260 Chapter 5 Integration in the Complex Plane

|z − i| = 1, which from (10) of Section 2.2 can be parametrized by z = i + eit ,

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. From z − i = eit and dz = ieit dt we obtain
! ! " 2π it " 2π
dz dz ie
= = dt = i dt = 2πi.
C z−i C1 z − i 0 eit 0

The result obtained in Example 3 can be generalized. Using the principle

of deformation of contours (5) and proceeding as in the example, it can be
shown that if z0 is any constant complex number interior to any simple closed
contour C, then for n an integer we have
⎧
!
dz ⎨ 2πi n = 1
= (6)
C (z − z0 )
n ⎩ 0, n ̸= 1.

The fact that the integral in (6) is zero when n ̸= 1 follows only partially
from the Cauchy-Goursat theorem. When n is zero or a negative integer,
n
1/ (z − z0 ) is a polynomial and therefore entire. & Theorem 5.4 and the dis-
n
cussion following Example 1 then indicates that C dz/ (z − z0 ) = 0. It is
For example, 1 / (z − z0 )−3 =
left as an exercise to show that the integral is still zero when n is a positive
(z − z0 )3 is a polynomial.
☞ integer different from 1. See Problem 24 in Exercises 5.3.
Analyticity of the function f at all points
& within and on a simple closed
contour C is sufficient to guarantee that C f (z) dz = 0. However, the result
in (6) emphasizes
& that analyticity is not necessary; in other words, it can
happen that C f (z) dz = 0 without f being analytic within C. For instance,
if C in Example 2 is the circle |z|!= 1, then (6), with the identifications n = 2
dz
and z0 = 0, immediately gives 2
= 0. Note that f (z) = 1/z 2 is not
C z
analytic at z = 0 within C.

EXAMPLE 4 Applying Formula (6)

!
5z + 7
Evaluate 2 + 2z − 3
dz, where C is circle |z − 2| = 2.
C z

Solution Since the denominator factors as z 2 + 2z − 3 = (z − 1)(z + 3) the

integrand fails to be analytic at z = 1 and z = −3. Of these two points, only
z = 1 lies within the contour C, which is a circle centered at z = 2 of radius
r = 2. Now by partial fractions
5z + 7 3 2
= +
z 2 + 2z − 3 z−1 z+3
! ! !
5z + 7 1 1
and so 2 + 2z − 3
dz = 3 dz + 2 dz. (7)
C z C z − 1 C z + 3

In view of the result given in (6), the first integral in (7) has the value 2πi,
whereas the value of the second integral is 0 by the Cauchy-Goursat theorem.
 5.3 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 261

Hence, (7) becomes

!
5z + 7
dz = 3(2πi) + 2(0) = 6πi.
D
C z2 + 2z − 3

C1
C2

If C, C1 , and C2 are simple closed contours as shown in Figure 5.31(a)

C
and if f is analytic on each of the three contours as well as at each point
interior to C but exterior to both C1 and C2 , then by introducing crosscuts
(a) between C1 and C and between C2 and C, as illustrated in Figure 5.31(b), it
D follows from Theorem 5.4 that
" " "
f (z) dz + f (z) dz + f (z) dz = 0
C1
C2
C C1 C2

C
" " "
and so f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (7)
(b)
C C1 C2

Figure 5.31 Triply connected domain D

The next theorem summarizes the general result for a multiply connected
domain with n “holes.”

Theorem 5.5 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem for Multiply

Connnected Domains

Suppose C, C1 , . . . , Cn are simple closed curves with a positive orientation

such that C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn are interior to C but the regions interior to each
Ck , k = 1, 2, . . . , n, have no points in common. If f is analytic on each
contour and at each point interior to C but exterior to all the Ck , k = 1, 2,
. . . , n, then
! n !
#
f (z) dz = f (z) dz. (8)
C k=1 Ck

EXAMPLE 5 Applying Theorem 5.5

!
dz
Evaluate , where C is the circle |z| = 4.
C z +1
2

Solution In this case the denominator of the integrand factors as z 2 + 1 =

(z − i)(z + i). Consequently, the integrand 1/(z 2 + 1) is not analytic at z = i
and at z = −i. Both of these points lie within the contour C. Using partial
fraction decomposition once more, we have

1 1 1 1 1
= −
z2 + 1 2i z − i 2i z + i
262 Chapter 5 Integration in the Complex Plane

! ! " #
dz 1 1 1
and = − dz.
C z2 + 1 2i C z−i z+i
y
We now surround the points z = i and z = −i by circular contours C1 and
C2 , respectively, that lie entirely within C. Specifically, the choice |z − i| = 12
for C1 and |z + i| = 12 for C2 will suffice. See Figure 5.32. From Theorem 5.5
C
i
C1 we can write
! ! " # ! " #
x dz 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − dz + − dz
C z +1 2i C1 z − i z + i 2i C2 z − i z + i
C2 2
–i

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= dz − dz + dz − dz. (9)
2i C1 z−i 2i C1 z+i 2i C2 z−i 2i C2 z+i

Figure 5.32 Contour for Example 5 Because 1/(z+i) is analytic on C1 and at each point in its interior and because
1/(z − i) is analytic on C2 and at each point in its interior, it follows from (4)
that the second and third integrals in (9) are zero. Moreover, it follows from
(6), with n = 1, that
! !
dz dz
= 2πi and = 2πi.
C1 z − i C2 z +i

Thus (9) becomes

!
dz
= π − π = 0.
C z2 +1

Remarks
D
Throughout the foregoing discussion we assumed that C was a simple
closed contour, in other words, C did not intersect itself. Although we
C shall not give the proof, it can be shown that the Cauchy-Goursat theorem
is valid for any closed contour C in a simply connected domain D. As
shown in Figure 5.33, the contour
$ C is closed but not simple. Nevertheless,
if f is analytic in D, then C f (z) dz = 0. See Problem 23 in Exercises
5.3.
Figure 5.33 Contour C is closed but
not simple.

EXERCISES 5.3 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-16.

$
In Problems 1–8, show that C
f (z) dz = 0, where f is the given function and C is
the unit circle |z| = 1.
1
1. f (z) = z 3 − 1 + 3i 2. f (z) = z 2 +
z−4
z z−3
3. f (z) = 4. f (z) = 2
2z + 3 z + 2z + 2
 5.3 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 263

sin z ez
y 5. f (z) = 6. f (z) =
(z 2 − 25)(z 2 + 9) 2z 2 + 11z + 15
z2 − 9
7. f (z) = tan z 8. f (z) =
cosh z
!
C
1
9. Evaluate dz, where C is the contour shown in Figure 5.34.
C z
x !
2 5
10. Evaluate dz, where C is the contour shown in Figure 5.35.
C z + 1+i

In Problems 11–22, use any of the results in this section to evaluate the given integral
along!the" indicated
# closed contour(s). ! " #
Figure 5.34 Figure for Problem 9 1 1
11. z+ dz; |z| = 2 12. z + 2 dz; |z| = 2
C z C z
y !
z
x4 + y4 = 16 13. 2 2
dz; |z| = 3
C z −π
C !
10
14. 4
dz; |z + i| = 1
C (z + i)
x !
2z + 1
15. 2
dz; (a) |z| = 12 , (b) |z| = 2, (c) |z − 3i| = 1
C z +z
!
2z
16. 2
dz; (a) |z| = 1, (b) |z − 2i| = 1, (c) |z| = 4
C z +3
Figure 5.35 Figure for Problem 10
!
−3z + 2
17. 2 − 8z + 12
dz; (a) |z − 5| = 2, (b) |z| = 9
C z
! " #
3 1
18. − dz; (a) |z| = 5, (b) |z − 2i| = 12
C z+2 z − 2i
!
z−1
19. dz; |z − i| = 12
C z(z − i)(z − 3i)
!
1
20. 3 2
dz; |z| = 1
C z + 2iz
!
21. Ln(z + 10) dz; |z| = 2
C
! $ %
y 5 3 10
22. 3
+ 2
− + 7 csc z dz; |z − 2| = 12
C (z − 2) (z − 2) z−2
C !
8z − 3
x 23. Evaluate 2
dz, where C is the “figure-eight” contour shown in Figure
C z −z
1
5.36. [Hint: Express C as the union of two closed curves C1 and C2 .]
24. Suppose z0 is any constant complex number interior to any simple closed curve
contour C. Show that for a positive integer n,
Figure 5.36 Figure for Problem 23 ⎧
! ⎨ 2πi, n = 1
dz
n
=
C (z − z0 ) ⎩ 0, n > 1.

In Problems 25 and 26, evaluate the given contour integral by any means.
! " z #
e
25. − 3z̄ dz, where C is the unit circle |z| = 1
C z+3