COURSE OUTLINE – EVIDENCE

2nd semester, SY 2024-2025

I. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

A. Meaning and scope of evidence: Kinds and classifications

B. Admissibility and weight of evidence
C. Factum probans and factum probandum
D. Question of fact and question of law
E. Axioms of admissibility
a. Competency
b. Relevancy
F. Direct and circumstantial evidence
G. Conditional, multiple and curative admissibility

Cases:

1. BSB Group, Inc. v. Go, G.R. No. 168644, February 16, 2010
2. De Jesus v. Sanchez-Malit, A.C. No. 6470, July 8, 2014
3. People v. Samontañez, G.R. No. 134530, December 4, 2000
4. Navarro v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121087, August 26, 1999
5. Reyes y Capistrano v. People, G.R. No. 229380, June 6, 2018
6. People v. Delociembre y Andales, G.R. No. 226485 (Resolution),
June 6, 2018
7. People v. Yatco, G.R. No. L-9181, November 28, 1955
8. Ong Chia V. Republic (328 SCRA 749) –
9. People V. Ador (432 SCRA 1)
10. People V.Domingcil (419 SCRA 291) -
11. Custodio V. Sandiganbayan (453 SCRA 24)
12. People vs. Fetalino, 525 SCRA 170
13. Zulueta vs. CA, 253 SCRA 699 –
14. People vs. Yatar 428 SCRA 504
15. People vs. Sartagoda 221 SCRA 251

II. WHAT NEED NOT BE PROVED

A. Judicial notice
B. Judicial admission
C. Presumptions

Cases:
1. Juan v. Juan, G.R. No. 221732, August 23, 2017
2. People v. Documento, G.R. No. 188706 (Resolution), March 17,
2010
3. Loreto Barrioquinto and Norberto Jimenez vs. Enrique A.
Fernandez, et.a.; G.R. No. L-1278; Jan. 21, 1949
4. Peltan Development, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117029,
March 19, 1997
5. Candelaria v. People, G.R. No. 209386, December 8, 2014
6. Republic v. Science Park of the Philippines, Inc., G.R. No.
237714, November 12, 2018
7. Trinidad y Bersamin v. People, G.R. No. 239957, February 18,
2019
8. Tranquilino Agbayani vs. Lupa Realty Holding Corporation; G.R.
No. 201193; June 10, 2019
9. People V. Domantay (307 SCRA 1 [1999])
10. State Prosecutors V. Muro (263 SCRA 505 [1994])
11. People v. Pugal (215 SCRA 247 [1994])
12. People v. Lintang (128 ASCRA 511 [1983])
13. Strategic Alliance V. Rodstock Securities Inc. (G.R. No.
178158, December 4, 2009)
14. People v. Reanzares (344 SCRA 624 [2000])
15. People v. Tundag (342 SCRA 704 [2000])
16. Laureano v.Court of Appeals (324 SCRA 414)
17. People v. kulais (292 SCRA 551)
18. Agueza v. Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co. (271 SCRA 1 [1997])
19. PHILAMGEN v. Sweet Lines Inc. (212 SCRA 194 [1992])
20. Republic v. Court of Appeals (296 SCRA 171 [1998])
21. Alano v. Court of Appeals (283 SCRA 269 [1997])
22. People v. Solayao (262 SCRA 255 [1996])
23. Republic vs. CA 277 SCRA 633
24. LBP vs. Banal 434 SCRA 543
25. Republic Glass Corp. vs. Qua 435 SCRA 489.
26. Habagat Grill vs. DMC Urban Property Dev. Inc. 454 SCRA 653
27. Clarion printing house, Inc. vs. NLRC, 461 SCRA 27.
28. Tantuico Jr. v. Republic. G.R. No. 89114, December 2,1991
29. Far East Marble (Phils.) Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 94093, August 10,
1993
30. Salita v. Magtolis, G. R. No. 106429, June 13, 1994
31. Balitaan v. Court of First Instant of Batangas, 201 Phil. 311,
July 30,1982
32. Paranaque Kings Enterprises, Inc. v. Court of Appeals.
February 26,1997
33. De Gala v. De Gala, 42 Phil. 771
 III. RULES OF ADMISSIBILITY

A. OBJECT/REAL EVIDENCE

1. People v. Manalo (219 SCRA 656 [1993]

2. People v. Mapan Le (G.R. No. 188976, prom. June 29, 2010)
3. People v. Solar (G.R. No. 181494, prom. March 17, 2009)
4. 20TH Century Fox Film Corporation v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No.
164 SCRA [1988])
5. Columbia Picture Inc. v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 11276
September 20,1996)
6. People v. Choi (G.R. No. 152950, August 3, 2006)
7. People v. Malimit (264 SCRA 167 [1996])
8. People v. Jumamoy (221 SCRA 333 [1993])
9. People v. Flores (328 SCRA 461 [2000])
10. People v. Penaso (326 SCRA 311 [2000])
11. People v. Adoviso (309 SCRA 1 [1999])
12. Mallari v. Court of Appeals (265 SCRA 456 [1996])
13. People v. Rugay (291 SCRA 692 [1998])
14. People vs. Rulepa, 398 SCRA 567
15. People vs. Ulzoron, 286 SCRA 741

B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
1. Original Document rule

a. Heirs of Gabatan v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 150206,

prom. March 13, 2009)
b. Manila Mining Corporation v. Tan (G.R. No. 171702,
prom. February 12, 2009)
c. Edsa Shang-ri la Hotel v. BF Corp. (G.R. No. 145842,
June 27, 2008)
d. Borje v. Sandiganbayan (125 SCRA 736 [1983])
e. WIDORA v. Court of Appeals (212 SCRA 360 [1992])
f. People v. Tandoy (192 SCRA 28 [1990])
g. Security Bank v. Triumph Lumber (301 SCRA 537
[1999])
h. De Vera vs. Aguilar, 218 SCRA 602
i. Citibank Mastercard vs. Teodoro, 411 SCRA 577
j. Sison vs. People, 250 SCRA 58
k. Garvida vs. Sales, 271 SCRA 767
l. Cuevas vs. Muñoz, 348 SCRA 542
m. Heirs of Sabanpan vs. Comorposa, 408 SCRA 692
n. Heirs of Dela Cruz vs. Court of Appeals, 298 SCRA 172
Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Mendoza, G.R. No. 198799
Bayani Magdayao v. People, G.R. No. 152881, August 17, 2004
Heirs of Margarita Prodon v. Heirs of Maximo S. Alvarez and Valentina
Clave, represented by Rev. Maximo Alvarez, Jr., G.R. No. 170604,
September 02, 2013 Country Bankers Insurance Corp. v. Lagman, G.R. No.
165487, [July 13, 2011 Flores y De Leon v. People, G.R. No. 222861, April
23, 2018

2. Parol Evidence Rule

a. Inciong v. Court of Appeals (157 SCRA 578 [1996])
b. NIA v. GAMIT (215 SCRA 436 [1992])
c. Gurango v. IAC (272 SCRA 333 [1992])
d. CKH Industrial & Develoment Corp. v. CA (272 SCRA
736 [1996])
e. Camacho v. Mun. of Baliuag (28 SCRA 466 [1914])
f. Pasuyuin v, IAC (193 SCRA 547 [1991)
g. Saming v. Dy (383 SCRA 131 [2002])
h. Mactan Cebu Inl. Court of Appeals (263 SCRA 763
[1996])
i. Cruz v. Court of Appeals (192 SCRA 209)
j. Maulini v. Serrano (7 SCRA 750)
k. Ortañez vs. CA, 266 SCRA 561
l. Lapu Lapu foundation vs. CA, 421 SCRA 328
m. Borillo vs. CA, 209 SCRA 130
n. Cruz vs. CA, 192 SCRA 209
Eagleridge Development Corporation v. Cameron Granville 3 Asset
Management, Inc., G.R. No. 204700, November 24, 2014
Spouses Amoncio v. Benedicto, G.R. No. 171707, July 28, 2008

C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

1. Qualifications –

2. Disqualifications

3. Testimonial privilege
4. Admissions and confessions
5. Previous conduct as evidence
6. Hearsay
7. Exceptions to the hearsay rule
 8. Opinion
9. Character evidence

Cases:
1. People v. taneo (218 SCRA 494 [1993]
2. People v. Balanon (G.R. No. 85248-49, prom. July 6,1994)
3. People v. Baid (G.R No. 129667 Prom. July 30, 2000)
4. Republic v. Court of Appeals (G.R No.116372, prom. January
18, 2001)
5. People v. Lagarto (G.R. No. 118828 prom. February 29, 2000)
6. People v. Salomon (G.R. No. 96848, prom. January 21, 1994)
7. Icutanim v. Hemandez and Vinson G.R. No. L-1709, January
8, 1948.
8. Carandag v. Cabatuando G.R. No. L-25384, October 26, 1973,
9. Addenbrook v. People. G.R. No. L-22995, June 29, 1967, 20
SCRA 494
10. Ordoño v. Daguigan (62 SCRA 270 [1975])
11. People v. Francisco (G.R. No. 568, July 16, 1947)
12. Arroyo v. Court of Appeals (203 SCRA 760 (1991)
13. Lacurom v. Jacoba (484 SCRA 206
14. People v. Carlos (47 Phil. 626)
15. US v. Conception, G.R. 10396, July 29, 1915, 31 phil.
182
16. Lezama v. Rodriguez, G.R. L-25643, June 27, 1968, 23
SCRA 1166
17. People v, Castaneda, G.R. L-46306, February 27, 1979,
88 SCRA 562
18. US v. Antipolo (G.R. 13109, March 6, 19180)
19. Fortich v. Court of Appeals (G.R. 120769, Febuary 12,
1997)
20. Lezama v. Rodriguez (23 SCRA 1166)
21. Alvarez v. Ramires (473 SCRA 72)
22. Genato v. Silapan (Adm. Case no. 4078, July 14, 2003)
23. Lim v. Court of Appeals (214 SCRA 273)
24. Krohh v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 108854 [1994])
25. People v. Valero (112 SCRA 660 [1982])
26. People v. Damaso (212 SCRA 547 [1992])
27. Agcaoilo v. Molina (AM 94-979, October 25, 1995)
28. People v. Briosa (37 SCRA 336 [1971])
29. People v. Mongado (28 SCRA 642 [1969])
30. People v. Quidato (297 SCRA 1 [1998])
31. People v. Cloud (265 SCRA 472 [1996])
32. Feria v. Court of Appeals (325 SCRA 525 [2000])
33. People v. De Joya (203 SCRA 343 [1991])
34. People v. Dunig (215 SCRA 469 [1992])
35. People v. Amaca (G.R. No. 110129 [1997])
36. People v. Sison (G.R. No. 109617, August 11, 1997)
37. NDC v Workmen’s Compensation, G.R. No. L-21724.
April 27, 1967)
38. People v. Amaca (G.R. No. 110129, August 12, 1997)
39. People v. tiozon (198 SCRA 236 [1991]
40. People v. Naranja (G.R. No.13288, June 30, 1960)
41. People v. Palomones (336 SCRA 80 [2000]
42. People v. Raquel (265 SCRA 248 [1996]
43. People v. Agustin (G.R. 110290, January 25, 1995)
44. Tuazon v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 113779-80,
Febuary 23, 1995)
45. Manuel v. NC Construction Supply (G.R. No.127553,
Sept. 23, 1996)
46. People v. Solayao (262 SCRA 255 [1993]
47. People v. Chua-uy (G.R. No. 128046, March 7, 2000)
48. People v. Cepeda (G.R. No. 124832, Febuary 1, 2000)
49. People v. Lase (219 SCRA 584 [1993]
50. Trans-Pacific Industrial Supplies v. Court Appeals (G.R.
No. 109172, August 19, 1974)
51. People v. Buemio (G.R. No. 114011-22, December 16,
1996)
52. People v. Amaca (G.R. No. 11019, August 12, 1997)
53. Gardiner v. Magsalin (G.R. No. 48185, August 18, 1941)
54. People v. Condemna 23 SCRA 910 [1968])
55. People v. Provo (37 SCRA 19 [1971])
56. People v. Puesca (87 SCRA 130 [1978])
57. People v. Cedon (233 SCRA 187 [1994])
58. Peo US v. Bay (G.R. No. 9341, August 14, 1914)
59. People v. Navoa (143 SCRA 512 [1996])
60. People v. Luvendino (211 SCRA 38 [1992])
61. People v. Camiling (424 SCRA 698)
62. People v. Agustin (240 SCRA 541 [1995])
63. People v. Salazar (266 SCRA 607 [1997])
64. People v. Tiozon (198 SCRA 368 [1991])
65. People v. Tujon (215 SCRA 559 ]1992])
66. People v. Macam (G.R. No. 91011-12, November 24,
1994)
67. People v. Olicares (299 SCRA 635 [1998])
68. People v. Magpayo (226 SCRA 13 [1993])
69. Lim v. Court of Appeals (214 SCRA 273 [1992])
70. People v. Galleno (291 SCRA 761 [1998])
71. Cebu Shipyard v. William Lines (306 SCRA 762 [1999]
72. People v. Soliman (101 SCRA 767)
IV. BURDEN OF PROOF, BURDEN OF EVIDENCE AND
PRESUMPTIONS

1. Burden of proof and burden of evidence

2. Equipoise
3. Presumptions

Cases:
1. Jimenez v. NLRC (256 SCRA 84)
2. Quiajano v. Gonong (2 SCRA 601)
3. Mallari v. Court of Appeals (265 SCRA 456)
4. People v. Manalo (230 SCRA 309)
5. Lozano v. Delos Santos (274 SCRA 452)
6. Tijam Sibonghanoy (23 SCRA 29)
7. Crisostomo v. Court of Appeals (32 SCRA 54)
8. Capilitan v, Dela Cruz (55 SCRA 706)
9. SEAFDEC v. NLRC (206 SCRA 283)
10. Salen v. Dinglasan (198 SCRA 623)
11. LRT v. Natividad (397 SCRA 75)
12. Del San Transport v. C & A Transport (412 SCRA 524)
13. People v. De Guzman (229 SCRA 795)
14. People v. Navaja (220 SCRA 524)
15. People v. Castaneda (252 SCRA 247)
16. People v. Simbulan (252 SCRA 537)
17. People v. Balluda (318 SCRA 503)
18. Feria v. Court of Appeals (325 SCRA 525)
19. Ibaan Rural Bank vs. CA, 321 SCRA 88
20. Alcaraz vs. Tangga-an, 401 SCRA 84
21. People vs. Perdigone, 382 SCRA 74
22. Metrobank vs. CA, 333 SCRA 212
23. People vs. Ong, 432 SCRA 470
24. People vs. Gallego, 238 SCRA 21
25. People vs. Edualino. 271 SCRA 189

V. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE
a. Examination of witnesses
i. Order of presentation of evidence
ii. Rights and obligations of witnesses
iii. Leading and misleading questions
iv. Impeachment
v. Examination of child witness
 vi. Reference to memorandum
1. Present memory revived
2. Past recollection recorded

Cases:
1. People v. Estenzo (72 SCRA 428)
2. People v. Obngayon (55 SCRA 465)
3. People v. Salveron (228 SCRA 92)
4. People v. Malimit (264 SCRA 167)
5. People v. Salas (143 SCRA 163)
6. Bachrach Motors v. CIR (86 SCRA 27)
7. People v. Padero (228 SCRA 27)
8. People v. Fabre (385 SCRA 185)
9. People v. Caparas (118 SCRA 68)
10. US v. Baluyot (40 Phil. 385)
11. People v. Relucio (86 SCRA 2270)
12. People v. Winston de Guzman (228 SCRA 356)
13. Recto v. Republic (440 SCRA 79)
14. People vs. Guamos, 241 SCRA 528
15. People vs. Perez, 397 SCRA 12
16. People vs. Castellano, 400 SCRA 401
17. People vs. Plasencia, 249 SCRA 674
18. Canque vs. CA, 305 SCRA 579

b. Authentication and proof

i. Public and private documents
ii. Identification and authentication
iii. Due execution and authenticity

Cases:
1. Joson v. Baltazar (194 SCRA 114)
2. Sales v. Court of Appeals (211 SCRA 858)
3. Lucente v. Evangelista (396 SCRA 627)
4. Yturralde v. Azurin (28 SCRA 407)
5. Monteverde v. People (9387 SCRA 196)
6. Raz v. IAC (184 SCRA 720)
7. Ong v. People (342 SCRA 372)
8. Layno v. people (213 SCRA 686)
9. Jacob v. Court of Appeals (224 SCRA 189)
10. Security Bank v. Triumph Lumber (301 SCRA 537)
11. Dupilas v. Cabacungan (36 Phil. 254)
12. Dy vs. CA, 204 SCRA 878
 13. Heirs of D. Lasca vs. CA, 197 SCRA 234

c. Offer of Evidence
i. Offer of evidence
ii. Function of offer
iii. Objection
iv. Ruling
v. Offer of proof

Cases:
1. Catuira v. Court of Appeals (236 SCRA 398)
2. Vda v. De Onate v. Court of Appeals (250 SCRA 283)
3. Sy v. Court of Appeals (330 SCRA 550)
4. Makasiray v. People (291 SCRA 154)
5. Sheraton Palace v. Quijano (64 O. G 9118)
6. Tuazon v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No.113779-80, Feb. 21,
1995)
7. Rumbaua v. Court of appeals (253 SCRA 78)
8. People v. Barellano (319 SCRA 567)
9. People v. Sanchez (308 SCRA 264)
10. People v. Franco (269 SCRA 211)
11. Philippine Bank of Commence v. Court of Appeals (195 SCRA
567)
12. Ramos v. Dizon (498 SCRA 17)
13. People vs. Canonigo, 337 SCRA 310
14. Ong vs. CA, 301 SCRA 387

VI. WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

a. Admissibility and weight
b. Proof beyond reasonable doubt
c. Clear and convincing evidence
d. Substantial evidence
e. Equiponderance of evidence

Cases:
1. People v. Mejia (55 SCRA 453)
2. People v. matrimonio (215 SCRA 613)
3. People v. Gondora (265 SCRA 408)
4. People v. Malimit (264 SCRA 167)
5. People v. Turingan (282 SCRA 424)
6. People v. Espanol (256 SCRA 1370)
 7. People v. Calegan (233 SCRA 537)
8. People v. Danao (253 SCRA 146)
9. People v. Jalon (215 SCRA 680)
10. People v. Cabiles (248 SCRA 207)
11. People v. Lorenzo (240 SCRA 624)
12. People v. Rigodon (238 SCRA 27)
13. Tin v. People (362 SCRA 594)
14. People v. salvame (270 SCRA 766)
15. People v. Ramos (240 SCRA 191)
16. People v. Adofina (239 SCRA 67)
17. Fabella v. Court of Appeals (282 SCRA 256)
18. PAL v. NLRC (263 SCRA 6380)
19. Villaflor v. Court of Appeals (280 SCRA 297)
20. People vs, Suarez, 456 SCRA 333
21. People vs. Bulan, 459 SCRA 550
22. DEPED vs. Del Rosario, 449 SCRA 299
23. Cervantes vs. Cardeño, 462 SCRA 652
24. Reyes vs. Mangino, 450 SCRA 27
25. Beñares vs. Pancho, 457 SCRA 652
26. PAL vs. CA, 459 SCRA 236
27. Lagon vs. CA, 453 SCRA 616
28. Domingo vs. Domingo

VII. Rules 1-5, Rules on Electronic Evidence.

a. Cases covered by the Rules on Electronic Evidence;

b. Application of other Rules on Evidence;
c. Definitions;
d. Constructions;
e. Electronic Documents;
f. Admissibility;
g. Priviledged Communication;
h. Best Evidence Rule;
i. Authentication of Electronic documents.

Cases:
Vidallon-Magtolis v. Salud (469 SCRA 439)
Cuevas v. Muñoz (348 SCRA 592)
Garvida v. Sales (271 SCRA 767)
Heirs of Sabanpan v. Comorposa (408 SCRA 692)

VIII. Rules 6-11, Rules on Electronic Evidence

a. Electronic signature;
b. Authentication;
c. Disputable Presumptions (Electronic and digital Signatures);
d. Evidentiary Weight;
e. Integrity of Information and Communication System;
f. Business Records;
g. Exception to hearsay rule;
h. Method of Proof;
i. Examination of Witness;
j. Audio, Photographic, Video and Ephemeral Evidence.

IX. Rule on DNA Evidence – A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC

Cases:
People v. Umanito (G.R. No. 172607, April 16, 2009)
Tijing v. Tijing (G.R. No. 125901, March 8, 2001)
Ong v. Diaz (G.R. No. 171713, December 17, 2007)