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 Chapter 01: Introduction to Respiratory Care Pharmacology
Gardenhire: Rau’s Respiratory Care Pharmacology, 9th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The listing of a drug and the amount of drug are found in which part of a prescription?
a. Superscription
b. Inscription
c. Subscription
d. Transcription (signature)
ANS: B
The superscription directs the pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare the medication; the inscription lists the name and
quantity of the drug being prescribed; the subscription provides directions to the pharmacist for preparing the medication; and the
transcription, or signature, is the information the pharmacist writes on the label as instructions to the patient.

REF: p. 7

2. If generic substitution is permitted on a prescription:

a. drug from only one manufacturer must be given.
b. drug formulation may be changed by the pharmacist.
c. any manufactured brand of the drug listed may be given.
d. drug strength may be changed by the pharmacist.
ANS: C
A generic substitution allows any brand of a drug to be given, but the pharmacist may not change a drug formulation without
specific permission from the prescribing physician. A physician can indicate to the pharmacist that generic substitution is permitted
in the filling of the prescription. In such a case, the pharmacist may provide any manufacturer’s version of the prescribed drug,
rather than a specific brand. However, the pharmacist may not change the strength of a drug without specific permission from the
prescribing physician.

REF: p. 8

3. The study of drugs, including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms, is known as
a. pharmacogenetics.
b. pharmacology.
c. therapeutics.
d. toxicology.
ANS: B
Pharmacogenetics is the study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects. Pharmacology is the study of drugs
(chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms. Therapeutics is the art of treating disease
with drugs. Toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control.

REF: p. 3

4. The brand name given to a drug by a particular manufacturer is known as the drug’s
a. chemical name.
b. generic name.
c. official name.
d. trade name.
ANS: D
The chemical name indicates the drug’s chemical structure. The generic name is assigned by the United States Adopted Name
Council and is usually based loosely on the drug’s chemical structure. The official name is the name given to the generic name
once a drug becomes fully approved for general use and is admitted to the United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary. The
trade name is the brand, or proprietary, name given by a particular manufacturer. For example, the generic drug albuterol is
currently marketed by Schering-Plough as Proventil ® and by GlaxoSmithKline as Ventolin®.

REF: p. 5

5. To find official information about drugs (according to the FDA), you need to go to the
a. Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR).
b. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology.
c. United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary (USP-NF).
d. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
ANS: C
Because the PDR is prepared by drug manufacturers themselves, it may be lacking in objectivity. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
covers only general pharmacologic principles and drug classes. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
covers only general pharmacologic principles and drug classes. The USP-NF is a book of standards containing information about
medications, dietary supplements, and medical devices. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers this book the
official standard for drugs marketed in the United States.

REF: p. 5

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1

 6. Drugs may be obtained from which of the following sources?
a. Plants
b. Animals
c. Minerals
d. Plants, animals, and minerals
ANS: D
Drugs may be obtained from plants (e.g., digitalis), animals (e.g., insulin), and minerals (e.g., magnesium sulfate).

REF: p. 5

7. The branch of the U.S. government responsible for the process of approving drugs for clinical use is the
a. USAN Council.
b. FDA.
c. USP-NF.
d. PDR.
ANS: B
The United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council is responsible for assigning a generic name to a chemical that appears to have
therapeutic use. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the process of approving drugs for clinical use.
The process by which a chemical moves from the status of a promising potential drug to one fully approved by the FDA for general
clinical use is, on average, long, costly, and complex. Cost estimates vary, but in the 1980s it took an average of 13 to 15 years
from chemical synthesis to marketing approval by the FDA, with a cost of $350 million in the United States. The USP-NF is a book
of standards for medications, dietary supplements, and medical devices. The PDR is a source of drug information prepared by drug
manufacturers.

REF: p. 4

8. An orphan drug is a drug that is

a. used for rare disease.
b. used for common disease.
c. inexpensive to produce.
d. not claimed by a drug manufacturer.
ANS: A
An orphan drug is a drug or biologic product for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease. Rare is defined as a disease that
affects less than 200,000 persons in the United States. Alternatively, a drug may be designated as an orphan if used for a disease
that affects more than 200,000 persons in the United States but for which there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the cost
of drug development. Orphan drugs are often quite expensive to produce because they have a limited market in which to recoup the
initial investment.

REF: p. 6 | p. 7

9. Which of the following health care practitioners are authorized to write a prescription in the United States?
1. Physicians
2. Chiropractors
3. Dentists
4. Osteopaths
5. Veterinarians

a. 1 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 1, 3, 4, and 5 only
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
ANS: C
A prescription may be written by a physician, osteopath, dentist, and veterinarian and some other practitioners but not by
chiropractors.

REF: p. 7

10. Drugs that are available to the general public without a prescription are known as
a. illegal drugs.
b. generic drugs.
c. investigational drugs.
d. over-the-counter drugs.
ANS: D
Illegal drugs are not legally available to the general public, and many generic drugs require a prescription. The use of
investigational drugs is very closely monitored, and they are not available to the general public. Drugs available to the general
public without a prescription are referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) products.

REF: p. 8

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

 11. Drugs delivered by oral or nasal inhalation are intended to
a. increase heart function.
b. provide a local topical treatment in the respiratory tract.
c. relax patients and relieve anxiety.
d. improve blood flow throughout the body.
ANS: B
Although some inhaled drugs do increase heart rate as a side effect, most drugs intended for this purpose are given intravenously;
orally or nasally inhaled drugs are intended to provide a local topical treatment in the respiratory tract. Most anxioly tics and drugs
used to improve blood flow are given intravenously.

REF: p. 9

12. The advantages of delivering drugs by oral or nasal inhalation include which of the following?
1. Aerosol doses are smaller than doses administered systemically.
2. Side effects are usually fewer and less severe.
3. The onset of action is rapid.
4. The delivery process is painless, relatively safe, and usually more convenient.

a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1 and 4 only
c. 1, 2, and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D
The following are advantages of this method and route of delivery:
Aerosol doses are smaller than doses used for the same purpose and given systemically.
Side effects are usually fewer and less severe with aerosol delivery than with oral or parenteral delivery.
The onset of action is rapid.
Drug delivery is targeted to the respiratory system, with lower systemic bioavailability.
The inhalation of aerosol drugs is painless, is relatively safe, and may be convenient depending on the specific delivery
device used.

REF: p. 9

13. Which of the following classes of drugs can be aerosolized?

1. Antiasthmatic agents
2. Adrenergic agents
3. Antiinfective agents
4. Mucoactive agents
5. Corticosteroids

a. 1 and 3 only
b. 2, 4, and 5 only
c. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
ANS: D
Antiasthmatic agents (e.g., cromolyn sodium), adrenergic agents (e.g., racemic epinephrine), and mucoactive agents (e.g.,
Pulmozyme®) can be aerosolized. Antiinfective agents (e.g., TOBI®) and corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide) may also be
aerosolized.

REF: p. 9

14. Which of the following drug groups are important to respiratory and critical care, although they may or may not be available in an
aerosol form?
1. Diuretics
2. Antiarrhythmic agents
3. Neuromuscular blocking agents
4. Anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 1, 2, and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D
The following groups of drugs are important in critical care: Antiinfective
agents, such as antibiotics and antituberculous drugs Neuromuscular
blocking agents, such as curariform agents and others Central nervous
system agents, such as analgesics and sedatives/hypnotics Antiarrhythmic
agents, such as cardiac glycosides and lidocaine
Antihypertensive and antianginal agents, such as β-blocking agents and nitroglycerin
Anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents, such as heparin and streptokinase
Diuretics, such as thiazides and furosemide

REF: p. 9

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

 15. Place the following phases of Investigational New Drug (IND) approval in the correct order:
1. The drug is investigated as a treatment for a small number of individuals with the disease the drug is intended to treat.
2. The drug is investigated in large, multicenter studies to establish efficacy and safety.
3. The drug is investigated in small groups of healthy volunteers to establish its activity.

a. 1, 2, 3
b. 2, 3, 1
c. 1, 3, 2
d. 3, 1, 2
ANS: D
The first step of IND approval is to test the drug on healthy volunteers. Investigation by administration to ill individuals occurs
only after the drug is proven safe in healthy volunteers. Multicenter studies are the third and final phase of IND approval.

REF: p. 6

16. In today’s market, companies spend approximately how much money per new drug on research, development, and preclinical and
postclinical trials?
a. $2 million
b. $10 million
c. $800 million
d. $1 billion
ANS: D
In a study done in 2003 by DiMasi and associates, it was calculated that companies spend over $800 million on research and
development and on preclinical and postclinical trials of a new drug in the current market. In a recent study by Adams and Brantner
that replicated DiMasi’s calculations, they estimated companies now spend over $1 billion to bring a new drug to market.

REF: p. 6

17. Toxicology studies and studies on the effects of a new drug on such organs as the liver and kidneys occur during which step of the
drug approval process in the United States?
a. Animal studies
b. Investigational New Drug approval
c. Chemical identification
d. New Drug Application
ANS: A
Chemical identification is the process of recognizing that a chemical may have the potential for useful physiologic effects. No
testing has occurred before this step. Once an active chemical is isolated and identified, a series of animal studies examines its
general effect on animals and effects on specific organs such as the liver or kidneys. Toxicology studies to examine mutagenicity,
teratogenicity, effect on reproductive fertility, and carcinogenicity are also performed. Investigational New Drug (IND) approval is
a three-phase process that involves administering the drug to human subjects. It is imperative that safety be established before this
step is taken. New Drug Application occurs only after a successful IND process, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) approves the drug for general clinical use.

REF: p. 6

18. Regarding the therapeutic potential of a drug, the code AA symbolizes

a. an important therapeutic gain over other drugs.
b. an important therapeutic gain, indicated for AIDS patients; “fast-track” drug.
c. modest therapeutic gain.
d. little or no therapeutic gain.
ANS: B
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a classification system to help identify the significance of new products. Codes
A, AA, C, and D are used to describe therapeutic potential. Code A is given to a drug that shows significant therapeutic gain over
other drugs. Code AA is given to a drug that shows significant therapeutic gain for patients with AIDS; this agent is then
fast-tracked. Code B is given to a drug that shows moderate therapeutic gain. Code C is given to a drug that shows little or no
therapeutic gain over other drugs, although the drug may have important options.

Choice A: This statement describes code A.

Choice B: This statement describes code AA: Important therapeutic gain, indicated for a patient with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS); fast-track.
Choice C: This statement describes code B.
Choice D: This statement describes code C.

REF: p. 6

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

 19. Which of the following may be used when writing or preparing drug orders?
1. Latin
2. English
3. Metric measures
4. Apothecary measures

a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D
Latin, English, and metric and apothecary measures may all be used for drug orders.

REF: p. 7

20. If a drug is ordered with the Latin abbreviation qid, it should be administered
a. every hour.
b. four times daily.
c. every other day.
d. every 4 hours.
ANS: B
The abbreviation for every hour is qh, for four times daily is qid, for every other day is qod, and for every 4 hours is q4h.

REF: p. 8

21. If a drug is ordered with the Latin abbreviation ac, it should be administered
a. before a meal.
b. every other hour.
c. twice daily.
d. at bedtime.
ANS: A
The abbreviation for ante cenam (before a meal) is ac, for every other hour is alt hor, for twice daily is bid, and for at bedtime is
hs.

REF: p. 8

22. If a physician desires a drug to be administered as needed, he or she should use which of the following abbreviations?
a. pr
b. prn
c. npo
d. po
ANS: B
The abbreviation pr means rectally, prn means as needed, npo means nothing by mouth, and po means by mouth.

REF: p. 8

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

 23. Which of the following is a major step in the process of marketing a drug in the United States?
1. Isolation of the chemical
2. Identification of the chemical
3. Investigational new drug approval
4. New drug application

a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D
BOX 1-1 Major Steps in the Process of Marketing a Drug in the United States
Isolation and Identification of the Chemical
Animal studies
General effects
• Special effects on organ systems
• Toxicology studies
Investigational New Drug (IND) Approval Phase 1
studies: Small number, healthy subjects Phase 2
studies: Small number, subjects with disease Phase 3
studies: Large, multicenter studies
New Drug Application (NDA)
Reporting system for first 6 months

REF: p. 6

24. Your patient has an order for 2 puffs of albuterol MDI q3h, and it was last given at 0700. When should it be administered next?
a. 0900
b. 1000
c. 1100
d. 1200
ANS: B
q3h means every 3 hours. If first given at 0700, 1000 would be 3 hours later.

REF: p. 8

25. If drug A is ordered with the Latin abbreviation q4h and drug B is ordered with the Latin abbreviation qid, which drug would be
given more frequently in a 24-hour period?
a. Drug A
b. Drug B
c. Both would be given the same amount.
d. More information is needed to answer the question.
ANS: A
The abbreviation q4h means every 4 hours, which would be 6 times in a day. The abbreviation qid means four times a day.

REF: p. 8

26. The study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control is known as
a. toxicology.
b. therapeutics.
c. pharmacognosy.
d. pharmacology.
ANS: A
Toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control. Therapeutics is
the art of treating disease with drugs. Pharmacognosy is the identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.

REF: p. 3

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

 27. The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects is known as
a. toxicity.
b. pharmacy.
c. pharmacognosy.
d. pharmacogenetics.
ANS: D
Pharmacogenetics Study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects. Toxicology is the study of toxic substances
and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control. Pharmacology is the study of drugs (chemicals), including
their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.
Pharmacognosy is the identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.

REF: p. 3

28. The preparation and dispensing of drugs is known as

a. toxicity.
b. pharmacy.
c. pharmacognosy.
d. pharmacogenetics.
ANS: B
Toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control. Therapeutics is
the art of treating disease with drugs. Pharmacognosy is the identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.

REF: p. 3

29. The identification of sources of drugs from plants and animals

a. Toxicity
b. Therapeutics
c. Pharmacognosy
d. Pharmacology
ANS: C
Toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control. Therapeutics is
the art of treating disease with drugs. Pharmacognosy is the identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.

REF: p. 3

30. The art of treating disease with drugs is referred to as

a. toxicity.
b. therapeutics.
c. pharmacognosy.
d. pharmacology.
ANS: B
Toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control. Therapeutics is
the art of treating disease with drugs. Pharmacognosy is the identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.

REF: p. 3

31. What must physicians include on prescriptions when prescribing narcotics or controlled substances?
a. DEA registration number
b. Generic and trade name of the medication
c. Patient’s social security number
d. All of the above
ANS: A
Since the passage of the Controlled Substances Act in 1971, all physicians are required to include their DEA registration number
when prescribing narcotics or controlled substances.

REF: p. 7

32. Once a drug is released for general clinical use, how long must a detailed reporting system remain in place to track any problems
that arise with the drug’s use?
a. For 6 months
b. For 1 year c.
For 5 years d.
For 10 years
ANS: A
The detailed reporting system monitoring a drug released for general clinical use remains in place for only 6 months.

REF: p. 6

Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Selections
from the Observator (1681-1687)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
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are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
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eBook.

Title: Selections from the Observator (1681-1687)

Author: Sir Roger L'Estrange

Author of introduction, etc.: Violet Jordain

Release date: July 26, 2012 [eBook #40339]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Colin Bell, Hazel Batey, Joseph Cooper and

the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS

FROM THE OBSERVATOR (1681-1687) ***
The Augustan Reprint Society
SIR ROGER L'ESTRANGE

SELECTIONS FROM
THE
OBSERVATOR

(1681-1687)

Introduction by
Violet Jordain

PUBLICATION NUMBER 141

WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY
University of California, Los Angeles
1970

GENERAL EDITORS
 William E. Conway, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library
George Robert Guffey, University of California, Los Angeles
Maximillian E. Novak, University of California, Los Angeles

ASSOCIATE EDITOR
David S. Rodes, University of California, Los Angeles

ADVISORY EDITORS
Richard C. Boys, University of Michigan
James L. Clifford, Columbia University
Ralph Cohen, University of Virginia
Vinton A. Dearing, University of California, Los Angeles
Arthur Friedman, University of Chicago
Louis A. Landa, Princeton University
Earl Miner, University of California, Los Angeles
Samuel H. Monk, University of Minnesota
Everett T. Moore, University of California, Los Angeles
Lawrence Clark Powell, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library
James Sutherland, University College, London
H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., University of California, Los Angeles
Robert Vosper, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY
Edna C. Davis, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Roberta Medford, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library

[Note: For full text go to

Page 9]
 INTRODUCTION
I fancy, Trimmer, that if You and I could but
get leave to peep out of our Graves again a matter
of a hundred and fifty year hence, we should find
these Papers in Bodlies Library, among the
Memorialls
of State; and Celebrated for the Only Warrantable
Remains concerning this Juncture of Affairs.

(Observator No. 259, 16 December 1682)

When the first of 931 single, folio sheets of the Observator appeared
on 13 April 1681, the sixty-five-year-old Roger L'Estrange, their sole
author, had been a controversial London Royalist for over twenty
years. As Crown protégé, he had served intermittently as Surveyor
of the Press, Chief Licenser, and Justice of the King's Peace
Commission; as a writer, he had produced two newspapers, the
Intelligencer and the Newes (1663-1666), dozens of political
pamphlets, and seven translations from Spanish, Latin, and French.
[1] Rightly nicknamed "bloodhound of the press," L'Estrange was
notorious for his ruthless ferreting out of illegal presses and seditious
publishers, as well as for his tireless warfare against the powerful
Stationers' Company.[2] No less well known were his intransigent
reactionary views, for we can estimate that some 64,000 copies of
pamphlets bearing his name were circulating in the City during the
two years preceding the Observator.[3] Thus the Observator papers
represent not only the official propaganda of the restored monarchy,
but also the intellectual temper of a powerful, influential man whose
London fame was sufficiently demonstrated in the winter of 1680,
when he was publicly burned in effigy during that year's Pope-
burning festivities.
In the muddy torrent of "Intelligences," "Mercuries," "Courants,"
"Pacquets," and sundry newssheets, the Observator marks the
beginnings of a new sort of journalism, one which was to shape the
development of the English periodical. Although Heraclitus Ridens
and its opponent Democritus Ridens initiated the dialogue form for
the newspaper seventy-two days before the Observator, their
relatively short run relegates these pioneers to a shadowy
background, as it does the even earlier trade paper in dialogue, the
City and Country Mercury (1667).[4] The eighty-two issues of
Heraclitus Ridens and thirteen of Democritus Ridens cannot be
compared in quantity to the 931 issues of the Observator published
three or four times a week from 13 April 1681 to 9 March 1687, nor
can their stiff dialogues be compared in importance to L'Estrange's
much fuller exploitation of the form. Consequently, even though he
did not initiate the newspaper in dialogue form, L'Estrange is
unanimously given the honor of having popularized the form, or, in
the words of Richmond P. Bond, of having "borrowed the dialogue
and fastened it on English journalism for a generation as a factional
procedure."[5]
Imitators did not wait long. Nine days after the first Observator,
L'Estrange's arch-enemy, Harry Care, changed to dialogue the Popish
Courant section of his Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome,
relinquishing the expository format which he had followed since
1678. Later, after the Glorious Revolution, the popularity of
L'Estrange's paper is evident in the spate of imitative "Observators"
that ensued: The English Spy: Or, the Critical Observator (1693);
The Poetical Observator (1702); Tutchin's Observator (1702—a Whig
organ) and Leslie's Observator (1704—a Tory organ); The Comicall
Observator (1704); The Observator Reviv'd (1707), and more. As
late as 1716 there was created a Weekly Observator. By the turn of
the century, the very term "Observator" had come to signify a
controversy in dialogue.[6] Interestingly enough, even the
typography of L'Estrange's Observator may have left its mark on
succeeding journals. A brief comparison of Interregnum newspapers
(such as Newes Out of Ireland in 1642, The Scotch Mercury in 1643,
The Commonwealth Mercury in 1658) with John Dunton's The
Athenian Mercury (1693) and Charles Leslie's Observator (1704)
reveals a marked difference in typography. In the earlier papers the
typography is generally uniform, with italics used for proper names
and quotations, whereas L'Estrange's and Leslie's papers exhibit the
whole range of typeface available to the seventeenth-century printer.
Dissenter Dunton's Athenian Mercury, on the other hand, shows
much less eccentricity in its typography, limiting itself to generous
use of italics only, while Defoe's Review goes back to the earlier
restraint and presents a neat, uniform page. Whether these
typographical differences are attributable to particular political views
or merely to "schools" of printing is difficult to say.
In addition to this obvious sort of superficial imitation, there are
many indications that L'Estrange's Observator had a more permanent
influence on posterity. It has been suggested that the periodical
specializing in query and answer between reader and editor, which
was initiated by John Dunton's Athenian Mercury and which we still
have today, may have been inspired by the Observator's habitual
retorts to opponents.[7] James Sutherland isolates in Defoe certain
qualities of prose style which he attributes to Defoe's extensive
reading of L'Estrange; and he sees L'Estrange's natural colloquial
manner as setting a pattern for journalists who followed him.[8] Far-
fetched as it may seem at first glance, even Addison's Spectator
shows a certain similarity to the Observator. Although the manner,
tone, language, and political views of the two are antithetical, the
Spectator's peculiar blend of moralizing and diversion is reminiscent
of L'Estrange's work. In both papers we notice a serious didactic
purpose tempered by literary techniques and imaginative handling of
material. Decades before Addison's famous credo—"to make their
Instruction Agreeable, and their Diversion useful ... to enliven
Morality with Wit, and to temper Wit with Morality"[9]—L'Estrange
had formulated a similar theory:

Obs.: Where there has been Any thing of That

which you call Raillery, or Farce; It has amounted
 to no more then a Speaking to the Common People
in their Own Way.... He that Talks Dry Reason to
them, does as good as treat 'em in an Unknown
Tongue; and there's no Other way of Conveying the
True Sense, & Notion of Things, either to their
Affections, or to their Understandings, then by the
Palate....

(II, No. 15)

And as a link between L'Estrange and Addison we have Defoe's

analogous promise in "the Introduction" to the Review: "After our
Serious Matters are over, we shall at the end of every Paper, Present
you with a little Diversion, as any thing occurs to make the World
Merry."[10] These notions rest, of course, on the ancient dulce et
utile, though modified in various ways in each of the three papers to
suit the temperaments of their writers, the tastes of their mass-
audiences, and different times. It is perhaps not irresponsible, then,
to say that the synonymous titles of Addison's and L'Estrange's
periodicals symbolize an affinity of purpose and technique. Indeed,
the Observator can, in many ways, be considered a rather crude and
primitive ancestor of the Spectator.[11]
The purpose of the Observator and its main targets are clearly
formulated in Observator No. 1, as well as in the prefatory "To the
Reader," which was written in 1683 for the publication of Volume 1
of the collected papers. The "faction" which L'Estrange proposes to
reprove consists at first (1681-1682) of Shaftesbury's republican-
minded followers and of the perpetrators of the Popish Plot. In his
evaluation of the Plot, L'Estrange agrees with some modern
historians,[12] for he never doubted that it was a Whig fabrication,
an invented cause around which the party members could rally and
which neatly veiled the parliamentary power-struggle behind the
scenes. Titus Oates is consequently the Observator's bête noire, and
Andrew Marvell's pamphlet, The Growth of Popery, is for L'Estrange
the odious origin of the Plot:
 Obs.: I do not know Any man throughout the whole
Tract of the Controversy that has held a Candle to
the Devil with a Better Grace then the Author of
that Pamphlet ... that Furnishes so Clear a Light
toward the Opening of the Roots, Springs, and
Causes of our Late Miserable Disorders, and
Confusions.... Prethee let Otes'es Popish Plot,
Stand, or Fall, to it's Own Master; provided that
Marvels may be Allow'd to be the Elder Brother....

(II, No. 16)

Toward the end of 1682, when the Whigs had ceased being an
imminent threat to the government and all but one of the Whig
newspapers had been silenced, L'Estrange turned his attack against
the more moderate Trimmers, as illustrated in Observator III, No.
88. But whether the offensive is against Whigs or Trimmers,
Dissenters and advocates of toleration are always in the line of
L'Estrange's fire as chief subverters of absolute monarchy and of the
Church of England, as is evident in the satire of Observator Nos. 13
and 110. On the eve of the Glorious Revolution, this rigid stand lost
him the support of both the Anglican clergy and the universities,
support of which he was so proud in his "To the Reader." Finally,
Observator No. 1 singles out the Whig press as one of its chief
targets. The "Smith" referred to in that first number is Anabaptist
Francis "Elephant" Smith, publisher of the outrageous Mirabilis
Annus books, the inflammatory pamphlet Vox Populi, and the
offensive paper Smith's Protestant Intelligence; "Harris" is Benjamin
Harris, publisher of the Whig paper, Domestic Intelligence. These,
together with Harry Care (Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome and
Popish Courant), Richard Janeway (Impartial Protestant Mercury),
Langley Curtis (The Protestant Mercury), and hordes of anti-Royalist
authors or publications are habitually quoted or referred to in
L'Estrange's counterpropaganda. His untiring countering of Whig
publications earned him Nahum Tate's hyperbolic praise in The
Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel:
 Than Sheva, none more loyal Zeal have shown,
Wakefull, as Judah's Lion for the Crown, Who for
that Cause still combats in his Age, For which his
Youth with danger did engage. In vain our factious
Priests the Cant revive, In vain seditious Scribes
with Libels strive T'enflame the Crow'd, while He
with watchfull Eye Observes, and shoots their
Treasons as they fly. Their weekly Frauds his keen
Replies detect, He undeceives more fast than they
infect. So Moses when the Pest on Legions prey'd,
Advanc'd his Signal and the Plague was stay'd.[13]

Parochial as these concerns seem today, the Observator in its totality

goes far beyond the Harry Cares and "Elephant" Smiths in its
exhortation to greater rationality in areas ancillary to but
transcending politics proper. Its assiduous ridicule of Enthusiasm,
following in the steps of Meric Casaubon and Henry More,[14] its
analyses of political manipulation of the naive populace, its
explanations of psychological appeals, its Orwellian warnings against
the snares of loaded diction and the dangers of affective political
rhetoric—all these efforts evident in the few Observators represented
here are an important step in the direction of a less superstitious,
less hysterical century. Paradoxically, L'Estrange mobilized
progressive ideas in the service of an archaic political and religious
administration, thereby familiarizing the man on the street with
notions and attitudes commonly known as Enlightened.
The sugar coating in the Observator is, however, as significant as the
pill, and distinguishes L'Estrange's journalism from his predecessors'.
Apart from the traditional satiric blend of verbal banter and polemic,
which has received ample commentary,[15] his use of established
literary modes further enhances the colloquies, making them
especially diverting for his audience and interesting for us. As
dialogues, the papers belong to a genre whose popularity has
remained constant from Plato onward. The appeal of the form lies in
its pleasurable verisimilitude, immediacy, adaptability to differing
points of view, and, especially after the Restoration, in its potentiality
for humorous repartee.[16] As satiric dialogues, L'Estrange's sheets
satisfy what seems to be a universal love of ridicule, an innate trait
of the human mind, although there is no agreement among students
of satire as to its exact psychological operations. In addition to
adopting this form, which belongs to imaginative literature rather
than to journalism, L'Estrange spices his Observator with a number
of other devices designed to provide variety, change in speed, and
amusement for his reader, who is in turn bullied, joshed, castigated,
reasoned, or laughed into accepting L'Estrange's views.
Frequently, for example, the dialogue gives way to a pointed
anecdote (old or current, invented or factual), such as the story of
Jack of Leyden in Observator No. 1, or the following from a later
dialogue, humorously satirizing the dour William Prynne and the
Puritans' strange concepts of sin:

Trimmer: A Gentleman that had Cut-off his own

hair on the Saturday, came the next day to Church
in his first Perriwig. The Parson (that was already
Enter'd into his Sermon) turn'd his Discourse
presently, from his Text in the Holy Bible, to the
Subject of Prynnes Unloveliness of Lovelocks; and
Thrash'd for a matter of a Quarter of an hour, upon
the Mortal Sin of Wearing False Hair. The
Gentleman, finding that he would never give him
over, 'till he had Preach'd him into a Flat State of
Reprobation, fairly took off his Perriwig, and Clapt it
upon One of the Buttons at the Corner of the Pew.
The Poor Man had not One word more to say to the
Perriwig; and was run so far from his Text, that he
could not for his heart find the way home again: So
that to make short on't; He gave the People his
Blessing, and Dismiss'd the Congregation.
 (II, No. 21)

Frequently, also, L'Estrange satirizes by means of parody or ludicrous

examples of his enemies' rhetoric or behavior, as in the case of the
"Dissenting Academies" in Observator No. 110. But most important
of the techniques for entertaining are his creation of carefully
delineated speaker-personae and his "Characters," again both
borrowed from the literary tradition.
After the first twenty-nine Observators, which are experimental in
that "Q" and "A" have shifting personalities (as in Nos. 1 and 13),
L'Estrange manipulates "Whig" and "Tory" for 171 papers, changes
to "Whig" and "Observator" for 33 papers, briefly (six papers) shifts
to "Whig" and "Courantier," and finally settles down to "Trimmer"
and "Observator" for the remaining 692 papers. In all these, the Tory
satirist (whether he be "Tory" or "Observator") is presented as the
conventional "snarling dog" described by Robert C. Elliott,[17] with
appropriate outbursts of polemic, invective, bitter irony, and railing
humor. Even the traditional crudity is there, although compared to,
say, the Popish Courant, L'Estrange manifests a Victorian restraint.
"Whig," on the other hand, is presented as a naive, credulous, not-
too-bright individual whose main fault is not so much that he is a
Whig but that he is a Whig because he has no mental capacity for
discrimination. The "A" speaker of No. 13 (apparently a humorous
thrust at John Eachard, author of Grounds and Occasions of the
Contempt of the Clergy) with his preference for Prynne, Baxter, and
Smith over Tacitus, Livy, and Caesar, is typical of the later "Whig"
persona. Humorless, misguided, and chronically given to believing
even the most outrageous gossip, "Whig" cuts a foolish and
therefore amusing figure when pitted against the sophisticated,
trenchant-minded "Tory." "Trimmer" is quite different. L'Estrange
here creates a much more intelligent opponent, one who is given the
liberty of satirizing "Observator" himself and even patronizing him
with the nickname "Nobs." Instead of naivete and obvious stupidity,
"Trimmer" has the guile and surface morality of the perfect
hypocrite, a "pretending friend" as "Observator" notes in Observator
III, Nos. 88 and 202. The humor in these later dialogues does not
emerge from the "Trimmer" personality but from the frequent self-
satire and criticism on the part of L'Estrange. "Trimmer," for
example, is allowed to mock the prose style, figures of speech,
stubbornness and repetitiveness of "Observator," as "Trimmer's"
chiding tone in Observator III, No. 88 suggests. To borrow a term
from Robert C. Elliott, the entertainment of these later colloquies
resides primarily in the technique of the "satirist satirized."[18]
L'Estrange, in short, creates both adversariuses as dramatis
personae rather than as simple straw men, a departure from the
run-of-the-mill Restoration dialogue evident in the following
interruption of his artfully built illusion:

Obs.: For Varieties sake then, we'le to work

another way. Do You keep up your Part of Trimmer
still: Do Just as you use to do; and be sure to
maintain your Character; Leave the Whig and the
Tory to Me.
Trimmer: For the Dialogue sake it shall be done.
Obs.: But then you must Consider that there are
Severall sort of Trimmers: as your State-Trimmer,
Your Law-Trimmer....
Trimmer: And You shall Suppose Mee to be a
Statesman.
Obs.: But of what Magnitude? A Lord? A Knight?...
Trimmer: Why truly Nobs, if they be all of a Price, I
don't care if I be a Lord.
Obs.: We are over that Point then; And so I am
your Lordships most Humble Servant.

But this role playing within role playing is discarded at the end of the
paper, the role of Lord being apparently too cumbersome:

Trimmer: No more of your Lordships, as you love

me, Nobs; for I am e'en as weary as a Dog of my
Dignity.
 (No. 242)

The "Character," however, is not only L'Estrange's favorite satiric tool

but perhaps the literary form most frequently used in the
Observator. L'Estrange himself attests to his partiality in his parting
comment at the close of the Observator:

Obs.: For my Fancy lyes more to Character, then to

Dialogue; and whoever will be so Kind as to Furnish
me with Spitefull Materials, shall get his Own again
with Interest, in an Essay upon Humane Nature.

(III, No. 246)

The Character was, of course, still highly popular in the latter half of
the century, as Chester Noyes Greenough's listings show,[19] so that
in indulging his own taste, L'Estrange was also catering to the tastes
of his public. Of whatever other value the Observator may be to the
modern student, it is invaluable as a fine example of the state-of-
the-Character toward the end of the century. Practically every type
of Character analyzed by Benjamin Boyce in his two studies can be
found repeatedly in L'Estrange's dialogues:[20] the earlier imitations
of Theophrastan Characters, with their parallelisms and antitheses;
the Overburian Character, with its extravagant metaphors; the
externally dramatized; the subjective; the sprung. There are
Characters of ideologies, of political parties, of virtues, of vices, of
Whigs and Dissenters (vices), of Tories and Anglicans (virtues).
There are several "Credo-Characters" (confessions or manifestoes),
and finally there is the habitually dramatized self-exposing Character
which becomes indistinguishable from the dramatis persona, as is
the Character of the Modern Whig in Nos. 13 and 110. Among the
Observators included here, the definition of "Dissenter" in No. 1 is
based on Character techniques, as is the conceit of the Protestant as
"Adjective Noun-Substantive" in the same number. So is also the
lengthy exposure of "Leaders" in III, No. 202, beginning with "They
Talk, to the Ears, and to the Passions of their Hearers."
A final comment about L'Estrange's prose, which has been variously
labeled "colloquial," "idiomatic," "vulgar," "coarse"—all vaguely
descriptive terms suggesting value judgment, and none precise
enough to give an intelligible account of what L'Estrange actually
does. In addition to the obvious device of choppy syntax and
deliberately careless constructions simulating extemporaneous
speech, L'Estrange's figures and proverbial material demonstrate his
meticulous shaping of an "applied prose"[21] particularly suitable for
the audience whose opinions he tried to sway. His metaphors and
analogies tend to rely on commonly known objects or experiences,
and because of rhetorical necessity they are almost always
unpleasantly graphic. A random sampling yielded the following
results: about twenty-five percent of the figures in the Observator
deal with some specific part of the human body (nails, spleen,
mouth, eyes, ears, knees, heels, flesh, guts, belly) or physiological
processes (ulcerating, itching, chewing, digesting, spitting, reeking,
seeing, crouching, sweating, gobbling). There is no euphemistic
delicacy in these figures; L'Estrange carefully selects the most
earthy, common vehicles, thus achieving what James Sutherland has
termed "racy" and "vigorous" prose.[22] Another twenty-four percent
of the figures are based on common occupations, daily activities, or
objects familiar to the simpler citizen of London. These figures
ordinarily pivot on barter or trade (horse traders, hagglers, fishwives,
car men); on activities such as cooking, gambling, or glass-making;
and on such objects as clothing, bagpipes, paper-pellets, bonnets,
and chamber-pots. The rest derive from the animal kingdom, the
Scriptures, street-entertainment (jugglers, puppets, high-rope
walkers) and folk medicine (glysters and plasters). It is obvious that
these figures—their concreteness, sensuousness, and closeness to
the daily experience of the ordinary reader—are a main ingredient in
the richly colloquial texture of L'Estrange's prose, as is the proverbial
material which he incorporates unsparingly.
In L'Estrange's language the law of the land cannot be
misunderstood, for it calls a spade a spade (No. 106; T-S699).[23]
The factions win their objectives by hook or crook (No. 100; T-H588)
even though they are as mad as March Hares (No. 15; T-H148) and
as Blind as Beetles (No. 15; T-B219). Certain things are as clear as
the Day (No. 25; T-D56) or as plain as the nose o'my face (No. 40;
T-N215), whereas others are so confused that one can make neither
Head nor tayl on't (No. 35; T-H258). When noses are put out of joint
(No. 38; T-N219) and Tories are given a bone to pick (No. 55; T-
B522), there will obviously be no love lost betwixt Whigs and Tories
(No. 97; T-L544).
Thus L'Estrange's Characters, together with the fanciful anecdotes,
self-satire, parodies, and personae, provide the satire and humor in
the Observator, the whole being couched in familiar, pungent
language. As L'Estrange counters the faction, propagandizes, and
exhorts to rational behavior, he also amuses and delights, always
hoping that the laughter provoked by his satiric treatment will cure
what he saw as follies of his age, always appealing to the common
reader whose sense of humor, he believed, was probably more
developed than his sense.
California State College,
Dominguez Hills
NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION
[1] The translations before 1681 are The Visions of Dom Francisco
de Quevedo (1667); A Guide to Eternity (1672); Five Love-letters
from a Nun (1677); The Gentleman-Apothecary (1678); Seneca's
Morals (1678); Twenty Select Colloquies of Erasmus (1679); and
Tully's Offices (1680).
[2] Various perspectives on L'Estrange's life and works can be
found in the following: George Kitchin, Sir Roger L'Estrange
(London, 1913) for L'Estrange's life and impact on the Restoration
press; J. G. Muddiman, The King's Journalist (London, 1923) for
L'Estrange's rivalry with Henry Muddiman, editor of the Oxford
[London] Gazette; David J. Littlefield, "The Polemic Art of Sir
Roger L'Estrange: A Study of His Political Writings, 1659-1688"
(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University, 1961) for an
overview of L'Estrange as a political pamphleteer.
[3] In 1679 L'Estrange wrote six new pamphlets and reprinted
three old ones; in 1680 eleven new and seventeen old; at the
start of 1681, ten new and seventeen old. A probable norm of
1000-1500 copies per pamphlet edition has been estimated by
Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620-
1660 (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), p. 314; two orders of 1500
pamphlets each were given to the Restoration printer Nathaniel
Thompson, as noted by Leona Rostenberg, "Nathaniel Thompson,
Catholic Printer and Publisher of the Restoration," The Library, 3rd
ser., X (1955), 195.
[4] Heraclitus Ridens was considered by generations of historians
as the first newspaper in dialogue; most recently, James
Sutherland (English Literature of the Late Seventeenth Century,
Oxford, 1969, p. 241) has given precedence to The City and
Country Mercury.
[5] Studies in the Early English Periodical (Chapel Hill, 1957), p.
38.
[6] Ibid., pp. 38-39.
[7] Walter Graham, English Literary Periodicals (New York, 1930),
pp. 38, 63, 168.
[8] On English Prose (Toronto, 1965), pp. 72-74.
[9] The Spectator, No. 10, ed. Donald F. Bond (Oxford, 1965), I,
44.
[10] The Review, ed. Arthur Wellesley Secord (Facsimile Text
Society, New York, 1938), I, 4.
[11] Several of the literary techniques in the Spectator had been
introduced into journalism by L'Estrange. Spectator No. 1, for
example, presents a persona in the character of "Mr. Spectator";
No. 2 contains a dream-allegory; Nos. 11 and 34 present indirect
discourse between dramatis personae; No. 19 sketches a
Character of the Envious Man—all literary modes abundant in the
Observator.
[12] See especially J. R. Jones, The First Whigs; The Politics of
the Exclusion Crisis, 1678-1683 (London, 1961), pp. 20, 24, 50-
51, 56, 94, 112, 123-124.
[13] For attribution and identification of Sheva, see G. R. Noyes,
ed., The Poetical Works of John Dryden (Boston, 1909), pp. 137,
966.
[14] The works that are echoed in the Observator are Meric
Casaubon, A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme ... (London, 1655)
and Henry More, Enthusiasmus Triumphatus ... (London, 1656).
[15] The mixture of tones is discussed in Alvin Kernan, The
Cankered Muse (New Haven, 1959), pp. 68, 76; Leonard
Feinberg, Introduction to Satire (Ames, Iowa, 1967), pp. 124-125;
Gilbert Highet, The Anatomy of Satire (Princeton, 1962), p. 18.
[16] Hugh Macdonald, "Banter in English Controversial Prose After
the Restoration," Essays and Studies by Members of the English
Association, XXXII (1946), 22, 26, 38.
[17] The Power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art (Princeton, 1960), pp.
133-136, 164-165.
[18] Ibid., pp. 130-222 (passim).
[19] A Bibliography of the Theophrastan Character in English,
With Several Portrait Characters (Cambridge, Mass., 1947).
[20] The Theophrastan Character in England to 1642 (Cambridge,
Mass., 1947) and The Polemic Character, 1640-1661 (Lincoln,
Neb., 1955).
[21] The term is suggested by Ian Gordon (The Movement of
English Prose, London, 1966, p. 136) in his discussion of the
simple, clear, journalistic style practiced by L'Estrange, Defoe, and
Swift in their political writings.
[22] On English Prose, p. 70.
[23] The symbol "T" and accompanying numbers refer to the
entries in Morris Palmer Tilley, A Dictionary of the Proverb in
England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Ann Arbor,
1950).
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The sources for the parts of the Observator in
Dialogue reprinted here are Volume I of the first
collected edition published in 1684, and Volume III,
published and bound together with Volume II in
1687, both in the collection of the William Andrews
Clark Memorial Library. The pieces reprinted from
Volume I consist of the prefatory "To the Reader,"
and Observator Nos. 1, 13, and 110; the papers
reprinted from Volume III consist of Observator
Nos. 88 and 202. In this edition the following
editorial changes have been made: black letter type
is indicated by underlining; inverted letters have
been corrected; obvious compositor's errors have
been corrected; and inconsistencies in font due to
compositors' carelessness have been normalized.
The frontispiece to this facsimile reprint is
reproduced from the Clark copy and measures
approximately 13-7/16" x 8-5/8" in the original.
 THE
OBSERVATOR
To the READER.
Most Prefaces are, (Effectually) Apologies; and neither the Book, nor
the Author, one Jot the Better for them. If the Book be Good, it will
not Need an Apology; If Bad, it will not Bear One: For where a man
thinks, by Calling himself Noddy, in the Epistle, to Atone, for
Shewing himself to be one, in the Text; He does (with Respect to the
Dignity of an Author) but Bind up Two Fools in One Cover: But
there's no more Trusting some People with Pen, Ink, and Paper, then
the Maddest Extravagants in Bedlam, with Fire, Sword, or Poyson.
He that Writes Ill, and Sees it, why does he Write on? And, with a
kind of Malice Prepense, Murder the Ingenious part of Mankind? He
that Really Believes he Writes Well; why does he pretend to Think
Otherwise? Now take it which way you please, a man runs a Risque
of his Reputation, for want, either of Skill, and Judgment, the One
way; Or of Good Faith, and Candor the Other. Beside a Mighty
Oversight, in Imagining to bring himself off, from an Ill Thing, Done,
or Said, by Telling the World that he did it for This or That Reason.
When a Book has once past the Press into the Publique; there's no
more Recalling of it, then of a Word Spoken, out of the Air again.
And a man may as well hope to Reverse the Decree of his Mortality,
as the Fate of his Writings. In short: When the Dice are Cast, the
Author must stand his Chance.
Now that I may not be thought to Enterfere with my self, by
Declaiming against One Preface in Another: I do here previously
Renounce to All the Little Arts and Forms of Bespeaking the Good
Will of the Reader; As a Practice, not only Mean, Light, and
Unprofitable; but wholly Contrary to the Bent of My Inclination; as
well as Inconsistent with the very Drift, and Quality of my Design.
For These Papers were Written, Indifferently, for the Enformation of
the Multitude; and for the Reproof of a Faction: Two Interests that I
am not much Sollicitous, or Ambitious, to Oblige: And upon This
Consideration it is, that I have Address'd them to the Reader in
Generall; as a Calculation that will serve for All Meridians: But if I
could have Resolved upon a Dedication, with any Particular Mark, or
Epithete of Distinction; it should have been, To the IGNORANT, the
SEDITIOUS, or the SCHISMATICAL Reader; for There, properly, lies
my Bus'ness.
The Reader will find in the First Number of This Collection, the True
Intent, and Design of the Undertaking; And he will likewise find, in
the very Date of it, (April 13. 1681.) the Absolute Necessity of some
Such Application, to Encounter the Notorious Falshoods; the
Malicious Scandals, and the Poysonous Doctrines of That Season.
Whether I had Sufficient Ground, or Reason, for the Warmth I have
Exprest in These Papers, upon Several Occasions, (out of an
Affectionate Sense of my Duty, and a Zeal for the Peace, Welfare,
and Safety of my Country;) I Dare, and I Do Appeal to the King, and
his Ministers; to the Consciences of as many of his Majesties
Subjects, as are not Stark Blind because they WILL not See; and to
the Justice of the Nation. I do Appeal, I say, to his Majesties
Proclamations; to his Royal Declaration; Several Orders of Councel;
the Examinations, and Confessions of Unquestionable Witnesses;
The Solemnity of so many Tryals, Sentences, and Executions; and
the Criminals, Every Man of 'em, Either Acknowledging the Crime, or
Justifying the Treason: But the FACT, however made as Clear as the
Day. There's the Flight of the Conspirators; Their Arms Seiz'd; Their
Councels Laid Open; Men Listed; The Methods of the Confederacy
Detected, to the very Time, and Place for the Perpetration of the
Villany; to the very Circumstance of the Providential Fire at
Newmarket, that Disappointed it. I have All These Demonstrative
Proofs, and Convincing Evidences, to Warrant me in the most Violent
Presumptions of a Rebellion in Agitation: And the Phanatiques
Themselves made good the Worst Things that ever I said of the
Party: In Vindication of the Importunity of All my Foreboding, if not
Prophetical Suspicions: Nay, they were come to the very Point, and
Crisis of the Operation, of That Unaccountable, and Amazing Vote.
[If his Majesty shall come by Any Violent Death (which God Forbid) it
shall be Reveng'd to the Utmost upon the Papists.] The King, and
the Duke were to be Murder'd by Republican, and Fanatical Rebells:
There's your VIOLENT DEATH. And Then, [Reuenge it upon the
Papists:] For [the Thing (says Keeling) was to be laid upon the
Papists as a Branch of the Popish Plot. Walcots Tryal. Fol.9.] And the
Next Step was, for the Traytors to Unriddle the Mystery, and to
Expound, Who were the Papists. [The Lord Mayor, and the Sheriffs]
were Three of 'em. They, were to be Kill'd; And [as many of the
Lieutenancy as they could get; And the Principal Ministers of State;
My Lord Halifax, My Lord Rochester, and my Lord Keeper: (They
were Three Papists more.) My Lord Keeper was to have been Hang'd
upon the same Post that College had hung. Sir John Moor to be
Hung-up in Guildhall, as a Betrayer of the Rights and Liberties of the
City. And the Judges Lordships to be Flay'd, and Stuff'd, and Hung-
up in Westminster Hall: And a great many of the Pensionary
Parliament Hang'd-up, as Betrayers of the Rights of the People.
Walcots Tryal, p. 15.] You have here, a Practical Explanation of the
True-Protestant Way, (in case of the King's Violent Death) of
Revenging it to the Utmost upon the Papists. And This Intended
Assassination (says Ferguson (in the same Page)) [Is a Glorious
Action, and such an Action as I HOPE TO SEE PUBLIQUELY
GRATIFY'D BY PARLIAMENT; And Question not but you will be Fam'd
for it, and Statues Erected for you, with the Title of LIBERATORES
PATRIAE. Ibid.] Now when Matters were come to This Pass once, I
think it was High Time to Write Observators.
I might Enlarge my self, upon the Inducements that Mov'd me to
Enter upon This Province; The Needfullness of some Popular Medium
for the Rectifying of Vulgar Mistakes, and for Instilling of Dutyfull,
and Honest Principles into the Common People, upon That
Turbulent, and Seditious Juncture: But I am not Willing to Clogg my
Preface, with the Repetition of what I have spoken so Expressly to,
in the Book.
I am now to Advertise the Reader, in the next Place; That as I have
not Strain'd, so much as One Syllable, in the Whole Course of These
Papers, beyond the Line of Truth, Nor let fall One Word, Contrary to
my Conscience; Nor Layd-on so much as One False Colour, for a
Blind, or a Disguise: As I have not done any Thing of All This, I say;
Nor Gratify'd so much as One Passion to the Prejudice, of any MAN,
or THING; or of Common Justice it Self: So neither, on the Other
hand, was I less Cautious, and Considerate, in the Undertaking of
This Duty, then I have been Clear, and Impartial, in the Discharge,
and Manage of it.
I was no sooner Possess't, of the Reason, and the Expedience of the
Thing; but I fell presently to Deliberate upon the Invidious
Difficulties; The Scandals, Reproches, and a Thousand Other
Mischiefs, and Inconveniencies, that would probably Attend it. I laid
them All before me; And upon a Full Computation of the Matter, Pro
and Con; I Resolv'd, at last, to Put pen to paper; not without some
Vanity perhaps, in Affecting the Honour of being Revil'd, by the
Blasphemers of God, and the King. I shall say Nothing of the
Traytors; The Papists; The Fidlers; The All-manner-of-Rogues, and
Debauchees that they have made me: For their Cause is Founded
upon a Sacrilegious Hypocrisy; Maintain'd by Fraud, Scandal, and
Imposture. And when they have a mind to Blacken a man, 'tis not a
Straw matter, for any Foundation of Fact, or History: But Paint him
as like the Devil as they Can; and to make short Work on't, One
Fanatique Sits to Another, for the Picture. But These Scurrilities have
more of Noise in 'em, then of Weight: And Those People that had
the face to Calumniate Charles the First, for a TYRANT, and a
PAPIST; And the Confidence, at This very day, to do as much for
Charles the Second; They that Preach REBELLION out of the
GOSPEL; Give it the Name of GOD'S TRUTH, GOD'S CAUSE; And
offer up the Bloud of Kings as an Acceptable Sacrifice to Jesus
Christ: What Christian will not Value himself, upon the Reputation of
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