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Chapter 3 of 'Digital Fundamentals' by Thomas L. Floyd covers various logic gates including NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR, detailing their operations and truth tables. Each gate's functionality is illustrated with examples and waveforms, demonstrating applications such as masking and ASCII manipulation. The chapter emphasizes the unique characteristics of each gate, including the universal nature of the NAND gate and the comparison capabilities of the XNOR gate.

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2 views

ch3

Chapter 3 of 'Digital Fundamentals' by Thomas L. Floyd covers various logic gates including NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR, detailing their operations and truth tables. Each gate's functionality is illustrated with examples and waveforms, demonstrating applications such as masking and ASCII manipulation. The chapter emphasizes the unique characteristics of each gate, including the universal nature of the NAND gate and the comparison capabilities of the XNOR gate.

Uploaded by

gxrc46r82m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Fundamentals

Thomas L. Floyd

Logic Gates /
Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification
Chapter 3
Ch.3 Summary

The Inverter
Boolean NOT operation

Input Output
A X A X
LOW (0) HIGH (1)
HIGH (1) LOW (0)

The NOT operation (complement) : X = A.


Ch.3 Summary

An Inverter Application A X

Example waveforms:
A
X
Example: 1’s Complement
Binary number
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1’s complement
Ch.3 Summary

The AND Gate


Outputs HIGH when all inputs are HIGH

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

The AND operation : X = A∙B or X = AB.


Ch.3 Summary

The AND Gate


Example waveforms:
A
B
X
Example: Masking
If the binary number 10100011 is ANDed with the
mask 00001111, what is the result?
00000011
Ch.3 Summary

The OR Gate
Outputs HIGH if any input is HIGH

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

The OR operation : X = A + B.
Ch.3 Summary

The OR Gate
Example waveforms:

A
B
X
Example: ASCII (Set to specific bit)
5th bit: 1 if lowercase, 0 if uppercase
(ASCII letter) OR (8-bit mask 00100000)?
The resulting letter will be lower case.
Ch.3 Summary
A X A &
The NAND Gate B B
X

Outputs LOW when all inputs are HIGH

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

The NAND operation X = A∙B (Or, X = AB.)


Ch.3 Summary
A X A &
The NAND Gate B B
X

Example waveforms:
A
B
X

The NAND gate is “universal”.

Inverter using NAND gate:


Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The NOR Gate B B
≥1

Outputs LOW if any input is HIGH

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

The NOR operation : X = A + B.


Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The NOR Gate B B
≥1

Example waveforms:

A
B
X
The NOR operation will produce a LOW if any input is HIGH.
+5.0 V

When is the LED is ON for the circuit shown? 330 W

A
The LED will be on when any of the four B X
inputs are HIGH. C
D
Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The XOR Gate B B
=1

Outputs HIGH only when both inputs are at opposite logic levels.

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

The XOR operation : X = AB + AB or X = A + B.


Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The XOR Gate B B
=1

Example waveforms:

A
B
X
Notice that the XOR gate will produce a HIGH only when exactly
one input is HIGH.
If the A and B waveforms are both inverted for the above
waveforms, how is the output affected?

There is no change in the output.


Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The XNOR Gate B B
=1

The XNOR gate produces a HIGH output only when both inputs
are at the same logic level. The truth table is
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

The XNOR operation : X = AB + AB or X = A . B.


Ch.3 Summary
A X A X
The XNOR Gate B B
=1

Example waveforms:

A
B
X
Notice that the XNOR gate will produce a HIGH when both inputs
are the same. This makes it useful for comparison functions.

If the A waveform is inverted but B remains the same, how is the


output affected?
The output will be inverted.
Ch.3 Summary
Fixed Function Logic

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