Aditya pratap singh (22020)

EXP I : 2-BIT Binary Adder

In partnership with Aditya Pratap Singh (22020)

Objective
Design a 2-bit binary adder circuit using logic gates (XOR, AND, OR).

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Breadboard (1)
 DC Power supply (1)
 IC: XOR 74LS86 (1)
 IC: AND 74LS08 (1)
 IC: OR 74LS32 (1)
 Resistors 1K Ohm (3)
 LED (3)
 Connecting wires

Circuit in breadboard

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER August 6, 2024 1

 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

Truth table
A B C-in Sum C-out
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Block diagram
A XOR B (A XOR B) XOR C

A XOR B A*B + (A
XOR B) * C

A*B

Procedure
 Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Check the LEDs before connecting to the circuit. (Connect anode to
positive and cathode to negative terminals of the battery)
 Don’t increase the supply voltage by more than 5V.
 For logic 1 as input, connect the respective terminal to +VCC.
 For logic 0 as input, connect the respective terminal to Ground.

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 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

Observation
Carry In = 1
A1 = 1 A0 = 0
B1 = 0 B0 = 0
Carry out = 0 SUM0 = 1 SUM1 = 1

Carry In = 0
A1 = 1 A0 = 0
B1 = 1 B0 = 0
Carry out = 1 SUM0 = 0 SUM1 = 0

K-Maps

Sum of Product:
Sum = AB′Cin′+A′B′Cin+ABCin′+ACinB′
Cout=ABCin′+ACinB′+A′CinB+ABCin
Product of Sum:
Sum=(A+B+Cin)(A′+B+Cin)(A+B′+Cin′)(A′+B′+Cin′)
Cout=(A+B+Cin)(A+B′+Cin)(A′+B+Cin)(A+B+Cin′)

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER August 6, 2024 3

 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

Results

The results of observations have been attached above.

The 2-bit adder was successfully implemented and tested. The outputs
matched the expected results for all input combinations, verifying the
correctness of the design. Both simulation and hardware tests confirmed
accurate sum and carry outputs, with no errors observed during operation.

Conclusion
The experiment demonstrated the successful design and implementation of a
2-bit adder using basic logic gates. It provided practical insights into binary
addition and combinational circuit design. The results validated the theoretical
predictions, laying the groundwork for extending the design to more complex
circuits like multi-bit adders.

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER August 6, 2024 4

 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

EXP II : INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

In partnership with Adheesh Trivedi (22016)

Objective
To design an instrumentation Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-
Amp IC 741.

Apparatus required
1. Function Generator (3 MHz)
2. DSO (30 MHz)
3. 2 Channel DC Power supply (0 – 30 V)
4. Op-Amp IC 741 x3
5. Bread Board
6. Resistors
7. Connecting wires and probes

Circuit on breadboard

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER August 6, 2024 5

 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

Theory
An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential
amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffers, which eliminate the need for
input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for
use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include
very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high
common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.
Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the
circuit, both short- and long-term are required. The most used instrumentation
amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of the circuit is:
V out
V 2−V 1 (
= 1−
)
2 ⋅ R1 R 3
R gain R 2

The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labelled R2 and R3 is just the
R3
standard differential amplifier circuit, with gain = R and differential input
2

resistance = 2 ⋅ R 1. The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With R gain

removed (open circuited), they are simple unity gain buffers; the circuit will
R3
work in that state, with gain simply equal to R and high input impedance
2

because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors
between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the
negative feedback; however, the single resistor R gain between the two inverting
inputs is a much more elegant method: it increases the differential-mode gain
of the buffer pair while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1.

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 Aditya pratap singh (22020)

Procedure
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. +Vcc and -Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp
IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency value of the sine wave in the
function generator, t he appropriate input voltage is applied to the input
terminal of the Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the DSO.

Observation
V1 V2 Rg Theoretical Practical
(V0) (V0)
5 5.1 5k 1 1.21
6 6.1 5k 2 2.30
7 7.1 5k 3 3.42

Results
The instrumentation amplifier was
successfully designed and implemented
using the Op-Amp IC 741. The amplifier
achieved the specified gain of [insert gain
value] with minimal distortion and a high
input impedance, ensuring accurate signal
measurement. The output voltage closely
followed theoretical predictions,
demonstrating stable operation across the
input range.

Conclusion
The experiment confirmed the successful design and functionality of the
instrumentation amplifier. By utilizing IC 741, the amplifier provided precise
signal amplification with high common-mode rejection, making it suitable for
low-level signal measurements. The results demonstrated the practical
application of operational amplifiers in instrumentation and sensor interfacing.

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