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Quartz constitutes by far the largest proportion of the minerals, both in
bulk and in weight. It is always fragmental; sometimes water-clear, but
chiefly occurs in opaque grains of different colors. It is seldom free
from material of a higher specific gravity, and is often so tinted as to
be almost indistinguishable from magnetite, but readily bleaches in
acid.

Feldspar is sparingly present, and includes both monoclinic and triclinic

forms, whose crystallographic boundaries are invariably lacking.

Treatment of the sand with dilute acid produces effervescence, which

is not due to incrustations of sodium carbonate. By persistent search
among particles separated in a heavy solution, a few grains were
discovered which, from their complete solubility with effervescence in
very dilute acid, as well as their optical properties, left no doubt as to
their being calcite.

The mica group has only one representative, biotite, and this occurs
most sparingly. Though much of the sand was examined, but few
fragments were found. Its foliated character renders it easily
transported by water and explains its absence from among the heavy
minerals.

Shaly, slaty and schistose material forms the major part of the coarser
grains. Thin sections from the largest pieces plainly indicated
hornblende schist.

A region of glaciers would seem to be favorable not only to the

collection of meteoric material, but also to the destruction of the
country rocks, the setting free of their mineralogic constituents in a
comparatively fresh state, and their transportation to the sea. It was
hoped that this sand would yield some of the rarer varieties of
minerals, but tests for native iron, platinum, chromite, gneiss, and the
titaniferous minerals proved ineffectual. Titanium is present, but in
such small quantities that it could only be detected by means of
hydrogen peroxide. The use of acid supersulphate and the
borotungstate of calcium test of Lasaulx failed to reveal the presence
of native iron.
It will be seen from the foregoing enumeration that the sand is made
up of grains of gold, magnetite, garnet, hornblende, pyroxene, zircon,
quartz, feldspar, calcite and mica, associated with fragments of a shaly,
slaty and schistose character. While the information at hand is hardly
sufficient to warrant much speculation concerning the rock masses of
the interior, still there is no doubt that the sand is derived from the
destruction of metamorphic rocks.

APPENDIX D.

REPORT ON FOSSIL PLANTS.

BY LESTER F. WARD.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
Washington, D. C., March 12, 1891.

Mr. I. C. RUSSELL, United States Geological Survey.

MY DEAR SIR: The following report upon the small collection of

fossil plants made by you at Pinnacle pass, near Mount St. Elias,
Alaska, and sent to this division for identification has been
prepared by Professor F. H. Knowlton, who gave the collection a
careful study during my absence in Florida. Previous to going away
I had somewhat hastily examined the specimens and seen that
they consisted chiefly of the genus Salix, some of them reminding
me strongly of living species. I have no doubt that Professor
Knowlton's more thorough comparisons can be relied upon with as
much confidence as the nature of the collection will permit, and I
also agree with his conclusions.
"The collection consists of seven small hand specimens, upon
which are impressed no less than seventeen more or less
completely preserved dicotyledonous leaves.

"These specimens at first sight seem to represent six or eight

species, but after a careful study I think I am safe in reducing the
number to four, as several of the impressions have been nearly
obliterated by prolonged exposure and cannot be studied with
much satisfaction.

"The four determinable species belong, without much doubt, to

the genus Salix. Number 1, of which there is but a single
specimen, I have identified with Salix californica, Lesquereux, from
the auriferous gravel deposits of the Sierra Nevada in California.38
The finer nervation of the specimens from the auriferous gravels is
not clearly shown in Lesquereux's figures, nor is it well preserved
in the Mount St. Elias specimens; but the size, outline, and
primary nervation are identical.

"Number 2, of which there are six or eight specimens, may be

compared with Salix raeana, Heer,39 a species that was first
described from Greenland and was later detected by Lesquereux in
a collection from Cooks inlet, Alaska.40 The Mount St. Elias
specimens are not very much like the original figures of Heer, but
are very similar, in outline at least, to this species as figured by
Lesquereux.41 They are also very similar to some forms of the
living S. rostrata, Richardson, with entire leaves. It is clearly a
willow, but closer identification must remain for more complete
material.

"Number 3, represented by four or five specimens, is broadly

elliptical in outline, and is also clearly a Salix. It is unlike any fossil
form with which I am familiar, but is very similar to the living S.
nigricans, For., var. rotundifolia, and to certain forms of S.
silesiaca, Willd. The nervation is very distinctly preserved, and has
all the characters of a willow leaf.
 "Number 4, represented by three or four very fine specimens, is a
very large leaf, measuring 13 cm. in length and 3½ cm. in width
at the broadest point. It may be compared with Salix macrophylla,
Heer,42 but it cannot be this species. It is also like some of the
living forms of S. nigra, Marsh., from which it differs in having
perfectly entire margins.

"While it is manifestly impossible, on the basis of the above

identifications, to speak with confidence as to the age or formation
containing these leaves, it can hardly be older than the Miocene,
and from its strong resemblance to the present existing flora of
Alaska it is likely to be much younger." [F. H. Knowlton.]

Very sincerely yours, LESTER F. WARD.

38 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. VI, no. 2, 1878, p. 10, pl. i, figs. 18–21.

39 Flor. foss. Arct., vol. I, 1868, p. 102, pl. iv, figs. 11–13; pl. xlvii, fig. 11.

40 Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. V, 1882, p. 447.

41 loc. cit., pl. viii, fig. 6.

32 Tert. Fl. Helv., vol. II, 1856, p. 29, pl. lxvii, fig. 4.

INDEX.

Admiralty bay, 56

Agassiz glacier, Ascent of, 147

— — named, 73
Age of St. Elias range, 175

Alpenstocks, Necessity for, 165

Alpine glaciers, 176, 180

Alton, Edmund, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75

Archangelica, Mention of, 89, 114

Atrevida (The), Mention of, 63

Arevida glacier, 92, 105

Auriferous sands, 196, 197, 198

Avalanches, 145, 155

Baie de Monti, 56
— named by La Pérouse, 60

Baker, Marcus, Explorations by, 70, 72

— reference to bibliography by, 58

Base Line, Measurement of, 86

Bear, Meeting with, 94, 109

Belcher, Sir Edward, Explorations by, 68, 69

Bell, A. Graham, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Bell, Charles J., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Bering bay, Mention of, 56

Bering, Vitus, Explorations by, 58

Bien, Morris, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Birnie, Jr., Rogers, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Black glacier, Brief account of, 101, 104

Blossom island, Description of, 113, 122

Boursin, Henry, Mention of, 79

Broka, George, Explorations by, 73, 74

Camp hands, 166

Carpenter, Z. T., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Carroll, Captain James, 78

Cascade glacier named, 144

Chaix hills named, 73

Chariot, The, Mention of, 140

Chatham, Mention of, 66

Cherikof, Alexei, Explorations of, 58

Christie, J. H., Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 82, 83, 84, 96, 103, 112, 113, 123, 162

Clover, Richardson, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Cook, Captain James, Explorations of, 58

Corwin (The) in Disenchantment bay, 100

— Return of, 163

Crevasses, 181, 182

— at Pinnacle pass, 130

Cross sound, visited by Vancouver's expedition, 67

Crumback, J. H., Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 96, 103, 122, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137

Dagelet, M., Mention of, 60

Dall, W. H., Explorations by, 70, 72

— reference to bibliography by, 58

Dalton, John, glacier named for, 98

— mention of, 73

Definition of formations in St. Elias region, 167

Desengaño bay, named by Malaspina, 63

Digges' sound, named by Vancouver, 68

Diller, J. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Dip at Pinnacle pass, 140

Discovery (The), Mention of, 66

Disenchantment bay, Canoe trip in, 96, 103

— — last view of, 163
— — mention of, 56
— — visited by Malaspina, 63, 64

Dixon, Captain George, Explorations of, 60, 62

De Monti bay, Arrival at, 79

Descubierta (The), Mention of, 63

Devil's club (Panax horridum), Mention of, 95, 115

Dobbins, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Dome pass, named, 146

Doney, L. S., Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 85, 158, 159, 160, 162

Douglass, Captain, Explorations of, 62

Dry bay, Mention of, 55

Farenholt, Lieutenant Commander O. F., Commander of U. S. S.

Pinta, 79

Faulted pebble from Pinnacle pass, 171

Faults, 83, 136
— Thrust, in Hitchcock range, 118

Floral hills, brief account of, 105, 108

— pass, brief account of, 105, 108, 110

Formations of the St. Elias region, 167

Fossils at Pinnacle pass, 140

— description of Yakutat system, 172

Fossil plants, Report on, by Lester F. Ward, 199, 200

Gabbro on the Marvine glacier, 123

Galiano, Don Dionisio Alcala, Mention of, 63

Galiano glacier, Visit to, 89, 90

Gannett, Henry, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

— Instructions from, 194

Geology of the St. Elias region, 167, 190, 191, 174

Geological Survey, Instructions from, 192, 193, 194

Gilbert, G. K., Instructions from, 192, 193

Glacial currents, 187

— river, best example of, 183
— streams, 183, 184

Glacier bay, mention of, 67

Glaciers in Disenchantment bay in 1792, 64, 65, 97
— — — — observed by Malaspina, 64, 65
— — — — — — Puget, 67, 68
— of the St. Elias region, 176
— west of Icy bay, 187

Greely, A. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Guides, use of in ascending St. Elias, 166

Guyot glacier named, 73

Haenke, D. Tadeo, Haenke island named for, 65

— island, Condition of, when seen by Malaspina, 63, 64, 65, 97
— — visit to, 96, 103

Hayden, Dr. F. V., glacier named for, 108

Hayden, Everett, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75

Hayden glacier, Brief account of, 108, 110, 111

Hays, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Height and position of St. Elias, 189, 190

Hendriksen, Reverend Carl J., mention of, 80, 83

Hitchcock, Professor Edward, range named for, 112

— range, brief account of, 112
— — from Pinnacle pass, 133
— — structure of, 118

Hooper, Captain C. L., Navigation of Disenchantment bay, 56, 100

Hosmer, E. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
— return of, 83
—, volunteer assistant, 76

Hubbard, Gardiner G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, glacier named for, 99

Hubbard glacier, brief description of, 99

Icebergs, Formation of, 98, 99, 101, 102

— in Yakutat bay, description of, 87

Ice tunnels, 184

Instructions from Geological Survey, 192, 193, 194

— — National Geographic Society, 194

Irving, Professor R. D., Mountain named for, 144

Johnson, Willard D., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

— exploration planned by, 75

Judd, J. G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Jungen, Ensign C. W., Mention of, 81

Kerr, Mark B., assigned as an assistant, 75

— report on topographic work, 193

Khantaak island, village on, 79, 80

King, Harry, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Knapp, Hon. Lyman E., Mention of, 79

Knight island, scenery near, 83

— — named by Puget, 68

Knowlton, F. H., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200

L'Astrolabe, Mention of, 58

La Boussole, Mention of, 58

Lake Castani, Named, 73

Lakelets on the glaciers, 119, 120

Lakes, Abandoned beds of, near Blossom island, 116

La Pérouse, J. F. S., Explorations of, 58, 60

Leach, Boynton, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Libbey, Professor William, explorations by, 72, 73

Lindsley, W. L., Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 122, 131, 134, 135, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158,
164

Lituya bay, mention of, 55

Logan, Sir W. E., Mountain named for, 141

Lucia glacier, brief account of, 192

— — crossing of, 105, 106, 108, 109

Lynn canal, mention of, 78

Malaspina, Alejandro, Explorations of, 62, 66

Malaspina glacier, character of, 187

— —, described and named, 71, 72
— —, excursion on, 120, 121, 162
— —, from Blossom island, 118, 119
— —, mention of, 56

Maldonado, reference to, 62, 63

Marvine, A. R., Glacier named for, 112

Marvine glacier, Account of, 112, 122, 124

McCarteney, C. M., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Mirage in Yakutat bay, 87

Moraines, 195
— medial, on the Marvine glacier, 123
— on the Malaspina glacier, 134
— near Yakutat bay, 191

Mount Augusta, avalanches on the sides of, 145

— elevation of, 117

Mount Bering, Height and condition of, 65

Mount Cook, Appearance of, 92

— named, 72
— rocks composing, 92

Mount Fairweather, height of, 69

Mount Logan, named, 141

Mount Malaspina, Elevation of, 117

— named, 72

Mount Newton, named, 146

Mount St. Elias (see St. Elias, Mount)

Mount Vancouver, named, 72

Muir glacier, Visit to, 78, 79

Mulgrave, Lord, Port Mulgrave named for, 60

National Geographic Society, Instructions from, 194

Névé fields, 180, 181, 182

Newton glacier, Ascent of, 150

Newton, Henry, Mountain named for, 146

New York Times, Expedition of, 72, 73

Nordhoff, Charles, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Norris glacier, Mention of, 78

Nunatak in the Lucia glacier, 106

Oil stoves, Use of, 164

Orel, Mention of the, 70

Otkrytie, Mention of the, 69

Outfit necessary for Alaskan expeditions, 165

Panax horridum, 95, 115

Partridge, William, Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 158, 159, 162

Piedmont glaciers, characteristics of, 122, 176, 185, 186

— — example of, 120, 121
— type of glaciers, mention of, 57

Pimpluna rocks, mention of, 70, 187

Pinnacle pass cliffs, account of, 132, 137

— — —, height of, 137
— — —, view from, 132
— —, description of, 130, 132
— — named, 130
— system, description of rocks of, 167, 170
— — named, 131

Pinta, mention of the, 79, 81

Phipps, C. J., Port Mulgrave named for, 60

Plants on Blossom island, 114

Point Esperanza, Camp at, 82, 84, 85

— Glorious, named, 137
— Riou, Mention of, 69

Port Mulgrave, 56
— — named by Dixon, 60

Powell, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Powell, William B., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Puerto del Desengaño, Mention of, 56

Puget, Peter, Explorations of, 66, 68

Pyramid harbor, Mention of, 78

Queen Charlotte, Mention of the, 60

—, voyage on the, 78, 79

Rations, 164

Report on sands from Yakutat bay by J. Stanley-Brown, 196, 197,

198

Rivers, Glacial, 183

Rope cliff, named, 149

Route (new), suggested, 163, 164

Russell, Israel C., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Salmon (and trout) fishing, 162

Sands, Auriferous from Yakutat bay, 196, 197, 198

Schwatka, Lieutenant Frederick, explorations by, 72, 73

Serpentine on the Marvine glacier, 123

Seton-Karr, H. W., explorations of, 72, 73

Seward glacier, crevasses on, 133, 179, 180

— — crossing of, 142
— — description of, 177, 178, 179

Seward, Hon. W. H., Glacier named for, 129

Sitka, arrival at, 79

Snow crests, figures of, 143

— line, description of Alpine glaciers above, 180
— — — — — — below, 183

Snow line, elevation of, 92, 111

— on mountain crests, 182

Soundings in Disenchantment bay, 56

Stamy, Thomas, Member of expedition, 76

— Work of, 137, 139, 144, 150, 153, 157, 158, 160

Stanley-Brown, J., Report on sands from Yakutat bay, 196, 197, 198

St. Elias described by La Pérouse, 59, 60

—, discovery of, by Bering, 58
—, first full view of, 135
—, view of, 91, 92
—, height and position of, 189, 190
— — — — —, by Tebenkof, 69
— — — of, determined by La Pérouse, 60
— — — — — Malaspina, 64, 65, 66
— range, age of, 175
— —, character of peaks of, 175
— region, glaciers of, 176
— schist, description of rocks of, 167, 173
—, suggested new route to, 163, 164
— uplift, 190

Stein, Robert, translations by, 59, 64, 65, 66

Strait of Annan, 56

Structure, 174

Swiss guides in Alaskan exploration, 166

Sulphur, Mention of the, 69

Taku glacier, Mention of, 78

— inlet, Visit to, 78

Tebenkof, Captain, Notes on Alaska by, 69, 70

Terrace on northern shore of Yakutat bay, 82, 85

— point, Brief account of, 106

Thompson, Gilbert, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Tide-water glaciers defined, 101

Topographic work, Report on, 195

Topham, Edwin, Explorations by, 73, 74

Topham, W. H., explorations by, 73, 74

— reference to map by, 177
Triangulation, Commencement of, 86

Tunnels in the ice, 184

Tyndall glacier, Named, 73

Tyndall, J., cited on marginal crevasses, 127

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, explorations of, 70, 72

Vancouver, Captain George, Explorations by, 66, 68

Veratrum viride, Mention of, 114

Ward, Lester F., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200

White, Thomas, Member of expedition, 76

—, Work of 158, 160

Willis, Baily, contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Williams, C. A., contribution to exploration fund by, 75

Williams, William, explorations by, 73, 74

Yakutat bay, Arrival at, 79

— —, Base camp on Western shore of, 86, 89
— —, Shores of described, 57
— —, Synonomy of, 56
— Indians, described by Dixon, 61
— system, Description of rocks of, 167
— — named, 131
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN EXPEDITION TO
MOUNT ST. ELIAS, ALASKA ***

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