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Concepts of Database Management, Eighth Edition Solutions 1-1

Solution Manual for Concepts of Database

Management, 8th Edition
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-concepts-of-

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Database Management

Solutions

Answers to Review Questions

Note: Answers to odd-numbered review questions are found in Appendix D of the textbook.
1. Redundancy is the duplication of data or the storing of the same data in more than one place. Redundancy wastes
space, makes the updating of data more cumbersome and time-consuming, and can lead to inconsistencies.
2. The problems, other than redundancy, associated with the nondatabase approach to processing data include
difficulties accessing related data, limited security features to protect data from access by unauthorized users, limited
ability for multiple users to update the same data at the same time, and size limitations.
3. An entity is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store and process data. An attribute, which
is also called a field or column in many database systems, is a characteristic or property of an entity.
4. A relationship is an association between entities. A one-to-many relationship exists between two entities when each
row in the first entity matches many rows in the second entity and each row in the second entity matches only one
row in the first entity.
5. A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities,
and the relationships among the entities.
6. In a database system, you create a one-to-many relationship by using common columns in the two tables.
7. An E-R diagram represents a database in a visual way by using a rectangle for each entity, using a line to connect
two entities that have a relationship, and placing a dot at the end of a line to indicate the “many” part of a one-to-
many relationship.
8. A database management system (DBMS) is a program, or a collection of programs, through which users interact
with a database.
9. Database design is the process of determining the table structure of the desired database.
10. A form is a screen object used to maintain, view, and print data from a database.

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Concepts of Database Management, Eighth Edition Solutions 1-2

11. It is possible to get more information from the same amount of data by using a database approach as opposed to a
nondatabase approach because all data is stored in a single database, instead of being stored in dozens of separate
files, making the process of obtaining information quicker, easier, and even possible in certain situations.
12. Sharing of data means that several users can have access to the same piece of data and use it in a variety of ways.
13. The DBA (database administrator or database administration) is the central person or group in an organization in
charge of the database and the DBMS that runs the database. The DBA attempts to balance the needs of individuals
and the overall needs of the organization.
14. Multiple copies of the same data in an organization leads to inconsistency because each piece of data can have
different values. Controlling redundancy is the result of eliminating, or at least reducing, the multiple copies.
Improved consistency is the result of this controlled redundancy.
15. An integrity constraint is a rule that the data in a database must follow. A database has integrity when the data in it
satisfies all established integrity constraints. A good DBMS should provide an opportunity for users to incorporate
these integrity constraints when they design the database. The DBMS then should ensure that these constraints are
not violated.
16. Security is the prevention of access to the database by unauthorized users. A DBMS provides security features such
as passwords. As additional security, the DBA can assign users to groups and restrict each group to certain data and
to certain types of access.
17. Data independence is the property that lets you change the structure of a database without requiring you to change
the programs that access the database. With data independence, you easily can change the structure of the database
when the need arises.
18. In a database environment, file size is a disadvantage because the DBMS is a large program that occupies a great
amount of disk space and internal memory. Also, because all the data that the database manages for you is stored in
one file, the database file itself requires a large amount of disk space and internal memory.
19. The more complex a product is in general (and a DBMS, in particular, is complex), the more difficult it is to
understand and correctly apply its features. As a result of this complexity, serious problems may result from
mistakes made by users and designers of the DBMS.
20. In a nondatabase environment, each user has a completely separate system; the failure of any single user’s system
does not necessarily affect any other user. On the other hand, if several users are sharing the same database, a failure
on the part of any one user that damages the database in some way might affect all the other users.
21. The great complexity of a database structure makes recovery more difficult. In addition, many users update the data
at the same time, which means that recovering the database involves not only restoring it to the last state in which it
was known to be correct, but also performing the complex task of redoing all the updates made since that time.
22. [Critical Thinking] Answers will differ but students should have reasons for their responses. Any error to a student
transcript/record, such as incorrect grade, courses not listed correctly; incorrect contact information could be an error
that may cause a student to lose a job opportunity, a scholarship, or a loan. It also could affect whether they
graduate.

23. [Critical Thinking] No. The only attributes that would be the same would be contact and demographic information
such as, name, address, phone number, age, and gender. Other attributes are specific to the database context. A
medical database would have attributes to describe, for example, health conditions, previous appointments, lab
results. and medications. A student database would have attributes to describe, for example, courses taken, advisor,
gpa, number of credits, and academic major. A fitness database would have attributes to describe for example,
membership level, athletic ability, fitness classes, fees, and liability waivers.

Answers to TAL Distributors Exercises

Note: Data and solution files are available at www.cengage.com. Data files consist of copies of the TAL Distributors,
Colonial Adventure Tours, and Solmaris Condominium Group databases that are usable in Access 2010 and Access 2013,
and script files to create the tables and data in these databases in other systems, such as Oracle.

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Concepts of Database Management, Eighth Edition Solutions 1-3

1. Toys Galore, The Everything Shop, Johnson’s Department Store, Grove Historical Museum Store, Cards and More,
Cricket Gift Shop, Unique Gifts, and All Season Gifts
2. Patience, Mancala, and Cribbage Set
3. 51617, 51623
4. DR67, Giant Star Brain Teaser, $766.80; FH24, Puzzle Gift Set, $2531.75; KD34, Pentominoes Brain Teaser,
$897.00; MT03, Zauberkasten Brain Teaser, $2,060.55
5. The Everything Shop, Almondton General Store
6. Grove Historical Museum Store
7. $11,406.35 ($1210.25 Toys Galore; $5,025.75 Cards and More; $4,234.60 Cress Store; $935.75 All Season Gifts)
8. 51608, 10/12/2015, 126, Toys Galore; 51610, 10/12/2015, 334, The Everything Shop; 51613, 10/13/2015, 386,
Johnson’s Department Store; 51614, 10/13/2015, 260, Brookings Direct; 51617, 10/15/2015, 586, Almondton
General Store; 51619, 10/15/2015, 126, Toys Galore; 51623, 10/15/2015, 586, Almondton General Store; 51625,
10/16/2015, 796, Unique Gifts
9. 51613, 10/13/2015, 386, Johnson’s Department Store; 51614, 10/13/2015, 260, Brookings Direct
10. 51617, Almondton General Store, Hui Tian; 51619, Toys Galore, Rafael Campos; 51623, Almondton General Store,
Hui Tian
11. [Critical Thinking] Answers will vary but students should have reasons for their responses. Telephone number and
email address are the most obvious choices for contact information.
12. [Critical Thinking] Answers will vary but students should have reasons for their responses. Employee is the most
obvious entity to add to the database. Another entity is department, that is, the department in which the employee
works.

Answers to Colonial Adventure Tours Case

Note: Data and solution files are available at www.cengage.com. Data files consist of copies of the TAL Distributors,
Colonial Adventure Tours, and Solmaris Condominium Group databases that are usable in Access 2010 and Access 2013,
and script files to create the tables and data in these databases in other systems, such as Oracle.
1. Abrams, Devon, Marston, Rowan, Stevens, Unser
2. Bloomfield - Maidstone, Chocorua Lake Tour, Mason’s Farm, Lake Mephremagog Tour, Long Pond Tour, Lower
Pond Tour, Missisquoi River - VT, Northern Forest Canoe Trail, Pontook Reservoir Tour
3. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Baldpate Mountain, Bloomfield – Maidstone, Cadillac Mountain, Mason’s Farm, Lake
Mephremagog Tour, Lower Pond Tour, Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Hike, Park Loop Ride, Pontook Reservoir
Tour, Pondicherry Trail Ride, Westfield River Loop
4. Bradbury Mountain Ride, Park Loop Ride
5. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Mt Ascutney - West Peak, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Cherry Pond, Lake Mephremagog
Tour, Mount Cardigan Hike, McLennan Reservation Hike, Missisquoi River – VT, Pondicherry Trail Ride, Seal
Beach Harbor, Sawyer River Ride
6. Mt Ascutney - West Peak, Bradbury Mountain Ride, Blueberry Mountain, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Cannon Mtn,
Huguenot Head Hikde, Low Bald Spot Hike, Mount Battie Ride, Mount Cardigan Hike, Mount Garfield Hike,
Sawyer River Ride
7. 6 (2 for CT and 4 for VT)
8. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Long Pond, McLennan Reservation Hike
9. Bradbury Mountain Ride, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Mount Battie Ride, Westfield River Loop
10. Gernowski, Mt. Cardigan - Firescrew, Orange; Bretton-Borak, Tamworth

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Concepts of Database Management, Eighth Edition Solutions 1-4

11. 13
12. Arethusa Falls, Hiking, Zach Gregory, Hal Rowan; Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Hiking, Miles Abrams, Lori Stevens;
Bradbury Mountain Ride, Biking, Rita Boyers, Zach Gregory; Baldpate Mountain, Hiking, Susan Kiley, Glory
Unser; Chocorua Lake Tour, Paddling, Harley Devon, Susan Kiley, Glory Unser
13. Siam Bretton-Borak, Sawyer River Ride, Biking, Chocorua Lake Tour, Paddling; Brianne Brown, Sawyer River
Ride, Biking, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Hiking; Karen Busa, Mount Garfield Hike, Hiking, Mount Battie Ride,
Biking; Clement Chau, Long Pond, Hiking, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Biking; Sadie Gernowski, Bradbury Mountain
Ride, Biking, Mt. Cardigan - Firescrew, Hiking; Ryan Goff, Mount Cardigan Hike, Hiking, Crawford Path
Presidentials Hike, Hiking; Liam Northfold, Wachusett Mountain, Hiking, Long Pond, Hiking; Arnold Ocean, Mt
Ascutney - West Peak, Hiking, Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Hiking
14. Busa, Mount Battie Ride, Biking; Gernowski, Bradbury Mountain Ride, Biking
15. Gernowski, Chau, Brown, Marchand, Busa
16. [Critical Thinking] No. You can calculate the total price by adding the trip price and the other fees and then
multiplying by the number of people.
17. [Critical Thinking] You would place the trip cost field in the Trip table.

Answers to Solmaris Condominium Group Case

Note: Data and solution files are available at www.cengage.com. Data files consist of copies of the TAL Distributors,
Colonial Adventure Tours, and Solmaris Condominium Group databases that are usable in Access 2010 and Access 2013,
and script files to create the tables and data in these databases in other systems, such as Oracle.
1. AD057, Adney, Bruce and Jean; AN175, Anderson, Bill; BL720, Blake, Jack; EL025, Elend, Bill and Sandy;
FE182, Feenstra, Daniel; JU092, Juarez, Maria; KE122, Kelly, Alyssa; NO225, Norton, Peter and Caitlin; RO123,
Robinson, Mike and Jane; SM072, Smeltz, Jim and Cathy; TR222, Trent, Michael; WS032, Wilson, Henry and
Karen
2. 3, 5, 8, 13, and 14
3. Smeltz, Jim and Cathy, 922 Garland Dr.; Wilson, Henry and Karen, 25 Nichols St.
4. Anderson, Bill, Brunswick; Robinson, Mike and Jane, Springs
5. Anderson, Bill, Brunswick; Trent, Michael, Glander Bay
6. A01, A03, B01, C01, C02, C06
7. Elend, Bill and Sandy, 201; Feenstra, Daniel, 405; Smeltz, Jim and Cathy, B01
8. 1, 201, EL025; 2, A03, TR222
9. 9, 725; 14, 1,540
10. 2, Elend (there are two service requests for CondoID 2 with the word pantry in the description)
11. [Critical Thinking] If the service fees are dependent on the type of service, the service fees would be an attribute in
the ServiceCategory table.
12. [Critical Thinking] Location supervisor attributes would be in the Location table.

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Mossman, Rev. J. W., on wasps coming out of small aperture
backwards, 192-3

Mule, alleged counting by, 332;

intelligence of, 333-4

Müller, Adolph, on instinct of cuckoo, 306-7

Müller, F.,
on powers of communication in bees, 157;
on termites, 198 and 201

Murray, S., intelligence of his dog, 450

Music, fondness of spiders for, 205-7;

of parrots and pigeon, 282

Mygale spider eating humming-birds, 208

Myriophyllum spicatum, 243

Myrmeleon formicarium, 234-5

N ADAULT, Madame, the association of ideas shown by her

parrot, 269

Napier, Commander, on pigeon making a horse shake oats from

nose-bag, 317

Napier, Lady, recollection in parrot, 269, 270;

emulation in parrot, 276, 277

Nest, see Nidification

Newall, R. S., on wasp dividing caterpillar to facilitate carriage, 195,
196

Newbury, on absence of beaver dams in California, 370, 371

Newton, Professor A., on instincts of cuckoo, 306-9

Nichols, W. W., on intelligence of pigeons, 317

Nicols, A., on reasoning power of a retriever, 464, 465

Nicrophorus, 228

Nidification,
of crustacean, 232, 233;
of fish, 242-5;
of birds, 291-301;
petrels and puffins, 291, 292;
auks, curlew, goatsucker, ostrich, gulls, sandpipers, plovers,
kingfisher, Chinese swallow, house-martin, 292;
tomtit, woodpecker, starling, weaver, 293;
baya, talegallus, 294;
grosbeak, 295, 296;
swan, 296-8;
Wallace's theories concerning, 298, 299;
variability of, 299-301;
of harvesting mice, 365

Nightingales, removing nest, 289

Niphon, Professor, on intelligence of a mule, 333, 334

Noctua Ewingii, 238

Noctura verbasci, 236

North, the Rev. W., on intelligence of mice, 361, 362

Nottebohm, Herr, on ants stocking trees with aphides, 63

O BSTETRIC-FISH, 246;
toad, 254

Octopus, intelligence of, 29, 30

Œcypoda ippeus, 231

Oldham, A., on jealousy in dog, 442, 443

Orang-outang, removing dead companions, 472;

sense of humour in, 476;
drawing chair to stand upon to reach high places, 481

Orthotomus, 293

Ostrich, conjugal affection of, 270;

nidification, 292

Otter, 346

Oyster, intelligence of, 25

P ALLAS, on provident habits of Lagomys, 365

Parrot, memory of, 267-9;

recollection, 269, 270;
talking, &c., 267-70;
sympathy, 275, 276;
 exultation on baffling imitative powers of master, 277;
vindictiveness, 277;
fondness of music, 282;
difficult to deceive by mirrors, 310, 311

Parry, Captain, on instincts of wild swan, 297

Partridge, removing eggs, 289

Peach, C. W., on dog recognising portrait, 453, 454

Peal, G. E., on elephants removing leeches and fanning away flies,

409, 410

Pearson, Colonel, the reasoning power of his dog, 466, 467

Peeweet, see Lapwing.

Pelicans, sympathy of for wounded companions, 275;

frigate, 284;
combined action of in fishing, 319

Penky, the Rev. Mr., on reasoning power of a dog, 466, 467

Pennant, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Pennent,
on domestication of toad, 255;
on fascination by rattle-snake, 263

Perca scandens, 248, 249

Perception, 9

Perch, climbing, 248, 249

Percival, Dr., on cock killing hen when she hatched out eggs of
partridge, 278

Petrels, nidification of, 291, 292

Phillips, J., his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454

Picton, Mrs. E., on sensitiveness of a terrier, 440, 441

Pieris rapæ, 236

Pigeon, memory of, 266;

conjugal affection and fidelity, 270, 271;
fondness for a particular air of music, 282;
intelligence in avoiding turtles, 317;
in making horse shake oats from nose-bag, 317

Pigs, 339-41

Pike, affection of male for female, 246

Pilot-fish, 251, 252

Pinnipeds, breeding habits of, 342, 346

Pipe-fish, 246

Piracy, instinct of, in birds, 283, 284, 301-7

Pisces, see Fish

Play,
of ants, 87, 89;
of fish, 242;
of birds, 279;
of porpoise, 327, 328;
 of dogs, 445;
of monkeys, 476, 477

Pliny, on ants burying their dead, 91;

sexual affection of snakes, 256;
on intelligence of elephant, 386;
on memory of elephant, 387

Ploceus textor, 293

Plover, see Lapwing;

nidification of, 292

Plutarch, on intelligence of elephant, 386

Podocerus capillatus, 232

Polar bear, 352, 353

Polecat, curious instinct of, 347

Polistes carnifex, taking precise bearings to remember locality, 150,

151

Polistes Gallica, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153;

robber, 169

Pollock, F., on perfection of webs built by young spiders, 217

Pollock, W., on association of ideas in parrot, 269

Polydectes cupulifer, 233

Pope, on instinct and reason, 15

Porpoise, intelligence of, 327, 328

Portraits, recognised by birds, 311;
by dogs, 453-7

Pouchet, on improvement in nidification of swallows, 300, 301

Powelsen, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Prairie dog, 366

Pride,
of birds, 279;
of horse, 330;
of ruminants, 334;
of dog, 439-42

Prinia, 293

Protozoa, movements of, 18;

apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Provident instincts,
of ants, 97-110;
of bees, 160-162;
of a bird, 285;
of rodents, 353, 354, and 365, 366;
of beaver, 368-70

Puffins, nidification of, 291, 292

Pugnacity,
of ants, 45;
of bees, 165-70;
of spiders, 204-5;
of fish, 242;
of seal, 341-6;
 of rabbits, 355;
of rat-hare, 365, 366;
of canine animals, 426

Python, tame, affection of, &c., 256 and 260-2

Q UARTERLY REVIEW, on intelligence of rats, 360, 361

Quatrefages, on termites, 198

R ABBIT, 354-7

Rabigot, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Rae, Dr. John, on intelligence of horse, 331;

of wolverine, 348;
of wolves and foxes, 429, 430;
of dog, 465, 466

Rae, on dog ringing bell, 423

Ransom, Dr., on sticklebacks, 245

Rarey, his method of taming horses, 328, 329

Rats, 360-3

Rattlesnake, alleged fascination by, 263

Ravens, breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283

Razor-fish, intelligence of, 25

Reason, definition of, and distinguished from instinct, 13-17;
exhibitions of, by various animals, see under sections headed
'general intelligence'

Réaumur, on intelligence of ants, 128;

sympathy of bees, 156;
carpenter-bee, 179;
encasing snail with propolis, 190;
conveying carrion out of hive, 191;
experiments on instincts of caterpillars, 237;
on larvæ chasing aphides, 240

Reclain, Professor C., on spider descending to violin-player, 205, 206

Recognition of persons,
by bees, 188;
by snakes and tortoises, 259-61;
of places, by mollusca, 27-9;
by ants, 33 et seq.;
by bees, 144 et seq.;
of offspring, by earwig, 229;
of portraits, see Birds and Dogs;
of other members of a hive by ants and bees, see Ants and Bees

Reeks, H., on collective instinct of wolves, 436

Reflex action, 2-4

Reid, Dr., on mathematical principles observed by bees in

constructing their cells, 171

Rengger, on maternal care and grief of a cebus, 472;

monkeys displaying intelligent observation, 479;
using levers, 481

Reproach, shown by gestures of monkeys 475-478

Reptiles, 255-265;
emotions of, 255, 256, and 260-2;
incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256;
general intelligence of, 256-263;
fascination by, 263, 264;
charming of, 264, 265

Reyne, his observations on snake-charming, 264, 265

Rhizopoda, apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Richards, Captain, on pilot-fish, 252

Richardson, Mrs. A. S. H.,

on elephant concealing theft, 410;
on dog finding its way home by train, 468, 469

Ridicule, dislike of, by dogs and monkeys, see Ludicrous

Risso, M., on habits of pipe-fish, 246

Robertson, Professor G. Croora, on behaviour of an ape with a

mirror, 478, 479

Robin, intelligence of, 314

Rodents, 353

Rodwell, on intelligence of rats, 360-2

Rogue-elephants, see Elephant

Romanes, Miss C.,

on dog recognising portrait, 455, 456;
on intelligence of cebus, 484-95
Romanes, G. J., on movements of rotifer, 18, 19;
of medusæ, 22;
of echinodermata, 23;
emotions of stickleback, 246, 247;
piracy of terns and gulls, 283-4;
mode of challenge practised by gulls, 291;
birds deceived by mirrors, 311;
grouse learning to avoid telegraph wires, 313;
intelligence of horse, 330;
intelligence of ferrets, 347;
instincts of rabbits, 354;
intelligence of rabbits, 354, 355;
rabbits fighting rats, 355;
drawing dead companions out of holes, 356, 357;
intelligence of hare, 357;
hares and rabbits allowing themselves to be caught by weasels,
359;
rats using their tails for feeding purposes, 363;
cat opening thumb-latch, 420, 421;
collective instinct of jackals, 434, 435;
of dogs, 435;
duration of memory in dog, 438;
pride and sensitiveness in dog, 439, 440;
intolerance of dog towards pain, 441;
emulation and jealousy in dog, 442;
deceitfulness and dislike of ridicule in dog, 444;
sense of ludicrous in dog, 444, 445;
dogs communicating ideas, 445, 446;
dogs slipping into their collars to conceal their sheep-killing, &c.,
435 and 450, 451;
dog recognising portrait, 456, 457;
reasoning of dog, 457, 458;
caution of a dog in killing snakes, 460;
sympathy of an Arabian baboon, 474;
sense of ludicrous and dislike of ridicule in monkey, 476;
 intelligence of Cebus fatuellus, 484-98

Rooks, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 273, 274;

concerted action of, in obtaining food from dogs, 319, 320;
from pheasants, 321;
nesting habits and punishment of culprits, 322-5

Rotifera, movements of, 18

Ruminants, 334

Russell, Lord Arthur, witnessing tameness of snakes, 261

S AGARTIA parasitica, 234

Salmon, migration of, 249, 250

Salticus scenicus, 213

Sandpipers, nidification of, 292

Sarsia, seeking light, 23

Saunders, S. S., on trap-door spiders, 215

Savage, on play of chimpanzees, 476, 477

Schiller, on pride of bell-wether steers, 334

Schipp, Lieut., on combined action of baboons, 483

Schlosser, on jaculator-fish, 248

Schlüter, Herr A., on a hornet carrying heavy prey up an elevation in

order to fly away with it, 196

Schneider, on intelligence of octopus, 29, 30;

on fish guarding eggs, 242;
jealousy of fish, 247

Sclater, Dr., on instincts of cuckoo, 325;

lending a cebus for observation, 483

Scoresby, on maternal affection of whale, 327;

on intelligence of polar bear, 351

Scorpion, alleged suicide of, when surrounded by fire or heat, 222-

25

Sea-anemones, 233, 234

Seals, intelligence of, and breeding-habits of pinnipeds, 341-6

Seebohm, on instincts of cuckoo, 325

Semnopithecus entellus, destroying poison fangs of snakes, 483

Sensation, 8

Severn, H. A., on nidification of baya-bird, 294

Severn, W., on snakes, 260, 261

Sheep, pride of leaders, 334

Shelley, lines on curiosity of fish, 247

Shipp, Capt.,
on vindictiveness of elephant, 387, 388;
on intelligence of elephant, 397, 398
Siebold, on robber-wasps, 169

Sieur, Roman, his trained birds, 312

Signs, made by ants, 49 et seq.;

by bees, 157 et seq.;
by termites, 200;
by birds, 315, 316;
by elephants, 391 and 401;
by cat, 416;
by dog, 445-7;
by monkey, 472, 475, 476

Simiadæ, see Monkeys

Simonius, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Sinclair, W., on intelligence of horse, 33

Skate, supposed intelligence of, 251

Skinner, Major,
on intelligent vigilance of elephants, 400, 401;
on training of cobra, 265

Slingsby, his experiment in training a house-fly, 230, 231

Smeathman, on termites, 198-203

Smeaton, Th. D., on dog making peace-offerings, 452

Smiles, Dr. S.,

on observation of Stephenson, 247;
on observations of Edward, 255, 275, 283, 321
Smith, A. P., on intelligence of a cat, 414

Smith, Colonel, on pilot-fish, 252

Smith, Colonel Hamilton, on intelligence of cattle-dogs, 449

Smith, Sir Andrew, on revenge of a baboon, 478

Snails, intelligence of, 26-28

Snakes, incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256;

tamed, 256, 260-3, 265;
finding way home, 262;
intelligence of, 262-3;
fascination by, 263-4;
charming of, 264-5

Social feelings, see Sympathy and Affection;

habits common to Hymenoptera and termites, 202

Sow, pointing game, 339, 340

Sparman, on termites, 198

Spencer, Herbert,
on migration of salmon, 249;
on play as allied to artistic feeling, 279

Sphex, see under Wasp

Spiders, emotions of, 204-7;

courtship, 204, 205;
strength of maternal instinct, 205;
fondness of music, 205-7;
web-building, 207-12;
geometric, 209;
 water, 212;
wolf or vagrant, 213;
trap-door, 213-18;
admit of being tamed and distinguish persons, 218-19;
protecting eggs from cold, 219;
protecting themselves from ecitons, 219;
conveying prey to larder, 220;
suspending weights to steady web, 220-2;
wide geographical range of trap-door spiders, 216

Stag, intelligence of, 336

Starlings, nidification of, 293;

learning to avoid telegraph-wires, 312-13

Stephenson, on curiosity of fish, 247

Stevens, J. G., on intelligence of a cat, 417-18

Sticklebacks, 243-5, 246-7

Stickney, on bees remembering in successive years the position of a

disused hive, 154

Stodmann, on wasps recognising persons, 188

Stone, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Stork, vindictiveness of, 277-8

Strachan, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395-6

Strange, F., on habits of bower-bird, 281

Strauss, on co-operation of beetles, 228

Street, J., on blackbirds removing their young, 289

Strickland, on intelligence of a mare, 332

Swainson, on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Swallows, memory of, 266;

improvement in their nidification and adopting new modes of, 300;
migration, 301;
making tunnels, 318;
killing imprisoned hostile sparrows, 318-19

Swan, conjugal fidelity of, 271;

mode of escaping with young, 290;
nidification, 496-8

Swine, 339-41

Sword-fish, 252-3

Sykes, Colonel,
on harvesting ants, 97;
on tree ants, 110-11;
intelligence of ants in getting at food in difficult situations, 134,
135;
on nidification of tailor-bird, 293

Sylvia, 293

Sympathy,
of ants, 46-9;
of bees, 155-6;
of fish, 242;
of birds, 270-6;
of horse, 331-2;
of ruminants, 334;
of elephants, 387-92, and 397, 398;
of cat, 416;
of monkeys, 471-5
T AIT, LAWSON, on cat signing to have bell pulled, 423

Talegallus, nidification of, 294

Taylor, the Rev. Mr., cunning of his dog, 451

Tegetmeier, on amount of sugar required by bees to make honey,

176

Telescope-fish, 246

Tennent, Sir E., on apparent intelligence of land-leeches, 24;

intelligence of tree-ants, 134;
mygale eating humming birds, 208;
climbing-perch, 249;
sexual affection of cobra, 246;
snake-charming, 264, 265;
taming of cobra, 265;
nidification of baya-bird, 294;
combined action of crows, 319, 320;
of buffaloes, 335;
use of tame buffalo, 335;
on emotions and intelligence of elephant, 389, 390, 393-6, 400-8;
collective instinct of jackals, 432, 433

Tepper, Mr. Otto, on intelligence of a cat, 424

Termites, 198-203;
architecture, 198, 199, and 201, 202;
workers and soldiers, 200, 201;
swarming, breeding, &c., 202;
remarkable similarity of instincts to those of Hymenoptera, 202;
instincts detrimental to individual but beneficial to species, 202,
203
Terns, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 274, 275;
robber, 284;
mobbing robber-terns, 291

Theda isocrates, 238

Theuerkauf, Herr G., on intelligence of ants in making a bridge of

aphides over tar, 136

Thompson, E. P.,
on bees remembering exact position of absent hive, 149;
on garden-spider's mode of web-building, 210, 211;
ant-lion, 234, 235;
emotions of guana, 255, 256;
fascination by snakes, 264;
nidification of sociable grosbeak, 295, 296;
birds dreaming, 312;
maternal affection of whale, 327;
bisons defending themselves from wolves, 334, 335;
pigs defending themselves from wolves, 339;
cleanliness of pig, 340, 341;
intelligence of weasel, 346;
of mouse, 361;
harvesting-mice, 365, 366

Thomson, Dr. Allen, on scorpions committing suicide, 223-5

Thornton, Colonel, his sow trained to point game, 340

Thresher-fish, 252, 253

Thrushes, breaking shells against stones, 283

Tinea, 237

Toads, 254, 255

Tomtit, nidification of, 293

Topham, Dr. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 222

Topham, Mr. J., on bees remembering exact position of absent hive,

149

Tortoises, knowing persons, 259

Townsend, the Rev. W.,

on elephant concealing theft, 410;
on dog finding its way about by train, 468-9

Truro, Lord, on intelligence of a dog, 450

Turner, George, on bees remembering exact position of absent hive,

149

Turnstones, intelligence of, 321

Turtles, 257, 258, and 262

V AILLANT, Le, on fascination by tree-snake, 263, 264

Valiant, L., on nidification of sociable grosbeak, 296

Venn, on association of ideas in parrot, 267, 268

Vigot, Dr., on snake finding way home, 262

Villiers, De, on instincts of larvæ of bombyx moth, 240

Vindictiveness,
 of birds, 277, 278, and 318-25;
of horse, 330, 331;
of elephant, 387-9;
of monkeys, 478, and 484-96

Virchow, on difficulty of distinguishing between instinct and reason,

12

Vogt, Karl, on duration of memory in ants, 41;

bridge-making, 136

Vultures, finding carrion by sight and not by smell, 286, 287;

intelligence, 314

W AFER, on monkeys hammering oyster-shells with stones, 481

Wakefield, P., on intelligence of goats, 337, 338

Wallace, A. R., on philosophy of birds'-nests, 298-300

Warden, on frogs going straight to nearest water, 254

Wasp-mason, 180;
butcher, 180, 181;
sphex, 181;
hunting, 193, 194;
common, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153

Wasps, sense of direction in, 147;

teaching themselves, 154;
killing larvæ, 167, 168;
making cells, 180;
instincts of neuters, 181;
recognising persons, 188;
 coming out of small aperture backwards, 192, 193;
struggles with ants for secretion of frog-hoppers, 194, 195;
dismembering heavy prey for convenience of carriage, and
mounting eminences for same purpose, 195, 197

Wasser, on nidification of puffins, 291

Waterhouse, on hexagonal form of bee's cell, 173

Water-rail, its mode of escape, 289

Waterton, on nidification of swan, 295, 296

Watson, on spiders weighting their webs, 221;

cock killing hen on her hatching out eggs of other birds, 278;
intelligence of rats, 360-62;
vindictiveness of elephant, 389;
elephant enduring surgical operation, 399;
intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448;
of cattle-dogs, 449

Weasel, 346, 347

Weaver, nidification of, 293

Web, see Spider

Web-building, see Spiders

Webb, Dr., performing operation on elephant, 399

Weber, Professor E. H., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Wedgwood, the Rev. R. H., on memory of horse, 330

Westlecombe, on reasoning power of a dog, 462, 463

Westropp, on intelligence of bear, 352

Westwood, on instinct of caterpillars, 288

Weygandt, on robber-bees, 170

Whale, maternal affection of, 327;

attacks on, by sword- and thresher-fish, 252, 253

Whately, Archbishop, on cat ringing bell, 423

White ants, see Termites

White, the Rev. Gilbert, on nests of harvesting-mice, 365;

on nidification of house-martin, 292, 293

White, W., on intelligence of snails, 26

White, the Rev. W. W. F., on sympathy of ants, 49;

keeping pets, 84;
burying dead, 92, 93

White-headed eagle, see Eagle

Wildman, his alleged training of bees, 189

Wilks, Dr. S., observations on talking of parrot, 267, 268;

on dog recognising a portrait, 455

Williams, on intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448

Williams, B., on cunning of sheep-killing dogs, 450, 451

Wilson, on memory of crow, 266

Wilson, Dr. Andrew, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Wilson, Charles, on intelligence of swallows, 318

Wilson, Dr. D., on elephant enduring surgical operation, 399

Winkell, Dietrich aus dem, on intelligence of fox, 428

Wolf, 426-36; avoiding gun-traps, 431;

drawing up fish-lines to take fish, 431;
collective instinct in hunting, 433, 436

Wolverine, 347-50

Wood, Rev. G. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Woodcock, conveying young on back, 289

Woodpecker, ant-eating, its instinct of storing food, 285;

nidification, 293

Words, understanding of,

by bees, 189;
by talking birds, 267-9

Worms, apparent intelligence of, 24

Wright, his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454-5

Y ARRELL,
on fish, 246;
on intelligence of hare, 358-9

Youatt, on pigs learning to point game, 340

Young, the Rev. Charles, on emotions and intelligence of elephant,
390-92

Young, Miss E., on dog finding his way about by train, 468

Yule, Captain, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395

 THE END.

Animal Intelligence.
By GEORGE J. ROMANES, F.R.S.,
Zoölogical Secretary of the Linnæan Society, etc.
—————————
12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
—————————
"My object in the work as a whole is twofold: First, I have thought
it desirable that there should be something resembling a text-book
of the facts of Comparative Psychology, to which men of science,
and also metaphysicians, may turn whenever they have occasion to
acquaint themselves with the particular level of intelligence to which
this or that species of animal attains. My second and much more
important object is that of considering the facts of animal
intelligence in their relation to the theory of descent."—From the
Preface.
"Unless we are greatly mistaken, Mr. Romanes's work will take its
place as one of the most attractive volumes of the International
Scientific Series. Some persons may, indeed, be disposed to say that
it is too attractive, that it feeds the popular taste for the curious and
marvelous without supplying any commensurate discipline in exact
scientific reflection; but the author has, we think, fully justified
himself in his modest preface. The result is the appearance of a
collection of facts which will be a real boon to the student of
Comparative Psychology, for this is the first attempt to present
systematically well-assured observations on the mental life of
animals."—Saturday Review.
 "The author believes himself, not without ample cause, to have
completely bridged the supposed gap between instinct and reason
by the authentic proofs here marshaled of remarkable intelligence in
some of the higher animals. It is the seemingly conclusive evidence
of reasoning powers furnished by the adaptation of means to ends in
cases which can not be explained on the theory of inherited aptitude
or habit."—New York Sun.
"The high standing of the author as an original investigator is a
sufficient guarantee that his task has been conscientiously carried
out. His subject is one of absorbing interest. He has collected and
classified an enormous amount of information concerning the mental
attributes of the animal world. The result is astonishing. We find
marvelous intelligence exhibited not only by animals which are
known to be clever, but by others seemingly without a glimmer of
light, like the snail, for instance. Some animals display imagination,
others affection, and so on. The psychological portion of the
discussion is deeply interesting."—New York Herald.
"The chapter on monkeys closes this excellent work, and perhaps
the most instructive portion of it is that devoted to the life-history of
a monkey."—New York Times.
"Mr. Romanes brings to his work a wide information and the best
of scientific methods. He has carefully culled and selected an
immense mass of data, choosing with admirable skill those facts
which are really significant, and rejecting those which lacked
sustaining evidence or relevancy. The contents of the volume are
arranged with reference to the principles which they seem to him to
establish. The volume is rich and suggestive, and a model in its
way."—Boston Courier.
"It presents the facts of animal intelligence in relation to the
theory of descent, supplementing Darwin and Spencer in tracing the
principles which are concerned in the genesis of mind."—Boston
Commonwealth.
 "One of the most interesting volumes of the series."—New York
Christian at Work.
"Few subjects have a greater fascination for the general reader
than that with which this book is occupied."—Good Literature, New
York.
—————————
For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of
price.
—————————
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

Ants, Bees, and Wasps.

A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera.

By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M. P., F. R. S., etc.,

Author of "Origin of Civilization, and the Primitive Condition of Man," etc., etc.
—————————
With Colored Plates. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.—————————
"This volume contains the record of various experiments made
with ants, bees, and wasps during the last ten years, with a view to
test their mental condition and powers of sense. The principal point
in which Sir John's mode of experiment differs from those of Huber,
Forel, McCook, and others, is that he has carefully watched and
marked particular insects, and has had their nests under observation
for long periods—one of his ants' nests having been under constant
inspection ever since 1874. His observations are made principally
upon ants because they show more power and flexibility of mind;
and the value of his studies is that they belong to the department of
original research."
 "We have no hesitation in saying that the author has presented us
with the most valuable series of observations on a special subject
that has ever been produced, charmingly written, full of logical
deductions, and, when we consider his multitudinous engagements,
a remarkable illustration of economy of time. As a contribution to
insect psychology, it will be long before this book finds a parallel."—
London Athenæum.
"These studies, when handled by such a master as Sir John
Lubbock, rise far above the ordinary dry treatment of such topics.
The work is an effort made to discover what are the general, not the
special, laws which govern communities of insects composed of
inhabitants as numerous as the human beings living in London and
Peking, and who labor together in the utmost harmony for the
common good. That there are remarkable analogies between
societies of ants and human beings no one can doubt. If, according
to Mr. Grote, 'positive morality under some form or other has existed
in every society of which the world has ever had experience,' the
present volume is an effort to show whether this passage be correct
or not."—New York Times.
"In this work the reader will find the record of a series of
experiments and observations more thorough and ingenious than
those instituted by any of the accomplished author's
predecessors. . . . . Sir John has been a close observer of the habits
of ants for many years, generally having from thirty to forty
communities under his notice, and not only watching each of these
in its carefully isolated glass house, but, by the use of paint-marks,
following the fortunes of individuals. . . . . One notable result of this
system has been the correcting of previous theories as to the age to
which ants attain: instead of living merely a year, as the popular
belief has been, some of Sir John's queens and workers are thriving
after being under observation since 1874 and 1875."—New York
World.
"Sir John Lubbock's book on 'Ants, Bees, and Wasps' is mainly
devoted to the crawlers, and not the fliers, though he has some
observations upon honey-bees and more interesting ones upon the
unpopular wasp, which he fondly deems to be capable of gratitude.
Darwin made a strong case for the monkeys, but Lubbock may yet
make us out to be, as Irishmen say, 'The sons of our ants.' For he
begins his entertaining book thus: 'The anthropoid apes no doubt
approach nearer to man in bodily structure than do any other
animals, but, when we consider the habits of ants, their large
communities and elaborate habitations, their roadways, their
possession of domestic animals, and, even in some cases, of slaves,
it must be admitted that they have a fair claim to rank next to man
in the scale of intelligence.'"—Springfield Republican.
—————————
For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of
price.
—————————
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Letters may be addressed to me directly at 18 Cornwall
Terrace, Regent's Park, London, N W.
[2] Of course it may be said that we have no evidence of
prompting in either case; but this is the side issue which concerns
the general relation of body and mind, and has nothing to do with
the guarantee of inferring the presence of mind in particular
cases.
[3] I.e., ancestral as well as individual. If the race had not
always had occasion to close the eyelids to protect the eyes, it is
certain that the young child would not so quickly learn to do so in
virtue of its own individual experience alone; and as the action
cannot be attributed to any process of conscious inference, it is
not rational; but we have seen that it is not originally reflex;
therefore it is instinctive.
[4] Psychological Researches, p. 187.
[5] H. J. Carter, F.R.S., Annals of Natural History, 3rd Series,
1863, pp. 45-6.
[6] For an account of the natural movements of the Medusæ
and the effects of stimulation upon them, see Croonian Lecture in
Phil. Trans. 1875, and also Phil. Trans. 1877 and 1879.
[7] See Croonian Lecture, 1881, in forthcoming issue of Phil.
Trans.
[8] Natural History of Ceylon, p. 481.
[9] This fact is also stated by Bingley, Animal Biography, vol.
iii. p. 454, and is now turned to practical account in the so-called
'Oyster-schools' of France. The distance from the coast to Paris
being too great for the newly dredged oysters to travel without
opening their shells, they are first taught in the schools to bear a
longer and longer exposure to the air without gaping, and when
their education in this respect is completed they are sent on their
journey to the metropolis, where they arrive with closed shells,
and in a healthy condition.
[10] Bingley, loc. cit., vol. iii. p. 449.
[11] De l'Espèce et de la Classe, &c., 1869, p. 106.
[12] A Londoner's Walk to Edinburgh, p. 155 (1856).
[13] Descent of Man, pp. 262-3.
[14] The facts, however, in order to sustain such conclusions,
of course require corroboration, and it is therefore to be regretted
that Mr. Lonsdale did not experimentally repeat the conditions.
[15] Journal Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 406 et seq.
[16] Mag. Nat. Hist. 1831, vol. iv. p. 346.
[17] Thieresche Wille, § 78.
[18] Leben der Cephalopoden, s. 21.
[19] While this MS. is passing through the press Sir John
Lubbock has read another paper before the Linnæan Society,
which contains some important additional matter concerning the
sense of direction in ants. It seems that in the experiment above
described, the hat-box was not provided with a cover or lid, i.e.
was not a 'closed chamber,' and that Sir John now finds the ants
to take their bearings from the direction in which they observe
the light to fall upon them. For in the experiment with the
uncovered hat-box, if the source of light (candle) is moved round
together with the rotating table which supports the box, the ants
continue their way without making compensating changes in their
direction of advance. The same thing happens if the hat-box is
covered, so as to make of it a dark chamber. Direction of light
being the source of their information that their ground is being
moved, we can understand why they do not know that it is being
moved when it is moved in the direction of their advance, as in
the experiment with the paper slip.
[20] It is to be noted that although ants will attack stranger
ants introduced from other nests, they will carefully tend stranger
larvæ similarly introduced.
[21] The Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1874, p. 26.
[22] See Leisure Hour, 1880, p. 390.
[23] Introduction to Entomology, vol. ii. p. 524.
[24] Vol. vii. pp. 443-4.
[25] Büchner, Geistesleben der Thiere, pp. 66-7.
[26] Origin of Species, 6th ed. pp. 207-8.
[27] Loc. cit. p. 121.
[28] Loc. cit. p. 123.
[29] Origin of Species, 6th ed. p. 218.
[30] Geistesleben der Thiere, pp. 145-9.
[31] Loc. cit.
[32] Loc. cit. p. 337.
[33] Loc. cit. p. 97.
[34] Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders, London, 1873 and
Supplement, 1874.
 [35] Journal Linn. Soc., vol. vi. p. 29, 1862.
[36] Agricultural Ant of Texas, Philadelphia, 1880.
[37] Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i. 103, 1836.
[38] Madras Journ. Lit. Sc., 1851.
[39] For this see Moggridge, loc. cit. pp. 6-10, where, besides
Prov. iv. 6-8, and xxx. 25, quotations are given from Horace,
Virgil, Plautus, and others.
[40] Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., xii. p. 445.
[41] Agricultural Ant of Texas (Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia,
1880).
[42] Missionary Travels, p. 328.
[43] Animal Biography, 'Ants.'
[44] Büchner, Geistesleben der Thiere, English translation, p.
49.
[45] While this work is passing through the press, an
interesting Essay has been published by Mr. MacCook on the
Honey-making Ant. I am not here able to refer to this Essay at
greater length, but have done so in a review in Nature (March 2,
1882.)—G. J. R.
[46] Vol. ix. p. 484.
[47] Passions of Animals, p. 53.
[48] Vol. xii. p. 68.
[49] 'Three months' in the Journal of the Linnæan Society, but
Sir John Lubbock informs me that this is a misprint.
[50] See Kirby and Spence, vol. ii. p. 591.
[51] Letter to Mr. Darwin, published in Nature, vol. x., p. 102.
[52] Vol. xii., pp. 25-6.
[53] Loc. cit.
[54] Art. 'Bees,' Encycl. Brit.
[55] Dr. Kemp, Indications of Instinct.
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