Biological Classification Revised Notes –

Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista and

Plant Kingdom and Virus

Kingdom Monera:
1.What organisms does the Kingdom Monera constitute of?
Answer: The Kingdom Monera consists of Bacteria
2. Give the general characteristics of Bacteria?
Answer:

Bacteria are the most abundant organizms

in the ecosystem [Point 1]

Bacterias are prokaryotic which means they

dont have a nuclei [Point 2]

Hundred of bacteria are found in a handful

of soil [Point 3]

Some of the bacteria are pathogenic [Point

4]
3. What are the Various Shapes of Different Bacteria?
Answer :
Bacteria Type Shape Example
Coccus Bacteria Circle Shaped Bacteria Streptococcus
Pneumonae
Vibrio Bacteria Comma Shaped Vibrio Chlorae
Bacteria
Spiral Bacteria Spiral Shaped Sprilla

4. What are Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria?

Answer:

Autotrophic Bacteria are those

bacteria that prepare their own food
by synthesizing the food inorganic
substrates

Heterotrophic Bacteria are those

bacteria that rely on other organizms
for food or feed on dead organic
matter
5. Give the various types into which Bacteria are classified into?

Halophines

Archaebacteria

Thermoacidnophiles

Eubacteria Methanogens
Bacteria

Heterotrphs

Parastic and
Autrophs
Saprphytic

Photosynthetic and
Chemosynthetic
6. What are Halophines , Methanogens and Thermoacidinophiles ?
Answer :

Halophines are those bacteria that can

survive in saline regions

Methanogens are those bacteria which are

responsible for producing methane gas and
these are found in the gut of ruminant
animals

Thermoacidnophiles are those bacteria that

can survive in regions of extreme heat

17. What are Eubacteria ?

Answer :

Eubacteria are true bacteria that have a

rigid cell wall and flagellum[ if motile]

Eubacteria are classified into autotrophic

and heterotrophic
18. Elaborate on the Photosynthetic Bacteria?
Answer:

Photosynthetic Bacteria come under the

autotrophic bacteria [ Point 1]

These bacteria are unicellular , colonial and

filamanteous [ Point 2]

These colonies are surrounded by a gelatinous

sheath [ Point 3]

They often form blooms in polluted water

[Point 4]

Example - Cyanobacteria

19. What are Chemosynthetic Bacteria?

Answer:

Chemosynthetic Bacteria are those

Bacteria which synthesize inorganic
substances such as Ammonia , Nitrates
and Nitrites [ ANN]

These bacteria help in recycling nutrients

such as Iron , Sulphur and Phosphorous
20. What is botulism? Mention its cause and any 2 symptoms ?
Answer:

Botulism is a fatal disease caused by

Chlostridium Botulin where a toxin is
produced by these bacteria in canned foods

Causes - Improper waste disposal of cans ,

not refrigarating the canned food after use

If consumed canned food consisting of botulin

toxin it can lead to muscle paralysis and
nervous blockage

21. Name the sources of the following antibiotics

a) Tetramycine
b) Chlortetracycline
Answer:
Medicine Name Originating Organizm
Tetramycine Streptomyces rimosus
Chlortetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens
22. Give the Economic Importance of Bacteria ?
Answer :

Bacterias are used to make curd and Paneer

Bacterias are used in the production of

antibiotics

Bacterias help in cleaning of sewage in

aquatic set ups

23. What are the ways in which Bacteria reproduce ?

Answer :

Bacteria mainly reproduce by fission

Under unfavourable conditions they form

spores

In Sexual reproduction they reproduce

through DNA transfer
24. Distinguish between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria ?
Answer :
Gram Positive Gram Negative

1. Cell wall is smooth and The cell wall is rough and single
double – layered layered and wavy

2. Lipopolysaccharide layer is Lipopolysaccharide layer is

absent present

3. Lipid Content is low Lipid Content is high

4. Suspectible to anitbiotics Resistant to Anitbiotics

Kingdom Protista
1. Give any 4 general characteristics of Kingdom Protista ?
Answer :

It includes single celled-eukaryotes [Point 1]

Some have cilia or flagella [Point 2]

Protists are primarily aquatic [Point 3]

Have a well developed endomembrane system

[Point 4]

2. How are Protists Classified?

Answer: Cool Dinosaurs Eat Sweet Popcorn.
 Protozoans

Protists Dinoflagellates
Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Slime Moulds

3. What are the Characteristics of Chrysophytes?

Answer:
Found in freshwater and marine environment
[ Point 1]

They flow with the water current

[Plankton] .Point 2

Most of them are photosynthetic [Point 3]

Example - desmids

4. What are the Characteristics of Diatoms ?

Answer:
 Diatoms are the chief producers of the oceans

They have a silicaeous cell walls forming two

thin overlapping cells like a soap box

The deposition of the cell wall of the diatoms

over billions of years on the surface of the
earth is called diatomaceous earth

5. What are the characteristics of Euglenoids ?

Answer:

They are photosynthetic in the prescence of

light [Point 1]

They have pigments resembling higher plants

[Point 2]

They behave like heterotrophs by predating

on other organizms

6. What are the Characteristics of Slime Moulds ?

Answer:
 They are saprophytic protists

The body moves along decaying twigs and

organic matter

Under unfavourable conditions they form

aggregation called plasmodium which may
spread to a several feet

7. What are Protozoans? Name their groups?

Answer:
 Protozoans are heterotrophic [ saphrophytic or parasitic]
 Protozoans are primitive relatives of animals

Protozoans
Ambeoid Flagellated
Sporozoans
Protozoans Protozoans

Sporozoans
 8. What are the Characteristics of Ameboid Protozoans ?

Live in fresh water , sea water and moist soil

They move and capture their prey through

false feet

Marine forms have silica shells on their

surface

Example - Entameoba

9. What are Flagellated Protozoans?

Answer:

Free Living or Parasitic

They have a flagella

can be parasitic

10.What are the Characteristics of Ciliated Protozoans ?

Answer:

Aquatic or actively moving using cilia

they have a cavity or a gullet that opens

outside

due to movement of cilia water enters the

gullet

11.What are the Characteristics of Sporozoans ?

Answer :

They have an infectious spore like Are parasitic

stage
Kingdom Plantae
1. What are the basic charecteristics of the Algae ?
Answer :
 Algae is simple thalloid , chllorophyll bearing
structure and is found in aquatic set ups
[Point 1]

They also occur in moist stones , soil or wood

[Point 2]

Some occur in association with fungi

[ lichens] and animals [ green sloth bear]
[Point 3

2. What are the various forms in which Algae exist?

Answer:
Mnemonic – Charming Villages Shine

Type of Algae Example

Microscopic Unicellular Chlamydomanas
Algae
Colonial Forms Volvox
Filamentous form Spirogyra

3. What are the ways in which Algae Reproduce?

Answer:
Asexual Reproduction Methods along with explanation
Vegetative Reproduction In this method fragmentation
where each fragment developes
into a thallus
 Spore Formation In this method the algae they
form spores’ example –
zoospores are motile

Sexual Reproduction Methods Explanation

Isogamous Fusion of gametes that are

similar in size. They may be
flagellated or non-flagellated
Oogamous Fusion between one large
motile gamete and a smaller
female gamete
Anisogamous Fusion of gametes that are
dissimilar in size
Eg – Eudorina

4. Name any 4 benefits of Algae?

Answer:
 About 70 species of marine algae are used as
food [Point 1]

Protein - rich unicellular algae are used food

supplements for space travellers [Point 2]

Algae are the primary producers of food in

the aquatic ecosystems [Point 3]

Agar [Gelidium and Glacaria] are used to

grow microbes for making ice cream and
jellies [ Point 4

5. What are the classes of various Algae?

Answer:

Chlorophycae
[Green Algae]

Phaeophycae
Types of Algae
[Brown Algae]

Rhodophycae
[Red Algae]

6. Name any 5 characteristics of Chlorophyceae?

 Answer:

Unicellular , Colonial , Filamentous

structures [Point 1]

They are grass green which means they have

pigment of the chllorophyll a and b [Point 2]

Some algae store food as oil droplets [Point 3]

They have a rigid cell wall made of outer

cellulose and inner pectose layer [Point 4]

Most of them have pyrenoids located in the

chlloroplast which contain proteins besides
starch

7. What are the ways in which Chlorophyceae reproduce?

Answer:
Asexual Reproduction Type Explanation

Vegetative Reproduction By fragmentation where one

fragment grows and gives rise
to a new offspring
Spore Formation They form spores which are
motile

Sexual Reproduction Type

Isogamy
Oogamy
Anisogamy
8. Give any 5 characteristics of Phaeophyceae?
Answer:
They are marine animals [Point 1]

They are variating in size from simple

branched to filamentous forms [Point 2]

They have chollorophyll a and c and

cartenoids [Point 3]

Protoplast consist of plastids , central

vacuole and nucleus [Point 4]

They vary in color from olive green to brown

depending on the amount of xanthophyll
pigment [Point 5]

9. How do Phaeophyces reproduce?

Answer:
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
By fragmentation Isogamous , Anisogamous and
By pear-shaped biflagellate Oogamous. Union of gametes
zoospores [have 2 unequal occur in water within the
laterally attached flagella] ooganium

Gametes are pear-shaped

bearing 2 laterally attached
flagella
10.Name any 5 characteristics of Bryophyta ?
Answer:

They are called amphibians of the plant

kingdom as they need soil for living and
water for sexual reproduction [Point 1]

They occur in damp , humid and shaded

localities [Point 2]

They lack true roots , true stem or true

leaf [Point 3]

The plant body is haploid and produces

gametes [Point 4

Body is more differenciated than algae -

the thallus is erect and is atttached
multicellular rhizoids [Point 5]
11) What are the benefits of Bryophyta?
Answer:

Some mosses provide food to herbaceous

mammals and birds [Point 1]

Species of sphagnum provide peat which is

used as fuel and packaging of shipment
material [Point 2]

Mosses form dense mats that prevent soil

erosion [Point 3]

12) What are the characteristics of Liverworts?

Answer:

They usually grow in shady , moist habitats

such as banks of streams and marshy ground
[Point 1

Their plant body is thalloid example -

Marchatania [Point 2]

The leafy members have tiny appendages in

two rows of stem like structures [Point 3]
13) How do Liverworts reproduce?
Answer:
Aesxual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
By fragmentation of the thalli or Male and female sex organs are
the formation of gemmae produced on the same or different
thallus
Gemmae are green multicellular Sporophyte is differentiated into a
buds formed on the gemma cups of food , seta or capsule
the thalli
Gemma detach from the parent These spores germinate to form
plant to form new indiviuals living gametophytes

14) What is gametophyte ? what are the stages in gametophytes ?

Answer:

The predominant stage of the lifecycle of the

moss is gametophyte

It has two stages First stage is - Pretonmona

stage and the Second Stage is Leafy Stage
15) What are Protonema stage and leafy stage?
Answer:

Protonema stage is the stage where the moss

is developed directly from the spore it is a
creeping green branched and frequently
filamentous stage .

Leafy stage refers to the stage a moss

developes from the secondary protonema as
the lateral bud they consist of upper right
slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves
they are attached to the soil through
multicellular branched rhizoids

16. How do Mosses Reproduce ?

17. Give any 3 general characteristics of Gymnosperms ?
Answer :

Gymnosperms are developed after

fertilization

gymnosperms include tall trees , shrubs

the roots are generally tap roots

gymnospores are heterosporous they produce

microspores and macrospores
18. What are the characteristics of Pteridophytes?
Answer:

they include horsenails and first species to possess a

ferns vascular tissue system

the leaves of pteridophyta are

small
19.
Viruses
1. Give the characteristics of viruses ?
Answer :

Viruses have an inert crystalline

structure living outside the cell viruses are obligate parasites

when viruses take over the

host they replicate themselves
and kill the host

2. Who discovered TMV virus ?

What are prions

What are lichens