrity action.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE SALE_01(
SaleID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(20150001, 1),
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_PK_01 PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_01_C_01_FK FOREIGN KEY(EmailAddress)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_01(EmailAddress)
ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database:

Oracle creates primary key surrogate values by using sequences.

CREATE TABLE SALE_01(

SaleID INT NOT NULL,
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_PK_01 PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_01_C_01_FK FOREIGN KEY(EmailAddress)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_01(EmailAddress) );

CREATE SEQUENCE seqS01 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 20150001;

For MySQL 5.7:

MySQL creates primary key surrogate values by AUTO_INCREMENT, which always
increments by 1. The starting value may be set using an SQL ALTER TABLE statement.

);
CREATE TABLE SALE_01(
SaleID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_PK_01 PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_01_C_01_FK FOREIGN KEY(EmailAddress)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_01(EmailAddress)
ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

ALTER TABLE SALE_01 AUTO_INCREMENT =20150001;

7.15 In Review Question 7.14, how did you implement the ON UPDATE referential integrity
action? Why?

The ON UPDATE referential integrity action is implemented as CASADE. This is because the
primary key of CUSTOMER_01 (EmailAddress) is not a surrogate key, and may therefore be
changed. Any changes to EmailAdress in CUSTOMER_01 must also be made to corresponding
values in SALE_01.

For Oracle Database:

In Oracle, the ON UPDATE option is not available, so a trigger would need to be created to
enforce this:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CustSalesUpdateCascade01

AFTER UPDATE OF EmailAddress ON Customer_01
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE SALE_01 SET EmailAddress = :new.EmailAddress
WHERE EmailAddress = :old.EmailAddress;
END;
/

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

7.16 Are there any significant differences between the CUSTOMER_01 and SALE_01 tables?
If so, what are they?

SALE_01 uses a surrogate primary key, while CUSTOMER_01 uses a non-surrogate primary
key.

SALE_01 contains a foreign key with a referential integrity constraint to link it to

CUSTOMER_01, while CUSTOMER_01 does not contain a foreign key.

7.17 Could we have created the SALE_01 table before creating the CUSTOMER_01 table? If
not, why not?

No, because the primary key CUSTOMER_01.EmailAddress must be created before the foreign
key SALE_01.EmailAddress.

7.18 Write and run an SQL CREATE TABLE statement to create the SALE_02 table. Note
that the foreign key is CustomerID, which references CUSTOMER_04.CustomerID. In
this database, CUSTOMER_04 and SALE_02 records are never deleted, so that there
will be no ON DELETE referential integrity action. However, you will need to decide how
to implement the ON UPDATE referential integrity action.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE SALE_02(
SaleID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(20150001, 1),
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_02_C_04_FK FOREIGN KEY(CustomerID)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_04(CustomerID)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
);

For Oracle Database:

Oracle creates primary key surrogate values by using sequences.

CREATE TABLE SALE_02(

SaleID INT NOT NULL,
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
CustomerID INT NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_02_C_04_FK FOREIGN KEY(CustomerID)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_04(CustomerID)
);

CREATE SEQUENCE seqS02 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 20150001;

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For MySQL 5.7:

MySQL creates primary key surrogate values by AUTO_INCREMENT, which always
increments by 1. The starting value may be set using an SQL ALTER TABLE statement.

);
CREATE TABLE SALE_02(
SaleID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
DateOfSale DATE NOT NULL,
EmailAddress VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
SaleAmount NUMERIC(7,2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT SALE_02_PK PRIMARY KEY(SaleID),
CONSTRAINT S_02_C_04_FK FOREIGN KEY(CustomerID)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER_04(CustomerID)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
);

ALTER TABLE SALE_02 AUTO_INCREMENT =20150001;

7.19 In Review Question 7.18, how did you implement the ON UPDATE referential integrity
action? Why?

The ON UPDATE referential integrity action is implemented as NO ACTION. This is because

the primary key of CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID) is a surrogate key, and surrogate key values
are never changed.

For Oracle Database:

In Oracle, the ON UPDATE option is not available, but it doesn’t matter since no action is
necessary.

7.20 Are there any significant differences between the SALE_01 and SALE_02 tables? If so,
what are they?

While both tables use the same structure, they link to different versions of the CUSTOMER table,
and therefore SALE_01 uses ON UPDATE CASCADE while SALE_02 uses ON UPDATE NO
ACTION.

7.21 Could we have created the SALE_02 table before creating the CUSTOMER_04 table? If
not, why not?

No, because the primary key CUSTOMER_04.CustomerID must be created before the foreign
key SALE_02.CustomerID.

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

7.22 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate the CUSTOMER_01 table.

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_01 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

VALUES('[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_01 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_01 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_01;

7.23 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate the CUSTOMER_02 table.
Do not use a bulk INSERT command.

For Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_02;

For Oracle Database:

Note the use of the Oracle DB nextVal property:
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 VALUES(
seqC02.nextVal, '[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 VALUES(
seqC02.nextVal, '[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_02 VALUES(
seqC02.nextVal, '[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

7.24 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the CUSTOMER_01 and CUSTOMER_02 tables? If so, what are they?

Although the SQL code appears identical, the SQL INSERT statements for CUSTOMER_01
contain the primary key EmailAddress values, while the SQL INSERT statements for
CUSTOMER_02 are written anticipating that the values for the surrogate primary key
CustomerID values will be supplied by the DBMS.

7.25 Write and run an SQL INSERT statement to populate the CUSTOMER_03 table. Use a
bulk INSERT command and the data in the CUSTOMER_01 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_03 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
SELECT EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName
FROM CUSTOMER_01;

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_03;

For Oracle Database:

Note the use of the Oracle DB nextVal property and the use of the alias C for the results of the
SELECT on the CUSTOMER_01 table :
INSERT INTO Customer_03
SELECT seqC03.nextVal, C.EmailAddress, C.LastName, C.FirstName
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName
FROM CUSTOMER_01) C;

7.26 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the CUSTOMER_02 and CUSTOMER_03 tables? If so, what are they?

The SQL INSERT statements for CUSTOMER_02 contain the needed data values for the
statements, while the bull insert SQL INSERT statements for CUSTOMER_03 depend upon data
in CUSTOMER_01.

In addition, in order to use the sequence in a bulk insert in Oracle, we needed to use a nested
query in the FROM clause (see RQ 7.25 above).

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7.27 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate rows 1 through 3 in the
CUSTOMER_04 table. Note that this question involves non-sequential surrogate key
values and is based on techniques for Microsoft SQL Server 2017 in Chapter 10A, for
Oracle Database in Chapter 10B, or for MySQL 5.7 in Chapter 10C, depending upon
which DBMS product you are using.

For Microsoft SQL Server:

/* Be sure IDENTITY_INSERT is OFF for all tables. */

SET IDENTITY_INSERT CUSTOMER_04 OFF

/********************************************************************************/

/* INSERT data for CUSTOMER_04 */

/* Set INDENTITY_INSERT to ON for CUSTOMER_43; */

/* reset it to OFF after non-sequential CUSTOMER data is inserted. */

SET IDENTITY_INSERT CUSTOMER_04 ON

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

VALUES(17, '[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(23, '[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(46, '[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

SET IDENTITY_INSERT CUSTOMER_04 OFF

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_04;

For Oracle Database:

The data for CUSTOMER_04 uses non-sequential -- surrogate key values for the primary key
CustomerID, and therefore we insert the value directly instead of using the sequence.
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(17, '[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(23, '[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(46, '[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For MySQL 5.7:

The data for CUSTOMER_04 uses non-sequential -- surrogate key values for the primary key
CustomerID, and therefore we must enter directly instead of using AUTO_INCREMENT as
shown in Rewiew Question 7.12. Since CUSTOMER_04 table was created with the
AUTO_INCREMENT, we use:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER_04
MODIFY COLUMN CustomerID INTEGER NOT NULL;

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)

VALUES(17, '[email protected]','Shire', 'Robert');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(23, '[email protected]','Goodyear', 'Katherine');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (CustomerID, EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES(46, '[email protected]','Bancroft', 'Chris');

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER_04

MODIFY COLUMN CustomerID INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER_04 AUTO_INCREMENT = 47;

7.28 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the CUSTOMER_02 table and rows 1-3 of the CUSTOMER_04 table? If so,
what are they?

The data for CUSTOMER_02 uses sequential and non-preexisting surrogate key values for the
primary key CustomerID, and therefore no special coding is needed. In Oracle Databasem we
simply use the sequence created for the purpose.

The data for CUSTOMER_04 uses non-sequential and preexisting surrogate key values for the
primary key CustomerID, and therefore special coding is needed. In Oracle Database, we insert
the value directly instead of using the sequence.

The techniques for handling this type of data is discussed in online Chapter 10A for Microsoft
SQL Server 2017, online Chapter 10B for Oracle Database XE, and online Chapter 10C for
MySQL 5.7.

7.29 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate rows 4 through 6 in the
CUSTOMER_04 table. Note that this question involves sequential surrogate key values
and is based on techniques for Microsoft SQL Server 2017 in Chapter 10A, for Oracle
Database in Chapter 10B, or for MySQL 5.7 in Chapter 10C, depending upon which
DBMS product you are using.

For Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL 5.7:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Griffith', 'John');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]', 'Tierney', 'Doris');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 (EmailAddress, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES('[email protected]','Anderson', 'Donna');

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_04;

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database:

We must recalibrate the sequence to allow for the inserted values,

DROP SEQUENCE seqC04;

CREATE SEQUENCE seqC04 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 47;

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 VALUES(

seqC04.nextVal, '[email protected]','Griffith', 'John');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 VALUES(
seqC04.nextVal, '[email protected]', 'Tierney', 'Doris');
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_04 VALUES(
seqC04.nextVal, '[email protected]','Anderson', 'Donna');

7.30 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the CUSTOMER_02 table and rows 4-6 of the CUSTOMER_04 table? If so,
what are they?

No. Because both sets of data use sequential and non-preexisting surrogate key values for the
primary key CustomerID, the SQL INSERT statements are identical, and no special coding is
needed.

7.31 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate the SALE_01 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server, and MySQL 5.7 (MySQL uses different data format):
INSERT INTO SALE_01 (DateOfSale, EmailAddress, SaleAmount)
VALUES('14-JAN-2018', '[email protected]', 234.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 (DateOfSale, EmailAddress, SaleAmount)
VALUES('14-JAN-2018', '[email protected]', 56.50);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 (DateOfSale, EmailAddress, SaleAmount)
VALUES('16-JAN-2018', '[email protected]', 123.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 (DateOfSale, EmailAddress, SaleAmount)
VALUES('17-JAN-2018', '[email protected]', 34.25);

SELECT * FROM SALE_01;

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database:

Note the use of the Oracle DB nextVal property:
INSERT INTO SALE_01 VALUES(
seqS01.nextVal, '14-JAN-2015', '[email protected]', 234.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 VALUES(
seqS01.nextVal, '14-JAN-2015', '[email protected]', 56.50);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 VALUES(
seqS01.nextVal, '16-JAN-2015', '[email protected]', 123.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_01 VALUES(
seqS01.nextVal, '17-JAN-2015', '[email protected]', 34.25);

7.32 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the CUSTOMER_01 table and the SALE_01 table? If so, what are they?

SALE_01 uses surrogate primary key data, while CUSTOMER_01 uses a non-surrogate primary
key data provided in the SQL INSERT statement.

7.33 Could we have populated the SALE_01 table before populating the CUSTOMER_01
table? If not, why not?

No, because the data values primary key CUSTOMER_01.EmailAddress must be created before
the data values of the foreign key SALE_01.EmailAddress.

7.34 Write and run a set of SQL INSERT statements to populate the SALE_02 table.

For Microsoft SQL Server, and MySQL 5.7:

INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('14-JAN-2018', 17, 234.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('14-JAN-2018', 46, 56.50);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('16-JAN-2018', 17, 123.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('17-JAN-2018', 23, 34.25);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('18-JAN-2018', 49, 345.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('21-JAN-2018', 46, 567.35);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('23-JAN-2018', 47, 78.50);

SELECT * FROM SALE_02;

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 Chapter Seven – SQL For Database Construction and Application Processing

For Oracle Database:

Note the use of the Oracle DB nextVal property:
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '14-JAN-2018', 17, 234.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '14-JAN-2018', 46, 56.50);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '16-JAN-2018', 17, 123.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '17-JAN-2018', 23, 34.25);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '18-JAN-2018', 49, 345.00);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '21-JAN-2018', 46, 567.35);
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (SaleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '23-JAN-2018', 47, 78.50);

7.35 Are there any significant differences between the sets of SQL INSERT statements used
to populate the SALE_01 table and the SALE_02 table? If so, what are they?

No. Both tables use surrogate data values for their primary key, and both table rely on preexisting
primary key data to provide referential integrity for their foreign key values.

7.36 Could we have populated the SALE_02 table before populating the CUSTOMER_04
table? If not, why not?

No, because the data values primary key CUSTOMER_04.CustomerID must be created before
the data values of the foreign key SALE_02.CustomerID.

7.37 Write and run an SQL INSERT statement to insert the following record into the SALE_02
table:

What was the result of running this statement? Why did this result occur?

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For Microsoft SQL Server, and MySQL 5.7:

INSERT INTO SALE_02 (DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES('25-JAN-2018', 50, 890.15);

For Microsoft SQL Server:

For Oracle Database:

Note the use of the Oracle DB nextVal property:
INSERT INTO SALE_02 (saleID, DateOfSale, CustomerID, SaleAmount)
VALUES(seqS02.nextVal, '25-JAN-2015', 50, 890.15);

/*** Oracle Database error message appears. ***/

For MySQL 5.7:

/*** MySQL 5.7 error message appears. ***/

The result is an error message. This occurs because the foreign key value SALE_02.CustomerID
does not exist in CUSTOMER_04. This is a violation of the referential integrity constraint
between the tables.

7.38 Write an SQL statement to create a view named Customer01DataView based on the
CUSTOMER_01 table. In the view, include the values of EmailAddress, LastName as
CustomerLastName, and FirstName as CustomerFirstName. Run this statement to
create the view, and then test the view by writing and running an appropriate SQL
SELECT statement.

For Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database XE, and MySQL 5.7:
CREATE OR ALTER VIEW Customer01DataView AS
SELECT EmailAddress,
LastName as CustomerLastName,
FirstName as CustomerFirstName
FROM CUSTOMER_01;

SELECT *
FROM Customer01DataView
ORDER BY EmailAddress;

Page 7-25
Copyright © 2019Pearson Education, Inc.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
him with an emotion of which he at first misinterpreted the cause--
when, by an effort which sent back the blood to her heart, she told
him of her doubts, of her fears, shrinking from meeting the bright
eye which rested so keenly upon her--the first sentiment awakened
in his breast was one of surprise, succeeded by something akin to
indignation. Was he to be called upon to explain his views, to give
an account of his opinions! Were the depths of his mind to be
sounded by the feeble thread of a woman's judgment! What was it
to her what he thought or believed--it was not to be expected that
she should understand him! Why was theology dragged in at all,
where the question was between heart and heart! "Such matters
might suit," as he observed, with a sarcastic smile, "the discussion of
grave doctors at convocation, but could scarcely occupy now the
attention of him whose mind was absorbed by but one object--the
deep, passionate love which he bore towards her in whom all his
hopes of happiness centred!"
Sir Amery had at first suspected Mrs. Vernon of throwing
frivolous difficulties in the way, in order to enhance the value of the
prize which he sought, and to prevent the baronet from feeling that
the merchant's daughter was too easily won. Flora's silent anguish,
however, and her mother's quiet decision, soon undeceived him on
this point. He saw that the danger was real, the opposition which he
encountered, sincere. He then changed his position altogether; and
dropping the calm, almost sarcastic manner in which he had at first
replied to Mrs. Vernon, he burst into a strain of fervid, glowing
eloquence, pouring forth those impassioned words which excite the
feelings and confound the judgment. He pleaded his own cause as
those only can plead whose more than life is at stake.
 To Flora, such words were irresistible. If doubts or scruples had
been raised in her mind, they were swept in a moment away, as the
rushing cataract, dashing from a height, whirls along the autumn
leaves that have dropped on its surface! But as easily could that
roaring cataract break the arch of the rainbow that glistens at its
foot, as the torrent of eloquence to which she listened warp the
settled judgment of the parent. She needed not to be persuaded
that Sir Amery loved--she believed Flora to be worthy of the
warmest affection which ever glowed in the heart of man; but no
sentence which he uttered altered her conviction that he was one
who, however gifted with earthly wisdom, was yet a stranger to the
knowledge which alone can make man wise unto salvation.
Sir Amery read in the expression of her sad eye that, as far as
regarded Mrs. Vernon, all that he had spoken had been uttered in
vain. Repressing the fierce resentment which swelled in his breast,
he addressed himself more exclusively to Flora, whose tears were
her only reply. Mrs. Vernon saw that the love of her only child for
one whom, some few weeks before, she had met as a stranger, was
overcoming even that affection which had grown with her growth
and strengthened with her strength; she felt herself the only barrier
between her daughter and a danger to which Flora was blind, and
she dreaded lest that barrier might be passed. Her nerves
overstrained, her feelings wounded, her fears for the moment
overmastering her faith, Mrs. Vernon sank back on her chair, the
paleness of death overspread her face, a feint sigh burst from her
whitening lips!
The sight of her mother in this state roused all that deep
affection which Flora had ever borne towards her parent. In a
moment she was at her side, supporting her drooping head,
covering the pallid brow with her tears.
"Oh, mother, mother!" she sobbed forth, "look not thus. I will do
anything--everything that you will! Leave me, leave me, Sir Amery!"
she continued, in tones of passionate grief; "I never can--I never
will--marry without the consent of my mother!"
"You do not bid me despair?" exclaimed Sir Amery, grasping the
unresisting hand which trembled in his. "Flora, you do not bid me
despair?"
"Go--go. Perhaps a time may come--perhaps--only leave me--for
pity's sake, leave me!"
"You shall be obeyed," replied Sir Amery, pressing her hand
fervently to his lips; "Flora, my heart's life, you shall be obeyed. But
notwithstanding all the obstacles which narrow-minded bigotry
would raise up between us, did all the powers of earth combine to
separate those whose hearts are united, love like mine should
trample down those obstacles, and, in defiance of the opposition of
the world, you should be mine: yes, Flora, idol of my soul! you shall
be mine!"
He was gone!--gone with burning words on his lips, passionate,
indignant emotions in his heart: he was gone, and left desolation
behind him!

CHAPTER XIII.
THE MOTHER'S TRIAL.
"Sweet are the uses of adversity," writes the great poet of Nature.
Experience confirms the blessed truth proclaimed by Revelation, that
"they who sow in tears shall reap in joy." The lips that meekly kiss
the rod find that, like Aaron's, it will blossom, and bear the fruits of
peace, and even joy. Sorrow has so often been the step to
sanctification, that we can scarcely wonder that the means have
sometimes been mistaken for the end--that it has been thought that
grief has in itself some purifying power, until much suffering on earth
is almost regarded as a passport to heaven!
And yet how mistaken is this view!--how contrary to the
warning in the Scriptures, that there is a sorrow of the world that
worketh death? If some tears are like the dew that descends on the
earth, shedding fertility and beauty on all sides, others are like the
waters of the Dead Sea, bitter and unblessed: buried joys lie
beneath, and a desert spreads around!
Such were the tears of Flora, on this blighting of her fondest
hopes--this separation from him whom she regarded as the lode-star
of her existence. Earth to her held nothing more to live for. All was a
weary blank like that before the darkened eyes of the blind. She no
longer found pleasure in aught that had pleased her before: her
flowers drooped neglected, her instrument was dumb, her books
were unopened, her pencil untouched. And as with her pleasures, so
with her duties--all were alike disregarded. The poor listened in vain
for her well-known step; her pupils wondered at her absence from
the school; Emma openly complained of unkindness and neglect;
while her children were shunned by Flora, or their presence endured
with scarce concealed dislike and irritation. She noticed not, cared
not, for the improvement wrought in them by Mrs. Vernon's patient
care; she only felt that their noisy merriment jarred on her wounded
spirit; she was almost angry to think that they were happy! Flora
was a changed being--changed even to her mother. The parent's
fond glance never met an answering smile; her tender words
received short, sullen answers. Flora saved no pang to the gentle
breast which maternal love gave her such power to wound. Not that
she uttered a murmur--pride would not have suffered that; but there
was reproach in the downcast, tearful eye--reproach in the tone of
the mournful voice, in the languid step, the drooping form. By
neglect of her own health, by sullen yielding to despair, Flora was
revenging herself upon her mother.
And what was the state of her heart towards her heavenly
Father? Alas! could the thoughts and feelings of the unhappy Flora
have been written down, she would have started and trembled to
see how near the breathings of a repining, gloomy spirit approached
to blasphemy! She deemed herself hardly, unmercifully dealt with.
She marvelled why she had been raised for a moment to the very
pinnacle of human felicity, to be dashed down into the deep gulf of
despair! Was the Almighty indeed a pitying Father? Had He led her
into the paths of peace? Had He not rather filled her cup with
bitterness, and withered her soul with disappointment? Nay, was it
not religion that lay at the root of all her misery? Were not the
conscientious misgivings of her mother as the worm that had
destroyed the gourd that she delighted in? Had Mrs. Vernon's views
been less strict and puritanical--less bigoted, as Flora called them, in
the anguish of her soul--would not her daughter have been the
happiest of women?--would not she herself have been the proudest
of mothers?
 Such thoughts were sinful, marked with the deepest stain of
ingratitude; yet Flora indulged in them freely. She almost accused
Providence in secret of having exposed her to trials beyond what she
could bear; unmindful of the fact that she had herself, in impatience
of petty annoyances, chosen the path which, however flowery at
first, she had found to be strewn with sharp thorns. If she was
conscious that her faith was growing weak, and her love towards
God becoming cold, she laid the blame upon the cruel circumstances
of the position in which the Almighty had placed her. She had loved
and served the Lord--at least so she deemed--when she was happy;
but when His hand lay so heavy upon her, she was ready to forget
all past mercies, all present blessings, all bright hopes of a blissful
future. With Jonah her spirit exclaimed, "I do well to be angry:" with
Elijah, "It is enough; take away my life!" Impatient to throw down
the burden which her unchastened will refused to sustain, she
longed, almost prayed, for death--little deeming in her present state
how unfit she was to die. The sun of trial was now indeed glowing
with intense and burning heat on the seed which had been sown in
rocky ground; the plant which had shown in the world's eye so fair,
unwatered by grace, having no root in itself, in the time of
temptation withered away.
Deep was the affliction of Mrs. Vernon; darker and darker grew
the path before her. She had stood firm against the sophistry of
human wisdom, the power of human eloquence; she had resisted
even Flora's pleading tears: but to see, week after week, and month
after month, her child wasting to a shadow before her, was a
lengthened torture to her loving heart which wore away the very
thread of her life. In vain medical advice was sought for Flora. There
was no physician to "minister to a mind diseased;" all the skill of
man was unavailing where the patient chose death rather than life.
There was an awful possibility before Mrs. Vernon, too terrible to
contemplate, but which recurred to her mind again and again, as
she gazed on the fading form of her child. There was nothing which
appeared to rouse Flora, or to excite in her a moment's interest,
except the letters which she received from Ada, and which were
perused only by herself. Mrs. Vernon never sought to know their
contents; she felt that her daughter's confidence and affection were
now given to another, and that she herself stood in the position of a
tyrant towards one who was far dearer to her than life!
"Have I indeed done what was right? or have I mistaken my
duty--sacrificed to blind prejudice the happiness of my child--
destroyed her health, her peace--ruined her hopes, in my ignorant,
misguided zeal?" Such were the bitter reflections which recurred
again and again, and ever with increasing bitterness, to the mind of
the unhappy mother. In vain her pastor endeavoured to support her
with the consolations of religion--to assure her that she had not only
acted faithfully, but wisely: she could not endure to see the
consequences of her own decision, still less to contemplate what
might possibly be its final result.
Autumn rain was fast descending, streaming from the heavy
black clouds, while ever and anon a wild gust of wind stripped the
boughs of their faded leaves, and scattered them far and wide.
Emma tried to beguile the weary time with a novel, but looked up
from it every five minutes with a languid sigh, to complain of "the
horrid weather," and contrast the English climate with that of her
native island. The children were restless and noisy, impatient of the
confinement of the house, till Mrs. Vernon found employment for
them all in looking over the curiosities of an old cabinet.
Where was Flora? Her mother sought her in the small sitting-
room in which her daughter usually pursued her occupations. Her
books, her piano, her desk, were there. The room was not, however,
now occupied; Flora was in her own apartment. Mrs. Vernon noticed
that an album was laid on the desk, in which Flora usually wrote her
poetical effusions; and the sight of it made the mother hope that at
least one favourite occupation had not been relinquished by her
daughter. Often had Mrs. Vernon copied out verses from that album,
and shed tears of pleasure over them. She opened the book to see if
Flora had recently added to their number. Between the last written
pages there were compressed flowers, their beauty faded, their life
gone; yet precious, perhaps, as relics of the hours when they had
bloomed as freshly as the hopes which, like them, had withered. The
last verses in the volume were new to Mrs. Vernon; they bore the
date but of yesterday; and she with anguish perused them as the
transcript of the feelings of a young being whose life had not yet
numbered twenty years.

LINES.

Is it sinful to gaze on the morning sun,

And wish that the gates of the west he had won--
That life's day were over, its labours done?

Is it sinful to mark the first silver hair

 'Mid dark tresses touched by the hand of care,
And wish time had shed all his winter there?

Is it sinful in life no joy to take,--

To feel like a captive bound to the stake
By a chain that galls us, and will not break?

Some fear to die: 'tis not so with me;

Rather, O Death, I pine for thee!
I long in the quiet grave to be!

"Oh! this is too much--too much!" exclaimed Mrs. Vernon, wringing

her hands. "I can endure anything myself, but I cannot--oh, I cannot
break the heart of my child!"
She hastened to Flora's apartment with a quick and agitated
step. She unclosed the door--she saw Flora on her knees, her hair
dishevelled, her bosom heaving with sobs, as she pressed again and
again convulsively to her lips a little diamond locket which she held
in her hand.
Flora started to her feet at the sound of her mother's entrance:
as she did so a letter fell to the ground. Mrs. Vernon's eye rested
upon it for a moment: the handwriting was not that of Ada.
"Oh! mother--mother--forgive me; it was--from him!"
"He loves you still?"
"More than ever!" exclaimed Flora, bursting into a fresh flood of
tears.
 "Then let him be happy with you!" cried the mother, folding her
child in her arms, and kissing away her tears, while her own flowed
freely and fast. "I can resist no longer. Oh, God forgive me if I do
wrong! Flora, my own beloved! be united to the husband of your
choice; you have your mother's consent and her blessing!"
On the scenes that followed I will not dwell, but leave them to
the imagination of the reader. On the day when the first snow fell,
Flora was the bride of Sir Amery.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE VISIT.

More than two years had now elapsed since the day when, in the
little church of Wingsdale, Flora had plighted her troth to him whom
she so deeply loved, while many a fervent prayer arose for her
happiness from the poor whom she had tended, the young whom
she had taught. The interval between her engagement and her
marriage had been one of brightness to Flora. A mountain's weight
seemed to have been removed from her spirits, and with the
elasticity which youth and hope give, they had more than rebounded
to their former elevation. Again she had smiles and kind words for
all, and she appeared resolved by her winning sweetness of manner
to deepen the regrets of the village at losing its "sunshine." Mrs.
Vernon had stifled her own misgivings, that she might cast no
shadow on the bliss of the young bride; and no one could have told
from her outward manner how heavy lay the heart within. Even
Emma had shaken off a little of her languor, roused to something
like interest by the excitement of a wedding. Her children had
brought their little offerings, prepared in mysterious secrecy with the
assistance of their grandmother, who was to them teacher,
companion, and confidant; and Flora's surprise and thanks on
receiving their presents almost realized their juvenile expectations.
More than two years had rolled their course since that exciting,
joyous day, when a cab drove up to the door of a large house in
Cavendish Square, and a lady stepped out and rang the bell. She
was attired in habiliments which once had been handsome, but
which had decidedly seen their best days; the rich silk dress had
been dyed, the shawl was faded, the sable boa showed tokens of
age, and neat fingers had repaired the Lisle lace veil which gave
grace to the bonnet of straw. In the staid manner and somewhat
care-worn face, where certain lines were traced across the brow
which was smooth some two years ago, we mark a change beyond
that which time would have made in our old acquaintance Ada.
"Ada! oh, how delighted I am to see you! What an age it is
since we met!" cried Flora, as the visitor was ushered into the
elegant apartment of Lady Legrange, and the cousins exchanged an
affectionate embrace.
Has Flora also been altered by the plain gold ring, which often
works wonders as strange as those wrought by an enchanter?
Flora is lovely as ever, her beauty enhanced by a womanly
dignity which beseems the baronet's wife. But she too has lost the
joyous brightness which rested on her gentle countenance when Ada
first visited Wingsdale. An expression of thought, almost of
melancholy, is there; and she certainly looked far happier in her
gipsy bonnet, seated on the gnarled roots of the old oak, than she
does now in her spacious mansion, robed in velvet and surrounded
by luxury.
"I could not resist the temptation of coming to see you!" cried
Ada, sitting with Flora's hand clasped in her own, and surveying her
with a look of affectionate interest.
"I hope that you have brought your twins to London with you?"
said Flora.
"Oh, the little cherubs! how I should delight to show them to
you! But we left them in Wiltshire; it is a serious matter to travel
with two infants not a year old."
"Then I am afraid that your stay in London will be but short,"
observed Lady Legrange, "with two such powerful magnets drawing
you away."
"Only two!" laughed Ada; "you forget my husband's children,--a
whole scale of magnets, from five feet five to three feet nothing! I
thought that I should never have managed to get away at all! But
the Major was obliged to come to town to fit out his middy, and I
took such a longing to revisit my old haunts, look at old faces, hear
the sounds of carriage wheels, and knocks at the door, and street
cries, and hurdy-gurdies again, that, like a dutiful mamma, I must
see Jack off myself, and pay a flying visit to dear smoky London."
"I can scarcely fancy you the staid, sober mother of such a large
family!" exclaimed Flora.
"Very odd--isn't it? reversing the order of nature; instead of the
quiet spinning caterpillar turning into the gay butterfly, the butterfly
doffing its silken wings and beginning to crawl through the routine of
daily duties, a prisoner to its cabbage-leaf. Only imagine me, Flora,
mending stockings, shaping out pinafores, bandaging cut fingers and
broken heads, scolding tradespeople, keeping servants in order,
paying bills, and dancing babies till my arms ache!"
"I should think the last a very delightful occupation," said Flora,
suppressing a sigh.
"None but a mother can tell how delightful," replied Ada; "but I
do not take so kindly to all my domestic employments. I never yet
took pleasure in solving the problem how far a shilling would go, nor
finding out how it is that boys are always wanting new shoes, and
how elbows and knees are perpetually running a race as to which
should first run through the clothes. I believe that children have
found out the secret of perpetual motion, to the great discomfort of
those who have to look after little rogues!"
"But children make a house so cheerful," said Flora,
abstractedly.
"And now, my dear child--ah! you see that I can't get over my
old way of talking to you yet--do give me your last news from
Wingsdale. You know that I'm such a shocking correspondent that I
know as little of what passes in the world beyond Salisbury Plain as
if I were a denizen of the moon."
"Poor old Mrs. Ward, my mother tells me, is now a confirmed
invalid, and unable to leave her bed."
"And your sweet mother herself?"
"She never mentions her own health; her letters are full of the
children."
"Ah! the whity-brown legion of little horrors, who like a swarm
of hornets literally drove you out of Laurel Bank, and compelled you
to take refuge in Grosvenor Square! I suppose that they have been
undergoing the process of taming, at which my aunt is so famous,
and that Johnny now does not scratch out any one's eyes, and that
Lyddie may be trusted in a store-room full of treacle and sugar. I
should think your mother a first-rate hand at bringing up children,
judging from the charming specimen before me!"
Flora neither smiled nor blushed at the flattery now.
"But tell me how they all appeared when you were last at Laurel
Bank."
Then, indeed, the colour rose to Flora's pale cheek, and it was
with an appearance of some embarrassment that she replied, "I
have not been there since you were there, on the day of my
marriage."
Ada suppressed the exclamation of astonishment that was upon
her tongue, for she saw that its utterance would give pain.
"My dear husband has been so much engaged--of course I
could not leave him--it is so difficult sometimes to make
arrangements--but I hope soon--" Flora stopped short, for her lips
were not accustomed to utter an absolute untruth.
"How your mother must be longing to see you! I should not
have thought that she could have lived so long without you!"
"Words cannot express how I long to see her!" exclaimed Flora,
with tears in her eyes.
"I think that it might be managed in some way. If you could not
visit Wingsdale, she might come to London--"
Flora looked so uneasy at the proposition that Ada changed the
conversation in pure good nature, wondering much in her mind what
could have occurred to separate a parent so much beloved from so
dutiful a daughter.
 "I hope that you have not given up your pen, Flora; that you
don't think that your talented husband the author does enough in
that line for you both?"
"Oh, I write a little sometimes," said Flora, in a tone of
indifference.
"I never read anything so pretty as your hymns. Do you know,
Flora," Ada added more gravely, "that I have often thought over the
verses which you wrote during my first visit to Wingsdale, after we
heard that solemn sermon from Mr. Ward on the subject of the
sower and his seed!"
"I had almost forgotten them," said Flora.
"And the sermon too?"
"Well--I have heard so many since."
"Ah! that is the thing, you have lived in such an atmosphere of
piety."
"Oh, don't speak so!" cried Flora hurriedly.
"It does seem to me," observed Ada, folding her hands, "that it
is a great deal more difficult for some people than for others to lead
a religious life. Look how differently you were brought up from what
I was; is there any wonder that we are so different now? I had been
taught to think of nothing but gaiety, and shining in the world, and
making a sensation, and all that sort of thing; I lived in a perpetual
round of amusements: so pleasure was my danger then, and I
fancied that when the time for pleasure was past, my difficulties
would vanish, and that I should grow serious as I grew old. Well, I
follow your example, and marry, and am taken completely from the
world; but I am plunged into a little bustling world of my own, and I
have so much to think of, so much to do, that I have really no time
for religion. Instead of the pleasures, come the cares of this life."
"Cast your cares upon Him, for He careth for you," faintly
murmured Lady Legrange.
"Ah, Flora, you were never like any one else; I always feel
better when I am near you." Flora's brow contracted a little, as if she
were in pain, and she turned her head away from the speaker.
"I wish that I could always have you beside me," continued
Ada; "it would be such a comfort to have your wise, calm advice!"
"It is so much easier to give advice than to take it home to
ourselves," said Flora, with something like a sigh.
The ladies then conversed for some time together on topics of
general interest. Flora really enjoyed seeing her old companion, and
would gladly have invited both Ada and her husband to her house,
to remain there during their stay in London; but she did not venture
even to ask them to dinner. Sir Amery, she knew, would have had no
objection to the society of the lively Ada; but the Major, a simple,
blunt man, with more kindness in his heart than polish in his
manners, did not suit the refined taste of the baronet, and must "be
kept at a proper distance." All that Flora could do was by the
cordiality of her own manner to endeavour to smooth away from the
mind of her cousin any sense of unkindness, or even of ingratitude,
which might arise from no invitation being given; and Ada left the
house satisfied that Flora was not changed, though with a rising
doubt as to whether she were happy.

CHAPTER XV.
 THE WIFE.

And was Flora happy in her new life? She had much to render her
so, according to the opinion of the world. She had made what would
be called a brilliant marriage; she was united to one who loved her,
and whom she passionately loved; she was surrounded by all that
could please the eye or charm the taste; she had leisure for every
graceful occupation; she was not weighed down by a multiplicity of
home-cares; she had a life of ease, it might be deemed of
enjoyment: and yet, with all this, Flora was not happy. The sunshine
of her existence seemed to have passed away.
Let us examine more closely into the causes of the melancholy
which often rested like a cloud on her soul.
In the first place, Flora was childless; and this, to a loving spirit
like hers, was no light trial. She would have given all the grandeur of
her home, all the jewels which glittered in her hair, all the beautiful
things which met her eye wherever she turned it, to feel little arms
clasping her neck, to hear infant lips lisp the sweet name of mother!
Flora had never yet, amidst all the outward forms of religion,
acquired that which is the very essence of it, submission to the will
of the Almighty. Her own will had never been brought into the quiet
subjection which is the result of confidence in God's wisdom and
love, and which is the source of true peace and joy. Like the
Israelites in the wilderness, she "murmured," not with her lips, but in
the depths of her heart.
And Flora pined for her mother; she longed again to rest her
weary head on a parent's bosom, and to be blessed with a parent's
counsels. She could not conceal from herself that her marriage had
separated her from the home of her childhood. It was not so much,
perhaps, that Sir Amery could never quite forgive Mrs. Vernon's
opposition to his marriage, as that he feared her influence over his
wife. Flora had, he thought, too many narrow prejudices, acquired in
her puritanical home: he had no wish to see them strengthened. He
had no wish to have a praying, sermonizing wife who would see sin
in what he thought harmless, and who would always be attempting
to convert him to her own peculiar views of religion. He had put
down, sometimes with a jest, sometimes even with a frown, the few
feeble attempts made by Flora soon after their marriage to win him
to pay more attention to the outward observances of religion. The
Lord did not bless these attempts--they resulted in failure and
disappointment; and Flora bitterly recalled her mother's words, that
it is as impossible for one human being to change the heart of
another, as it would be to bring water from the stony rock, or to call
up fire from the ocean.
Flora's deep love for her husband, even though returned, was
no source of unmingled happiness. She could not rest in calm
confidence upon the hope that all was well with him whom she
deemed the most gifted and the most attractive of men. Blinded as
she was by her admiring affection, Flora had yet many a secret
misgiving and pang, when she heard words pass the lips of her
husband which confirmed the opinion of her mother. She was ever
struggling to persuade herself that the path which he pursued could
not be far wrong; that it was her education which had narrowed her
own mind; that he whose intellect soared to such a height must see
more clearly and widely than others. But it is difficult to overthrow at
once the fabric of opinion which has gradually been forming from
infancy; most difficult when that fabric is founded on truth, and has
the strong though secret support of conscience!
And there was one source of pain which Flora never owned to
others, never even acknowledged to her own heart. She prized the
affection of her husband beyond all earthly--alas! above all heavenly
things; it was her pride, her delight, her treasure: but how could she
trust to links which God had not rivetted? was not her treasure one
which might take wings to itself and flee away? Who could insure
that the love which beauty had awakened would not be perishable
as that beauty? It had not that firmness which arises from steady
principle, that element of immortality which religion alone can give.
Flora was painfully aware that many, and amongst them members of
Sir Amery's own family, had deemed his marriage far below the
expectations which such a man might have formed. Was it quite
impossible that the same thought might sometimes cross the mind
of her husband! There was no sweet babe, no dear pledge of mutual
affection, to bind the baronet's heart to the mother of his child.
Flora's strength was not sufficient to enable her to share all the
amusements of her husband, nor had she enough of mental vigour
to enter into all his pursuits. He shone as a star in many places
where his gentle wife was never seen. Many a lonely evening she
passed, while at some festive board a brilliant circle was listening
delighted to his ever-flowing fountain of wit. Might Sir Amery not
sometimes find her society dull, her conversation insipid, after that
to which he had been accustomed? would her love suffice to make
him happy? could he be contented alone with her? Flora knew that
the baronet had not married her "in the Lord," that his affection for
her was not from the Lord; her whole felicity rested upon an earthly
support--it might be shaken--it might bend--it might give way!
Even when accompanying her husband to scenes of festivity,
neither his loved presence nor the pleasures around her always
chased from the mind of Lady Legrange this phantom of undefined
fear. But that which above all things oppressed the young wife with
a sorrow for which the world has no remedy, was her consciousness
of alienation from her God. What matter how fair be the surrounding
landscape, if the heaven above be of dull leaden hue, if the sun be
blotted from the sky? As regarded the most important of all subjects,
the heart of Flora was cold and hard; and she knew it. No one can
for long worship an earthly idol without feeling the withering effect.
Sir Amery stood between his wife and her God. Flora was careful as
ever to observe the forms of religion, when she could do so without
displeasing her husband; her seat was not vacant in the pew, nor
her name absent from the charity list: but her piety was like a
petrified leaf--it could deceive even her own heart no longer. All that
remained of her religion seemed a vague sense of fear, the fear of a
slave for an offended master, who has the power, perhaps the will,
to chastise. Sometimes Flora doubted whether she had ever been a
Christian at all--whether from childhood she had not played a
hypocrite's part, and whether she were not playing it still. She no
longer thought of heaven as a blissful home, and even when
bitterness of soul made her weary of life, she felt a shrinking from
the thought of death.
And can we wonder that Flora was not happy--that pleasures
failed to amuse her, even conjugal affection to bless? Had she rested
with cheerful content, in that state of coldness, alienation, and
wandering from God, it had been a sign, indeed, that religion had
utterly perished in her soul--that her mother's prayers, and teaching,
and example, had all been in vain.

CHAPTER XVI.
RISING CLOUDS.

"Flora, my love, has anything occurred to distress you?" said the

baronet, as he entered the breakfast room one morning in his
embroidered dressing-gown and slippers, with the newspaper in his
hand.
"Flora, my love, has anything occurred to distress
you?" said the baronet.
 Flora looked anxious and unhappy, her eye rested upon an open
letter which she had received by the early post.
"I have heard from Mr. Ward, dearest," she replied; "he gives
me tidings which have made me very uneasy. Scarlet fever, of a
malignant kind, has been raging lately in Wingsdale, and I grieve to
say that two of my brother's children are ill with it now, and it is
feared that the baby is sickening."
The baronet coughed slightly, stirred the fire, and sat down to
sip his chocolate.
"My poor mother!" faltered Flora; "Mr. Ward writes that she is
far from strong; the nursing will be so heavy upon her."
"Have not the children a mother?" said Sir Amery, abruptly.
"Emma has taken such alarm at the idea of infection, that she
has actually hurried away, and engaged a room at a hotel in a town
about ten miles distant from Wingsdale!"
The baronet elevated his handsome brows with an expression of
contempt.
"I fear," continued Flora, with emotion, "that the anxiety and
fatigue will quite break down the health of my mother. She will
watch the children day and night, as she watched me in my fever."
The voice of the daughter trembled as she added, "Oh, Amery! she
needs me to help her; dearest, will you not spare me to her now?
"You!" exclaimed her husband in a loud tone of surprise,
pushing back his chair from the table; "what could have put such an
insane thought into your mind? Do you think that I would suffer you
to go into the midst of infection--to take the place of an unfeeling
woman--to act as nurse to a set of mulattoes--to risk your precious
life for those whom their own mother has deserted?"
 "My mother will never desert them," said Flora; "it is to assist
her--"
"We will send a nurse down from London to assist her; let that
set your mind at rest," replied Sir Amery. Then he added, as his
stern features relaxed into a smile, "It is easier to find an efficient
substitute for you, Flora, in the sick-room at Laurel Bank, than at
Lady Montague's soirée to-night."
"The ball!--oh!" exclaimed Flora, leaning back on her chair, "I
have not the heart to go to it!"
"No heart is required," said the baronet, laughing; "we do not
look for such commodities at balls."
Flora was ever submissive and obedient to her husband. She
saw that it was his will that she should accompany him to the party,
and she went, though with a joyless spirit. Decked out in jewels and
costly array, and leaning on the arm of him who attracted every eye,
the fair young wife might have appeared an object of envy to the
proudest dame in the glittering throng. But there was a fount of
sadness in her bosom, which mingled with and imbittered every
pleasure. The music had to her a mournful tone; the gay dancers
flitted before her like images in a dream; she felt it hard to wear a
smile on the lips when the heart was depressed with care. Flora was
glad to choose a quiet corner for herself, where it would be
unnecessary to enter into conversation, where she might remain
unnoticed and unknown.
She was seated beside some ladies who were strangers to her,
and Sir Amery conversing with friends of his own in another
apartment, Flora felt herself alone in a crowd, solitary in the midst of
society. Her thoughts wandered back to her mother's home--she was