I

First conversat·ions
1. Topics
a. Good topics
Jhoitl weoJ.hev- Pro4s sioo Fa millb:
bobb1rs sroxis NJ "25 CJ-"""_- - -
b. Bad topics
~ - --
Abaul rosft: 8bout Incam t'.'.. loo ks ___

f Ha,.u', +_ be r,ieaJ-brr thrrc

2. some questions for good topics

esyrdcf ne,o1-r

3. Continuing the conversation

· A: What's your hobby? A: Are you married?
B: My hobby is watching movies. B: Yes, I am.
A: What movie do you like? A: What is your husband's iob?

B: I like %ff ~CH. It is exciting. B: He works at POSCO.

A: Who is your favorite actress? A: Do you have any children ?

A
:.

B:
__________
B: My favorite actress is il Al-'i'.
?
B: ~e6, 1have on r do ii qbt-tr
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ?.

B: My daughter is 10 years old.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
-----------
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Remember the question words -- Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How
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>J need fo (Jo -~ +o +h c. l,b-ra~ ·
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I ~es, I do ·
!3'-r lel:s )-l-0 -t-o ,'~ the r .
l/ I am (toinJ tv j 0 to !he \;bra~ \J

No Problem come 1---d ~h me ·

..5/ Hi! How arrc J,/OU

Ok (j
(( Re.aJl~ "Cu-ectt ( Thon k ou

rt'( Hello 1 am ok Tuo..nk.5 . buJ: 1 am los~ ·

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Che ck '1ou1 und.Mr+ondinq- ~ill in +he b/Qnks-
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T don 'i know etnl.Jo n e... .
b'
<>l)'" How do yw spe ll I
it 2 J..JHh a
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p or ll
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··

3/ Whal: 'VM> an ~ou in al:- scho ol (_

111 T am in g

5
/ I an1 15 · MY brr+b do ,I
;( I _ am 1o1--e_ .
 factice : 1
f' h sentence consists of two parts. The part
A dire~t sp;e~he quotation marks is called reported
ttat is 10; e other one that is out of quoted marks, is
!veecb- ~ing speech. Hence, direct speech sentence
caJled reports· reporting verb and reported verb.
ttas two pa , Reported
Direct Speech Sentence Reporting Speech
Speech

.d "I teach direct and indirect speech"

Shes al '

"Alex says, "I am happy to see you"

Mark said, "I will write a letter to the manager"

Practice 2
Direct and Indirect Speech Punctuation Rules

Following punctuation rules in reported speech are applied

In~·erted comma are excluded

•
• Question mark is converted into full stop
• Exclamation mark is silenced
• Comma, in some cases, is used
 Direct Speech
" Indirect Speech
'd "I write everyday
Heslll ' Ht sard that h
said, " We have made good progress" 1h 'd 'h t ~rib-ft evt~d°4 .
fbeY t4.sa, al-thtu ha.d ..Ld d
.900
j
(J PYOor@Ss . a l'Ylt.1. L
aid " My job is writing a letter" SL
th al h .
J
5be s ' rJ t sa Id
7T trJob !--las wrHinq a leH-rr.
heY said, "we have good friends" 1n d h J
T . . 'cf sar +oJ: -+h~had .9ood frimds .
I said, "I am makmg practice of reported speech" J
Said thaf 1 was makf pYarHs-t
of l-tporhd sptteh .

second Person:
If the reported ~peech has second person (you ou . .
object of reportmg speech. ' Y rs,etc), It Is changed as per the

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She said to him, " You are not real" '5ht Said +o him +hat htYi15 nor real ·
Hesaidtome,"Youareacleverguy" H< safd 10 mt +hoJ- l £,JQS Q cltvcv 8~.

She said to Alex, " You are cool guy" s·hl 6 5ai d +o AIt x +ha.r ht O.S' C..O
01
b •

Rule No: 3

Third Person

Third Person in reported speech is not changed in indirect speech

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

They sa_id, "It is hard to bear cold" 7Ti !.l+ sq id -J. ha.I: i /. 1-1 s ha rd to bw r co Id ·
Alexsa1d, "He likes chocolate" Alt'i 5aid -1-haJ-- ht. ltl·<,q chocola..1-t.S' ·
They said, "She is waiting for Alex" --n; ,.s al d }haJ- .Sh f NOS Nal ~f '(j P.o f It le~
 h Rules for All Tenses
5peeC
·,ect
1~o
1
he complete rules how to make indirect
1 wt speech of
adbe oc. ture tense present tense past
,
,erise

.,
Change Rules Direct Speech
fen Se Indirect
Speech
t Simple into Alex said "I I ·
presen
imple Tense Mark he/ a ways wait for Al ti said thar ht alhla~s
past S e l--lcti~ hlf Mark thert .
AIl '{ 5 aid'JTI
nt Continuous Alex said , "I am Wattmg
· · for
pres e .
Mark"
,L
ar l NQS
into past Contmuous
h/aiHn9 Por na,k .
present Perfect into Alex said, "I have completed my Al•i,: Sa,·d +haI ht had
past Perfect essay" '
conirlt+-cd hi5 !S!.~ .
present Perfect
Continuous into Past Perfect Alex said, "I have been waiting Alo: said thlil ht. hC1d
for Mark" bun wait-in1 hlf nark .
Continuous

Simple past into Past Perfect d l-ha! Ma.irk

Alex said,"Mark received a letter" A-It t 5 Qi
Tense had recitvtd a\ c.H-<lf\
Past Perfect into Past Perfect Alex said, "I had listened to your AIf i 50 rd th aJ hl ha.c
Tense questions" Iis«ntd -f-o CL,Ulf h
-onS •
Future simple tense (will into Alex said,"I will teach you A-lc-L ~Qrd t-ho..r +~ l=-\
would)' reported speech" d tench JJO u ~fOf t-c.c.\
. HOOi (J sptech.
Future Continuous (will be into Alex said, "I will be teachmg yo~AI 5ald +h <U ht rJ ou\
h"
+, achi <5 ~ l rtro rk.c
t..'f..
would be) reported speec. . bt
Future Perfect Tense (Will have Alex said, "I will have wntten a ~ptecl, .
into would have) letter" A\{'f... 5 a.Id +h 0-t h< Haul
ha \'l WtiH-th a. 1,H-cr .
 e in Time and Adverb in Indirect S
Cb9ng peech
s fot . h
~11 1e rules for changing t e words showing f
eare s~mdeirect speech. Study below the table sh •~e and place in direct
~erecll 111
. to 10theY are change d m
· m
· d.rrect speech. owmg the words of time and
1
5pe b bOW
d"er ,
ch Word Indirect Speech Word
JJi'ect Spee "' That day
fodaY The day before
rd
yeste aY The next day
f o!llorroW Then
1'1°w Before
;..go There
»ere That
fhiS The following week
l'Jext week
The following month
Next month
So
fbUS
Last night The night before
Hither
Thither
Hence Thence
Corne Go
Examples

Direct Speech Indirect Speech .Jh~

She said, "We will come tomorrow" Shi -1'1 .said +hoJ:1--1oulcl cOIYl 1
lo1 .-i e1101, }~t nc d~ •
They said, "It is hot today" 7fl~ sqlcl H,a.f Ir "as ho-I- 1-hatd~

I said, "I found a purse yesterday"

1 .safd +hoJ •l+ound a. rurSl +he da.
bt~O\-L . h"n~
Alex said, "It is good time now to see him" AIt" +h oJ- 1+-
GQi d hJOS <:5-0 od -H n, c
fhp1 -\-o Sri! hirn .
 . Modal Verbs
de Jrl
C~11 ri" ·ndirect speech rules for modal verbs.
are sorne I
~ere ver bs are changed in indirect M speech
d . like, Can into Could, May m · to M.1ght,
1 had to. However, 1
. A da_
JY' 0 t nto . d. some ho as hke, Would, could, might , sh ou Id , ought
~tis 1 t changed in m trect speec .
to, 8re the
00 foUowmg· •/
examp le below l'.ior change m
· modal verbs in indirect speech
5tt1dY

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Jl said, "It may rain today" ;9
Ht 5Q Id+h n.t J+ rn hf mJ n ,!-ha.I- d~ •
s:e said, "I must run fast" 5hI sa 1d H1aJ- 1 had -+o ru O ?a,-J... .
'fheY said, "They would speak English" Th~ oaid }haJ- +h~ HOU! d 6'f'o.k h,~ lish ·
Jle said, "It might cost me more money" H 1 5 a.{d hal jf ,,, lj hI- C.O t hill) !YlO f c m on 't
Indirect speech for Imperative Sentences
Jrnperative sentences ~onsist~ of command, request, order, suggestion or advice.
Therefore, to change imperative sentences from direct into indirect speech
following points should be noted.
J. understand the mood of sentence if it is command, request, advice or suggestion.
2. Use appropriate joining clauses as per the mood of sentence.
3. Follow the other rules of reported speech.

Mood of Indirect
Direct Speech Sentence Speech
Qdvt'ctd cn:4tt _ . ,\-a\ ~ho}
I
Mark said to him, "Do not take this exercise f'T Q YI'( ad~fctd +o q(_ m 6n{ O!-i ~ro . <(
h (;rd
easy" S t..tl
1
Dentist said to Alex, "Stay away from -'I Qii i Ee, j) tr1 fi5 AI
smoking" 5 t. g v> kA 5 ta~ Q i-J a t'YO rY1 s fl? o k i .,
 Direct Speech Mood of Indirect
Sentence Speech
·dto the guard, "open the door"
~e sa'
·d ''Let's wait for Alex here" Ht SQid thal
~e sa' ' •

,~ 1·rect speech for Exclamatory Sentenc.es

d
lamatofY sentences express the stat Of .
6tc • to .keep m
are (he pc1nt · mmd
· before changing
e gnef
e , 7°nder or happiness. Following
speech into mdtrect speech. xc amatory sentences from direct

_understand ~he of sentences.

h Jommg clause fore xc1amatory
1· use appropnate
2· FolloW the ot er rules of direct and m
. d"irect speech.
sentence.
3
Direct Speech Mood of Sentence Indirect Speech

Alex said, "Alas! I have failed the exam" Al tX ll'f1a,mio. -u. soYfO uJ rL,h c,} ht ho.~
. J J.Jrrr1
"d "H ~iltd th{ u.orvi . ,
Alex sa1 , ow coolthe weather is!" Alo: e><f rtwd
1-li~h ,-ion.dtf-1\,o.f- ti--1 rl as
.d "V , h ~t coo riw)-htr- • 11
·L ,,.10..S a

She sa1 , ow. w at a good watch it is" Sht t~claim td ~frri J •.1• tt,ol' 1 "
LL rOnf.l
,J

c9 oad NO kh .

Indirect Speech of Interrogative Sentences

following are the basic rules of direct and indirect speech for interrogative
sentences or question sentences.
I. Punctuation marks (comma, inverted comma, question marks ) are removed.
2. Conjunction "that" is omitted.
3. Interrogative form is changed into assertive form of sentence.
4. 'Said'ofis'Ifchanged
5. Use into asked
or 'Whether' or inquired.
is made For the interrogative sentences that cant be
answered simply in Yes or No.
 Direct Speech · Ind·
. irect Speech
.d to son, "Do you thmk to disobey me?' 1M
.Aotber sai_d "Do you know the exact answer?•~~ Io tt Q;ktd son l~ ht th h' L dr l
rv· rsa1 , • 1tQ.critr n Ld ou9 r-ru soo.
feacbe me "What is the name of great Mugh 1K. \.\Sitt "'Jht~htY thtu \ u lwr .
aid to ' . hdl a in~?" +o' .s~~d, 1 <:ntw mt e1Cac~
511e s .d "What 1s the ~c e u e of examination?" Sht Q6ktd n sh On6 .
r11eY ~ai 'me, "Have you been to Turkey?" · ~'rt.oJ-- rnuq~ ~- Q~r4as Hit narnt o
said to • 1h '"q .
~e : ~d "4hQl--wo..r~ht sc~1dull
• \-\t 0.5krd hH j~ l had bo~ ti.arninal-fon .
s are given ·m the d'1rect speech. Change th . . . tt n -1-o 1i1.\1"t. lLI .
sentence em mto mdirect speech. I
Lord is any of your silver missing?' the Sergeant 'd .
1. 'MY ' sa, to the Bishop.
z. 'Did you see the exhibition?' the teacher said to me.
_'MY son, when will you come back?' said the mother.
3
_'Can I get supper and lodging here for a night?' said Jean Val Jean.
4
S. 'I am a humble servant ready to obey the orders,' said Madame Magloire to the Bishop.

6_Rob's father said to Mary, 'I hate to call Rob in the mornings.'

7. The teacher said to the boys, 'If you do your best, you will surely pass.'
8. 'Joseph, have you finished writing?' asked the teacher.

9. 'I have something to show you,' Maya told her friend.

10. 'Can you help me please?' the tourist asked the policeman.
 \
Answers

1. The Sergeant asked the Bishop if any of his silver was missing.

2. The teacher asked me if/whether I had seen the exhibition.

3. The mother asked her son when he would come back.

4. Jean Val Jean asked if/whether he could get supper and lodging there for a night.

. told the Bishop that she was a humble servant readY to 0 bey the orders.
5. Madame Magloire

6. Rob' s father told Mary that he hated to call Rob in the mornings.

7. The teacher told the boys that if they did their best, they would surely pass.

8. The teacher asked Joseph if he had finished writing.

9. Maya told her friend that she had something to show her.

10. The tourist asked the man if he could help him.

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