P U R P O S E

TEXT
 1. To locate a main idea
2. To scan for information
3. To identify gaps in existing studies
4. To connect new ideas to existing ones
5. To gain more pieces of information
6. To support a particular writing
assignment
7. To deeply understand an existing
idea
FACTORS toCONSIDER

TEXT
1. State critical questions and issues
2. Provide facts and evidence from
credible sources
3. Use precise and accurate words
while avoiding jargon
4. Take an objective point of view
5. List references
6. Use cautious language
FEATURES

TEXT
1. Complex: Tackles topics with complexity. Uses lexically more varied
vocabulary and has more grammatical complexity
2. Formal: Avoids colloquial words and expressions.
3. Precise: Gives facts accurately and precisely.
4. Objective: Emphasizes the information rather than personal biased and
emotional appeal
5. Explicit: Clears to the reader how the various parts of the text are
related.
6. Accurate: Uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with
narrow specific meanings.
7. Hedging: Shows decisions about your stance or the strength of the
claims you are making.
8. Responsible: Provides evidence and justification for any claims you
make.
9. Organize: Arranges one section to the next in a logical fashion.
10. Plan: Follows the blueprint from planning to implementation to
evaluation/assessment of the text/material
 What is Hedging is the use of linguistic devices to express
hesitation or uncertainty as well as to demonstrate politeness and

HEDGING indirectness. It holds significance in academic writing because it

is prudent to be cautious in one’s statements so as to distinguish
between facts and claims.
and why is it People use hedged language for several different purposes
important? but perhaps the most fundamental are the following:

1.To minimize the possibility of another academic opposing the

claims that are being made.
2.To conform to the currently accepted style of academic writing.
3.To enable the author to devise a politeness strategy where they
are able to acknowledge that there may be flaws in their claims.

TYPE OF HEDGING WORDS

1. Introductory verbs – seem, tend, look like, appear to be,
think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest
2. Certain lexical verbs – believe, assume, suggest
3. Modal Adverbs – possibly, perhaps, conceivably
4. That clauses – It could be the case that…, it might be
suggested that…, there is every hope that…
 CERTAIN UNCERTAIN
Writer’s claim signals that the Writer’s claim signals reservation or
statement is “true and factual” hesitation about the factuality of info

1. The economic recovery of the Philippines is 1. It seems that the economic recovery of the
slow, although there are signs of improvement in Philippines is somewhat slow, although there are
key sectors. signs of improvement in key sectors.

2. According to experts, inflation will continue to 2. While it is difficult to definitively say, some
affect lower-income households in the coming experts suggest that inflation may continue to
months. affect lower-income households in the coming
months.

3. There is a growing concern over the state of 3. There appears to be a growing concern over
the Philippines' education system, although it is the state of the Philippines' education system,
unclear whether proposed reforms will fully although it is unclear whether proposed reforms
address the issues. will fully address the issues.
 CERTAIN UNCERTAIN
Writer’s claim signals that the Writer’s claim signals reservation or
statement is “true and factual” hesitation about the factuality of info

4. It could be argued that the ongoing tensions

4. The ongoing tensions in the South China Sea
in the South China Sea might have a long-term
have a long-term impact on the Philippines'
impact on the Philippines' foreign relations, but
foreign relations, but the situation remains fluid.
the situation remains fluid.

5. While the government addresses the issue of 5. While the government claims to be
poverty, the efforts are not enough to create addressing the issue of poverty, some believe
sustainable change for many communities." that the efforts may not be enough to create
sustainable change for many communities."
FEATURES

TEXT
 S T R U C T U R E
The basic structure used in an
academic text consists of three (3)
parts: introduction, body, and
conclusion. This structure enables the
reader to follow the argument and
navigate the text. This normally follows a
deductive method of presentation.
 T O N E
This refers to the attitude conveyed in
a piece of writing. The arguments of
others are fairly presented and with an
appropriate narrative tone. When
presenting a position or argument that
disagrees with one’s perspectives,
describe the argument accurately
without loaded or biased language.
 Traditional microeconomic models consider several distinct factors
contributing to the production process: land, labor and capital. As technology,
corporate ownership and governance, and societal models themselves evolved,
however, the differences among these factors have diminished and their
importance relative to each other has changed. In an agricultural society, land was
the most important factor; in an industrial society, it became capital goods or
machines; in a post-industrial society, it has become labor, albeit labor of a very
sophisticated kind. In the advanced economies of today, it would be more accurate
to simply distinguish between “natural capital”, or a country’s God-given resource
endowments, and its “human capital”, or what its population by itself is able to
produce through its work in the primary (agriculture, fishing, mining, etc.),
secondary (industry and manufacturing) or tertiary (services) sectors.
1. According to traditional microeconomic models, which of the following factors were
considered essential for the production process?
A. Land, Labor, and Capital
B. Technology, Governance, and Society
C. Machines, Human Capital, and Corporate Ownership
D. Natural Resources, Human Resources, and Financial Resources

2. In an agricultural society, which factor was considered the most important in the
production process?
A. Labor B. Land
C. Human Capital D. Capital goods or machines

3. As society evolved from an agricultural to an industrial society, what

happened to the relative importance of land?
A. It remained equally important
B. It shifted to human capital
C. It became more important than capital
D. It became less important and was replaced by capital goods or machines
 BIASED/NEGATIVE FAIRYLY NEUTRAL/OBJECTIVE
"This outdated economic "While traditional economic models
theory clings to the archaic notion of often emphasize distinct factors of production
separate factors of production like like land, labor, and capital, the relative
land, labor, and capital. In today's importance of these factors has undoubtedly
hyper-connected world, these shifted in contemporary economies. The role of
distinctions are utterly meaningless. human capital, encompassing skills, knowledge,
The real drivers of economic growth and innovation, has become increasingly
are clearly human capital and prominent. Moreover, access to and sustainable
natural resources, while antiquated management of natural resources have
concepts like 'capital goods' are emerged as critical determinants of economic
relics of a bygone era." growth. However, it is important to recognize
that capital goods, including technology and
infrastructure, continue to play a significant role
in driving productivity and economic
How does the persona sound
development."
in the first column? What is
the tone?
How does it differ from the
way the message is
presented in the second
column?
 L A N G U A G E
It is important to use unambiguous
language. Clear topic sentences enable a
reader to follow your line of thinking
without difficulty. Formal language and
the third person point-of-view should be
used. Technical language appropriate to
area of study,however, may also be used.
 TEXT WITH AMBIGUITY AND
ORIGINAL TEXT 3RD PERSON POV
This column shows that Filipino This piece reveals that Filipino
instructors and administrators collectively educators, from instructors to administrators,
acknowledge AI as a transformative tool generally perceive AI as a significant force
with the potential to enhance teaching, with the capacity to improve teaching
streamline administrative tasks, and boost practices, simplify administrative burdens, and
research productivity. they highlight AI's accelerate research output. They cite AI's
benefits in facilitating learning with specific strengths in facilitating learning through
examples, but recognize its limitations, specific examples, yet also acknowledge its
particularly in contextualizing experiences. shortcomings, especially in interpreting
While they positively regard AI tools at work, nuanced situations. While they favor the use of
they have some concerns such as cheating, AI tools in their work, they harbor concerns
data fabrication, and potential decline in about misconduct, data manipulation, and a
creativity and critical thinking. Hence, they potential erosion of creativity and critical
emphasize the necessity of regulatory thought. Consequently, they stress the need
policies and ethical guidelines governing AI for regulations and ethical frameworks
use in higher education. they also report governing AI's role in higher education. They
whether their home institutions have also share whether their respective institutions
created AI policies. this column advocates have established AI-related policies. This piece
for Philippine educational institutions to urges Philippine educational institutions to re-
reassess their stance on AI's increasing evaluate their approach to the growing
presence. influence of AI."
 C I T A T I O N
Citing sources in the body of the paper
and providing a list of references as either
footnotes or endnotes is a very important
aspect of an academic text. It is essential to
always acknowledge the source of any ideas,
research findings, data, or quoted text that
have been used in a paper as a defense
against allegations of plagiarism.
CITATION STYLE FORMAT SAMPLE
APA Author-Year- According to Smith (2020), understanding
(American Page Philippine politics requires examining the country’s
Psychological historical and cultural context.
Association)
Understanding Philippine politics requires
examining the country’s historical and cultural
context (Smith, 2020).

“Understanding Philippine politics requires

examining the country’s historical and cultural
context (Smith, 2020, p. 5).”
MLA Author-page Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was
(Modern marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful
Language feelings" (263).
Association)
Romantic poetry is characterized by the
"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"
(Wordsworth 263).
CITATION STYLE FORMAT SAMPLE
Chicago Superscript-
Manual of Footnote style
Style
UP historian emphasizes the importance of
considering the historical and cultural context
AMA Superscript- when studying Philippine politics.¹
(American Endnote style
Medical
Association)

IEEE Hyperlink-Bracket Chomsky argues that the world will be taken

(Institute of
Electrical and
over after 50 years[1].
Electronics
Engineers)
CITATION STYLE FORMAT USE
Provides fairly comprehensive guidelines for writing academic
APA Author-Year-Page papers regardless of subject or discipline. Traditionally, APA is most
(American Psychological frequently used by writers and students in: Social Sciences, such as
Association) Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, and Criminology;
Business; and Nursing
MLA Author-page Uses by students and researchers in the humanities, especially for
(Modern Language writing about literature and language. It is also used in other
Association) disciplines that involve close analysis of specific texts, such as
philosophy.
CMOS Superscript-Footnote
(Chicago Manual style Intended originally as a guide for publishers of academic books
of Style) and journals, it is especially popular in the humanities and social
sciences. It is also used widely by students and by publishers of
novels and trade books.

AMA Superscript-Endnote
(American Medical style It is used in health and medical professionals, scientific
Association) researchers, and others in the health sciences.

IEEE It predominantly used by engineers, scientists (computer scientists,

(Institute of Electrical and Hyperlink-Bracket physicists, and other scientists use IEEE to learn about new
Electronics Engineers) technologies and best practices), and other professionals in the
fields of electrical and computer engineering.
 COMPLEXITY

An academic text addresses

complex issues that require
higher-order thinking skills to
comprehend.
 EVIDENCE-BASED ARGUMENTS
What is valued in an academic
text is that opinions are based on a
sound understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and academic
debates that exist within, and often
external to a specific discipline.
 T H E S I S-D R I V E N
The starting point of an academic
text is a particular perspective, idea or
position applied to the chosen research
problem, such as establishing, proving,
or disproving solutions to the questions
posed for the topic.