Numbers and Operations

Understanding Common Fractions

Common or vulgar fractions are ordinary fractions, for example 2/3, usually just abbreviated to ‘fractions’. Here 2 is the numerator, 3 is the denominator
-

Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions

0 2
Mixed numbers combine integers and fractions, for example3 5. Here, 3 is the whole number and 2/5 is the fraction part;
An improper fraction is referred to as a ‘top heavy’ fraction, which describes it well because the top number is larger than the lower number
Equivalent fractions represent the same number, for example 3/5, 6/10, 9/150, • all represent 3/5 of the whole

IÉommonfraÑ
Simplifying fractions means expressing them in their lowest terms, for example 20/35 simplifies to 4/7

improper fraction
Cancelling down is writing a fraction in a simpler form by dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number

3-
;¥
-

Mined number 3¥ ,
÷
Improper fraction
-

mined numbers
expressed
§
be as
.

Improper fractions can

y

f- us ' 1É ¥41s
÷:÷
Mined nukes can also be converted into fractions .

¥¥=¥ ¢3
'
X
¥ ☒
s
* 5
 Example 1
→
3£ 2¥
-
¥ ÷
④ ⑤ Is 3%3--1,4-0,8=0 Raising tofradion
>
¥×i=¥o
Fo :&
•

3%
f) iii.
E- 2-3×4
Z*÷ 9 -8 =

,tz
5¥ ; ;
'

% 3n= 8×15 12
=

's
✗ n=
8¥55 ii )
Igt 'É
"

hm%th H = 40

Thos
,%ns
21^346.821^1
tgionelhird 5+4
=L
E. =
8

t thief thousandth
Hundreds tenth
¥
t-0.ly
it -3
, 6¥
49%1*1×255=15 ¥
'°

tenth
18+6-5=2,2
i) 3¥ 1+3=13
¥ ✗ to
=3 :
.

,
?⃝
 5¥53 I

¥2 9g
9- 8 101-8
÷
=
=
=

12 1

in
2¥
,
+
4E

3%-2-9×1

?¥
14+29

6
=

4¥ to

:
Example 2

- -
-

¥ xD ¥✗¥ %

d--12 §=,=§g 2d -24

d-
2£
78=3 n

2b¥ _- n

¥^
n -26 D= "

zo=n
 Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
Example 3

'
'
I
=L 'T =

13 9

> ¥¥ = 2

# ✗
¥ -

¥
=

¥ =§g
,
1

it
f- g- ?
✗ =

=
24
Example 4

when a divide
changes
into
multiply the .

mnbee
after the division
sign reciprocated
is

a) f- }- c)
F÷a÷
d)
¥-1 ¥
'
÷
b) E. f-
✗ =

3-
f- 13 %
✗ =

¥×É= Is
 Working with decimals
Example 5

✓ ✓

a) 12.501 b) 45.3173
cg ) 3.5%3×100=351.3
;;÷ u!:%
-

d) 08%+10=0-12
e) 4.IM#ooo--
4120
f) 2.1×1-1
2.109
( 21 g) 0%16=-100
21 ✗ 0.0016
-2.31
h) 31.323-14000
10441 o .oM5× / ooo
=

"}
10441

3¥23 31623×100
¥11000 =3l¥#×¥*
¥ '

'Y÷
¥33
= 1044.1
 Percentages
Percentages are fractions with a denominator of 100. Think of the % sign as ‘out of 100’
8%
80% =

Conversion Between Commong Fractions, Decimals and Percentages

percentage multiply by
we
In order to change decimal or fraction to too

✓
5¥ o 100--401 .

-2¥ 2*1881=401
= 0.4 .
Example 6 Common Conversions

" '

0.5 50% z

←
-15¥
25%
& 0.75
3/4
0 - I 10% 7-5
30% 100
3/10 20 ,
2/10
0 125
48
-

333

6667 0.125

-70¥
:¥¥ .
0-75
2/5 I
to
to

¥¥-
→ 8
 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Calculating Percentages of an Amount
Example 7
Percentages aeealways of something .

iii
) b)
75%
of 71dg
32 61
-

75% ✗ 32 61

too
17--1×302 :#

)
ii ) 10%
of 34 ¥382s 1¥
of
i 136
50%
4.27
simply
Trick 10% means 24
50.1.x 136
-_

,g,;, ,gµo,;,µg,o,y
divide

¥ ,×%%
by co iii )

34 10=3.4
i
;) 21%
of 400

of
i. ii. ii. 260
✗
400

of 12345--1234-5
52--5.2
68 10%
21×4
T€ ✗ 26¢
lot .

89
1001×10
101 .
25.9--2.59

.gg
,, ,
>oo-
Fox "
265 1%5
¥0 ¥-4140
÷!
✗ 96 .

12×7--84
48
¥ i÷
¥1 ¥="+; ¥9
14.4
45.5
 Finding One Number as a Percentage of Another
Example 8
✓

Example 9
= 0.65 0.65
a)
20¥
-1%-0
C- 8 percent
into
ramp
when
converting something
a
are
you ' '
the
quantity
Wetten
after the word of always 8
in the denominator
appeals b)
14
a)
_¥×Ét= aÉ 5¥
✗

2
=
62.5% ÷ "

80%
%
"
¥¥¥° -60%
- ¥
 small large bye small
2<10

Ordering Quantities
Example 10

=
.
uÉ
0.333
-228-0
-2¥

③ a)
② ④ ①
- - - -
- - - -

b) 0%0.40%0.3%0.02399 ii ) F- F' % 'z%

'

0.480,0<408,0-390,0-399
② ④ ① ③ -2¥ ¥ ?¥z %
,
,
,
/

iii ) 33%
,
0.5 ,
Fitz % ' '
% %
'

¥-1 10-3/0.333

033,0-5 / 0.3.0.333
0.330,0-500 0.300,0333 ,
Example 11
Try
1. 7

112%5.10
- 18.3

6 .
7

25 - 18.3
 Example 12

a)

"

a) 0.0035 b)
¥500 =Y¥* =
¥
25/5
0.8
5

÷
Example 13

② ① ④ ③
0.66 0 6 , 0 67 0
. -
.
666
, ,

0 660 0.600, 0.670

.
0 666
.

, ,

② ① ④ ③
 Order of Working in Calculations
Example 14
of multiplication
:
f f -addition
:
:
BODMAS → subtraction
:

I tdiuision
.

Bracket

a) 4+3×10-6=-2 b) (41-3)×10-6=-2 C) 4+(3×10) -

G÷z

4+30-3 7×10-6=-2 4+30-6.1-2

34 -3 7×10-3 4+30-3
31 70-3 34-3
67
31

d) 41-3×(10-6)=-2 e) (4+3)×(10-6)=2 f) 4+13×10-6 )÷2

4+3×14 )÷Z 4+(30-6)=-2
> ✗ y÷z
4+3×2 7×2 4+124 ) -1.2
41-6 14 4+12
10 16
Example 15

É÷¥¥
( I €-0B
Example 16
Example 17

1+721=(4×2)--10
It 72 ÷ 8

1+9

10
Example 18
-

-
→

Hebron

f-
'

447+395 n'
u >
uy ,
+39€
842 metres 842 o sealed .

39¥
-395 Dead seashore
 Directed Numbers
Key Term
Directed numbers are numbers that can be positive as well as negative. The sign indicates a direction, for example −10℃ is 10℃ below freezing.
- -
- -
- - -

Example 19

=-
- -
-
Nnnbee line

→
- -

< I >
re.si ; ; ; :O : : : :
+ "e
-

) -5+4=-7
-4.5
i
b -3 ¥14 iii )

(ir)-2+06
V) 7-4--3
I -2=-3
ii ) -

is -2-4=-6
Ci ) -2-1-4 )
iii ) -2.5+5.5--5.5-2.5=3 =

-2+4=2

c) 2° is waeme
Example 20

< >
> > >

-
Yz

'
 sets & Venn
Diagrams Sets of Numbers
Key terms:
Natural (or Counting) numbers (N) are the whole numbers you need to count individual items, for example 1, 5, 72, 1000. . stout with 1
_

Integers (Z) are the counting numbers and also zero and negative whole numbers, for example, -50, -20, 0, 11, 251
-
- - - -

1
Rational Numbers (Q) are the counting numbers, integers and also numbers which can be written as fractions (or ratios), for example -20, -3/4, 0, 1, 50 2

s
-

Real Numbers (R) include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and also irrational numbers .
Non - real numbers all Fz

approximate
2¥}
Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be written as fractions, for example 𝜋, √2, √51 ñ = an

Recurring decimals are not irrational numbers because they can always be written as fractions, value
of pi .

For example, 0.66666666666… = 2/3

The number 𝜋 = 3.14159265358979323846264 … has been calculated to billions of places of decimal by high-powered computers, however no recurring
-
pattern has been found
is a neutral (neither positive nor
Example 21
o
integer negative)

a) Natural ( counting ) -2,2005

2 -99,0 2005
b) Integers
=
,
,

c) Rational 2 99 , 2¥ -1g
Yow
0.3
0,2005
= -

, , , ,
,

d) Irrational = B ,
ñ

real
e) Real numbers
-

-
All numbers are
 Prime numbers, factors and multiples
Key Terms
Factors of a number can be multiplied together to make that number, for example 1, 2, 3 and 6 are factors of 6.

Multiples of a number are the result of multiplying that number by any of the natural numbers, for example 6, 12, 36 and 600 are multiples of 6.

A number which can be divided by another number without leaving a remainder is said to be divisible by that number. For example, 36 is divisible by 3.

Prime numbers are divisible only by themselves and 1 without leaving a remainder, for example 2, 11, 37, 101.
Prime numbers nee nukes that have exactly two factors
Example 22

of
-

Factors 36
23
,
29,31 ,

1×36

2×18
3×12
Prime numbers : 2,3 5,7 , 11,13 17, 19
,
4×9
, ,

except
odd 2
All prime numbers are

6×6

6,9 12,15 18,21

of
3 : 3
Multiples
- .
.
.

,
, ,

4,8
of 16,20 24,28
"
i 12
Mntiples
.

,
.
.

, ,

divide Henniker
number nimbus that completely
Factors
of
one
a 1×24
2 12
4,8
✗
1,2
of
Factors 8 :
,
3×8
4×6
2,3 4,6
of
12 : 1 , 12
Factors ,
,

3,4 , 6,8/12,24
Factors
of IU 1,2
:
,

Factors of 36 :
1,2 3,4 ,
, 6/9,12/18,36
 Squares and Square roots
Example 23

Perfect sguaees squaws of integers

: .

36,4
12=1 1112=121
=] = 36
=5 =/ 25 22=4 122=144

32=9 15=169
42=16 142=196
- -
-4
52--25 152=225
-

62--36 162=256
72--49 172=289
82--64 182=324

92=81 192--361
102--100 202=400

cube
Perfect
13=1 63=216
23=8 73=343
33=27 83=512
43=64 93=729
53--125 103=1000
Example 24

All umbels

2,3, 5,7 ,
11

2 ,
4 6,8 10
, ,

3
, 6,9
Perfectsquall 1,4 9 ,

✓
1,8
1,2 4,5 ,
,
10
,