LECTURE 1: UNDERSTANDING

GLOBALIZATION – FULL SUMMARY WITH

KEY TERMS

1. What is Globalization?
📌 Definition: The increasing interconnection of economies, cultures, and societies through
trade, technology, and communication.

Two Levels of Globalization:

1.​ Interdependencies (Sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau):

○​ Countries rely on each other for trade, investment, technology, and
knowledge.
○​ Example: Vietnam exports textiles but imports high-tech machinery from Japan.
2.​ Political Discourse (Diễn ngôn chính trị):
○​ The term "globalization" is often used in economic and political discussions.
○​ It is linked to free-market policies, capitalism, and trade liberalization.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Cross-border flow (dòng chảy xuyên biên giới): The movement of goods, capital, and
ideas between countries.
●​ Economic integration (hội nhập kinh tế): When different economies become part of a
shared global market.

2. History of Globalization
📌 Globalization is NOT a modern phenomenon—it has evolved for centuries.
Key Historical Stages:

1.​ Ancient Trade Routes:

○​ Silk Road and Spice Routes connected civilizations across Asia, the Middle
East, Africa, and Europe.
 ○​ Allowed the exchange of goods, culture, religion, and technology.
2.​ 15th - 18th Century (Age of Exploration & Colonization):
○​ European explorers (e.g., Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama) discovered
new trade routes to Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
○​ Colonization created a division of labor:
■​ Colonies supplied raw materials (cotton, sugar, spices).
■​ Industrial nations produced manufactured goods (textiles, weapons).
3.​ 19th Century - 1914 (Industrial Revolution & Free Trade Expansion):
○​ Steamships, railroads, and telegraphs accelerated trade and communication.
○​ Gold Standard created monetary stability for international finance.
○​ Tariffs were lowered, encouraging more cross-border trade.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Colonization (thuộc địa hóa): When powerful countries controlled foreign territories for
economic or political gain.
●​ Industrialization (công nghiệp hóa): The shift from agriculture-based economies to
manufacturing and industry.

3. Features of Contemporary Globalization

📌 Same driving forces, but with new characteristics.
New Features:

●​ IT Revolution:
○​ The Internet, AI, and automation have made global connections instant and
efficient.
○​ Example: Companies can now outsource work to freelancers anywhere in the
world via platforms like Upwork and Fiverr.
●​ Demographic Shifts:
○​ Migration, urbanization, and aging populations affect global labor markets.
○​ Example: Japan has an aging population and needs immigrant workers.
●​ Economic Power Shift:
○​ Emerging markets like China, India, and Brazil are competing with traditional
powers like the US and EU.
●​ Climate Change Challenges:
○​ Rising temperatures, pollution, and resource shortages require global
cooperation.

🔑 Key Terms:
 ●​ Demographic trends (xu hướng nhân khẩu học): Changes in population size,
migration, and urbanization.
●​ Geopolitics (địa chính trị): How geography and politics influence international relations.

4. Globalization as a Buzzword
📌 Globalization is often used as a “buzzword” to promote free-market policies.
How It’s Used in Politics & Economics:

1.​ Trade liberalization – "Adopt free trade" → Removing trade barriers.

2.​ Privatization – "Use business efficiency" → Selling state-owned enterprises to private
firms.
3.​ Deregulation – "Cut red tape" → Reducing government control over businesses.
4.​ Cutting public spending – "Shrink government" → Reducing welfare and state
services.
5.​ Lowering taxes – "Be business-friendly" → Reducing corporate and income taxes.
6.​ Encouraging foreign investment – "Reduce capital controls" → Making it easier for
foreign companies to invest.
7.​ De-unionization – "Respect labor flexibility" → Reducing the power of labor unions.
8.​ Export-led development – "Trade not aid" → Encouraging countries to grow through
trade, not foreign aid.
9.​ Reducing inflation – "Price stability & savings protection" → Keeping inflation low.
10.​Enforcing property rights – "Patent protection & titling" → Strengthening laws on
ownership.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Trade liberalization (tự do hóa thương mại): Removing restrictions on imports and
exports.
●​ Privatization (tư nhân hóa): Selling government-owned companies to private
businesses.
●​ Deregulation (giảm bớt quy định): Reducing government control in the economy.

5. The 10 Forces That Flattened the World (Friedman’s

Theory)
📌 These forces removed barriers and made global collaboration easier.
1. Collapse of the Berlin Wall (1989) – End of Cold War

➡ Opened markets to capitalism and democracy.​

➡ Countries like China, India, and Eastern Europe joined global trade.

2. Netscape (1994) – Internet Goes Public

➡ Allowed anyone to access information and communicate globally.​

➡ Enabled the rise of online businesses, social media, and e-commerce.

3. Workflow Software – Digital Collaboration

➡ Enabled people in different countries to work together seamlessly using online tools.​
➡ Example: Google Docs, Zoom, Microsoft Teams.

4. Open-Sourcing – Collective Knowledge

➡ Free software, Wikipedia, Linux, Apache.​

➡ Encouraged global innovation and collaboration.

5. Outsourcing – Moving Services Abroad

➡ Companies sent jobs like customer service and IT support to lower-cost countries.

6. Offshoring – Moving Factories Abroad

➡ China became the “world’s factory” due to cheap labor and efficient supply chains.

7. Supply-Chaining – Global Logistics

➡ Walmart, Amazon, and global shipping networks created efficient supply chains.

8. Insourcing – Specialized Third-Party Services

➡ UPS repairs Toshiba laptops, handling business operations for other companies.

9. In-Forming – Unlimited Knowledge Access

➡ Google, Wikipedia, and search engines empower individual learning and research.

10. The Steroids – Tech Advancements Accelerating Everything

➡ Mobile, AI, cloud computing, and 5G made global business faster than ever.
6. The Triple Convergence – How Everything Came
Together
📌 The flatteners reinforced each other, leading to a new global system.
1.​ Convergence I: The 10 flatteners combined, forming a global, web-enabled
platform.
2.​ Convergence II: Businesses adopted new digital processes to stay competitive.
3.​ Convergence III: New players (China, India, Brazil, Eastern Europe) joined the global
market.

7. Cold War vs. Globalization

📌 From military competition to economic & technological dominance.

LECTURE 2: INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS & GLOBALIZATION
1. Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
📌 Definition: An association of states established by a treaty to pursue common goals.
●​ IGOs can form agreements with other IGOs or nation-states.
●​ Some IGOs are created by existing IGOs (e.g., UNCTAD was formed under the UN).

Characteristics of Classical IGOs:

✔ Legislative body – Creates legal acts (resolutions, directives).​
✔ Dispute resolution mechanism – Resolves conflicts between member states.​
✔ Administrative & executive organs – Specialized agencies handle different areas.

Development of IGOs:

●​ Originated in Europe, expanded from a few dozen in 1900 to 300+ by 2008.

●​ Early success: Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (1831) → Boosted
commerce & reduced conflict.
●​ Examples: UN, African Union, EU, G8, IMF, WTO, NAFTA.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Treaty (hiệp ước): A formal agreement between countries.
●​ Resolution (nghị quyết): A formal decision made by an IGO.

2. The League of Nations (1920-1946)

📌 First attempt at global governance but failed to prevent WWII.
Origins & Purpose:

✔ Proposed in Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”.​

✔ Founded under the Treaty of Versailles (1920).​
✔ Aimed to prevent war & promote international law.

Structure & Powers:

✔ 63 member states (but not all at once).​

✔ Excluded major nations (e.g., Germany, USSR).​
✔ Could apply diplomatic pressure, impose sanctions, or authorize military action.

Successes:

✔ Resolved 30+ disputes, mostly involving small nations.​

✔ Health campaigns (e.g., leprosy eradication).​
✔ Established Permanent Court of International Justice (precursor to ICJ).​
✔ Formed the International Labour Organization (ILO) – improved working conditions.

Failures:
❌ No military force → Could not stop invasions (e.g., Italy invading Ethiopia in 1935).​
❌ Unanimous decisions required → Slow, ineffective action.​
❌ Major nations ignored it, prioritizing national security over collective security.
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Sanctions (trừng phạt): Economic or political penalties against a country.
●​ Collective security (an ninh tập thể): The idea that all member states protect each
other.

3. The United Nations (UN) – Founded in 1945

📌 Replaced the League of Nations after WWII to prevent future conflicts.
Origins & Purpose:

✔ Proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, name came from the WWII Allied alliance.​
✔ Aims to maintain peace, promote human rights, and support economic & social
progress.

Key Facts:

✔ Founded: 1945, now 193 member states.​

✔ HQ: New York City (international property).​
✔ Languages: English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, French, Arabic.​
✔ Current Secretary-General: António Guterres (since 2017).

UN Structure – 6 Main Bodies:

1.​ General Assembly (UNGA):

○​ One country, one vote – Discusses global issues.
○​ Adopts resolutions (not legally binding).
2.​ Security Council (UNSC):
○​ Maintains international peace & security.
○​ 5 permanent members (P5): USA, China, Russia, UK, France (have veto
power).
○​ Can authorize military action & impose sanctions.
3.​ Secretariat:
○​ Runs the UN’s daily operations (headed by the Secretary-General).
4.​ Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
○​ Coordinates economic & social development programs.
○​ Works with WHO, ILO, FAO (specialized agencies).
 5.​ International Court of Justice (ICJ):
○​ Settles legal disputes between countries (based in The Hague, Netherlands).
6.​ Trusteeship Council (Inactive):
○​ Assisted in decolonization efforts, no longer active.

UN's Role in Globalization:

✔ Human rights advocacy (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights).​

✔ Diplomatic conflict resolution through peacekeeping.​
✔ Works with NGOs for humanitarian aid (e.g., UNICEF).​
✔ Coordinates global responses to climate change, poverty, and pandemics.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Veto power (quyền phủ quyết): The ability of P5 members to block UN decisions.
●​ Peacekeeping (gìn giữ hòa bình): UN missions that deploy forces to conflict zones.

4. The World Trade Organization (WTO) – Established in

1995
📌 Regulates global trade to ensure fairness and free-market competition.
Key Facts:

✔ 166 member states (98% of world trade).​

✔ Countries must align trade policies with WTO rules before joining.

WTO Structure – 3 Main Levels:

1.​ Ministerial Conference: Highest decision-making body.

2.​ General Council:
○​ Oversees:​
✔ Dispute Settlement Body (handles trade conflicts).​
✔ Trade Policy Review Body (monitors national trade policies).
3.​ Specialized Councils:
○​ Trade in Goods.
○​ Trade in Services.
○​ Intellectual Property (TRIPS – Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights).

WTO Functions:
✔ Administers trade agreements.​
✔ Forum for trade negotiations.​
✔ Settles trade disputes.​
✔ Monitors global trade policies.​
✔ Assists developing nations through technical training & aid.

WTO Core Principles:

✔ Trade without discrimination:

●​ Most Favored Nation (MFN) rule – No country gets special treatment.

●​ National Treatment – Foreign and local goods treated equally.​
✔ Freer trade:
●​ Reducing tariffs & trade barriers to increase market access.​
✔ Predictability:
●​ Commitment to transparency in trade policies.​
✔ Fair competition:
●​ Preventing anti-competitive practices like dumping.​
✔ Economic development support:
●​ Helping poorer countries integrate into global markets.

WTO Goals:

✔ Lower tariffs & remove quotas.​

✔ Prevent dumping (selling goods below market price).​
✔ Regulate services (e.g., banking, insurance, shipping).​
✔ Strengthen intellectual property protections (copyrights, patents).

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Most Favored Nation (MFN – quy chế tối huệ quốc): WTO members must offer equal
trade terms to all other members.
●​ Dumping (bán phá giá): Selling goods in a foreign market at prices lower than in the
home market.
●​ Tariffs (thuế quan): Taxes on imported goods.

LECTURE 3: NGOs & REGIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS
1. Regional Organizations
📌 Definition: A group of countries within a specific geographical region that cooperate on
political, economic, or security issues.​
✔ Promote regional integration & stability.​
✔ Often led by one or two dominant countries.

Examples: NATO & EU

●​ NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):​

✔ Founded: 1949.​
✔ Purpose: Collective defense & military alliance.​
✔ Members: 31 countries (mostly Western nations).​
✔ Challenge: Managing tensions with Russia.
●​ EU (European Union):​
✔ Founded: 1993 (evolved from earlier economic communities).​
✔ Purpose: Political & economic integration.​
✔ Members: 27 European countries.​
✔ Challenge: Brexit, economic disparities among members.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Regional integration (hội nhập khu vực): Countries within a region collaborating to
align policies.
●​ Collective defense (phòng thủ tập thể): An attack on one member is treated as an
attack on all.

2. Civil Society & NGOs

📌 Civil society = Non-governmental, non-profit organizations that influence public life.​
✔ Includes NGOs, labor unions, indigenous groups, charities, professional associations,
and religious organizations.​
✔ Represent ethical, political, social, and cultural values.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Civil society (xã hội dân sự): Organizations and groups outside government that
advocate for public interests.
●​ Philanthropy (hoạt động từ thiện): Donations and efforts to promote social causes.

CIVICUS – A Global Civil Society Network

✔ A worldwide alliance of civil society groups, trade unions, and NGOs.​
✔ Strengthens NGO capacity & cooperation.

3. What is an NGO?
📌 Definition: Non-governmental, non-profit organizations that operate at local, national, or
international levels.​
✔ Independent from governments & IGOs.​
✔ Cannot sign treaties but can influence policies.​
✔ Task-oriented & voluntary.

Roles of NGOs:

✔ Provide humanitarian aid (disaster relief, poverty reduction).​

✔ Advocate for political, social, or environmental change.​
✔ Monitor government actions (watchdog function).​
✔ Promote citizen participation in governance.​
✔ Help implement international agreements.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Watchdog role (vai trò giám sát): NGOs monitor governments and corporations to
prevent corruption or human rights abuses.
●​ Humanitarian aid (viện trợ nhân đạo): Emergency assistance for people in crisis
situations.

4. Growth of International NGOs Since 1960

📌 Why have NGOs increased?​
✔ Globalization & better communication technologies.​
✔ More funding opportunities from donors & international organizations.​
✔ Growing transnational challenges (climate change, human rights, global health).​
✔ Increased role of global governance & advocacy movements.

Types of International NGOs (INGOs):

✔ Human rights NGOs (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch).​

✔ Development NGOs (Oxfam, Save the Children).​
✔ Environmental NGOs (Greenpeace, WWF).
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Global governance (quản trị toàn cầu): Cooperation among countries to manage
international issues.
●​ Advocacy (vận động chính sách): Campaigning to influence public policies.

5. NGO Funding
📌 Where do NGOs get money from?​
✔ Private donations.​
✔ Government grants.​
✔ International organizations (UN, World Bank).​
✔ Corporate partnerships.

📌 Challenges in NGO funding:​

❌ Dependence on donors – Funding priorities can affect mission.​
❌ Transparency issues – Some NGOs lack financial accountability.
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Grants (trợ cấp): Non-repayable funds given by governments or organizations.
●​ Accountability (trách nhiệm giải trình): NGOs must be transparent in how they use
funds.

6. NGO Activities & Impact

✔ Advocacy & lobbying – Pushing for political and social reforms.​
✔ Providing essential services – Education, health, and economic development.​
✔ Disaster relief & emergency assistance – Supporting communities in crises.​
✔ Monitoring human rights & corruption – Investigating violations.​
✔ Promoting global governance – Working with the UN & IGOs.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Lobbying (vận động hành lang): Directly influencing lawmakers to pass favorable
policies.
●​ Capacity-building (xây dựng năng lực): Strengthening skills and resources in
communities.
7. Core Characteristics of NGOs
✔ Voluntary participation.​
✔ Autonomy from government control.​
✔ Non-profit model – funds reinvested into social causes.​
✔ Value-based missions.​
✔ Watchdog function – holding governments & corporations accountable.

8. Success Stories of NGOs

📌 How have NGOs influenced global issues?
1. Apartheid in South Africa

✔ NGOs exposed human rights abuses, leading to international pressure.​

✔ Led to boycotts & economic sanctions, helping end apartheid.

2. 1992 Earth Summit → Kyoto Protocol

✔ Environmental NGOs pushed for climate action, resulting in international agreements.

3. Human Rights & Humanitarian Law

✔ NGOs helped draft UN treaties on human rights.​

✔ Provide direct relief in conflict zones.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Boycott (tẩy chay): Refusing to buy products or support organizations as protest.
●​ Climate action (hành động vì khí hậu): Policies and efforts to combat global warming.

9. Grassroots & Participatory Approaches

📌 Empowering local communities instead of imposing top-down solutions.​
✔ Encourages community ownership of development projects.​
✔ Improves transparency & accountability in aid.

🔑 Key Terms:
 ●​ Grassroots movement (phong trào cơ sở): Community-driven efforts for social
change.
●​ Transparency (minh bạch): Open communication on financial and operational
activities.

10. Factors Contributing to NGO Success

✔ Committed membership & active participation.​
✔ Strong leadership & connections to policymakers.​
✔ Public engagement & media influence.​
✔ Financial stability & diverse funding sources.​
✔ UN accreditation (consultative status).

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Consultative status (quy chế tư vấn): NGOs recognized by the UN for policy
contributions.
●​ Media engagement (tương tác với truyền thông): Using media to raise awareness.

11. Criticism of NGOs

📌 Challenges faced by NGOs:​
❌ Financial dependency – Rely too much on donor agendas.​
❌ Governance issues – Internal conflicts, weak leadership.​
❌ Lack of transparency – Misuse of funds, corruption risks.​
❌ Government restrictions – Some nations limit NGO activities.​
❌ Commercialization – Some NGOs act like businesses rather than charities.
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Government interference (can thiệp của chính phủ): Restrictions on NGO activities.
●​ Tax avoidance (trốn thuế): Some NGOs exploit tax exemptions.

12. NGO-Government Relationships

📌 NGOs can work with or challenge governments.
✔ Watchdog role – Monitor corruption & human rights violations.​
✔ Policy advisory – Provide expert recommendations.​
✔ Service provider – Fill gaps in healthcare, education, and disaster relief.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Public-private partnership (đối tác công tư): Collaboration between governments &
NGOs.

13. NGO-MNC (Multinational Corporation) Relationships

📌 NGOs monitor, pressure, and sometimes partner with corporations.
✔ Example: Environmental NGOs pressured McDonald’s to stop using Styrofoam.​
✔ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): NGOs & companies collaborate for ethical
business.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR – trách nhiệm xã hội doanh nghiệp):
Businesses adopting ethical practices.

📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM LECTURE 3

✔ Regional organizations (e.g., NATO, EU) play key roles in political and economic
stability.​
✔ NGOs influence social, political, and environmental policies.​
✔ NGO funding and governance remain challenges.​
✔ NGOs act as watchdogs, service providers, and policy advocates.

LECTURE 4: GLOBALIZATION AND

CULTURE
1. Key Concepts of Culture
📌 Culture = Shared beliefs, customs, and practices that shape societies.
Definitions of Culture:

✔ Edward Tylor (1871): Culture is a "complex whole" including knowledge, beliefs, art, laws,
morals, and habits.​
✔ UNESCO: Culture is the "distinctive intellectual, emotional, and social features" of a
society.​
✔ Manfred Steger: Culture is about "symbolic meaning and expression" (language, music,
images).

Culture as a Social System:

✔ Culture is both creative (production) and restrictive (sets limits on behavior).​

✔ Clifford Geertz: "Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun."

Processes of Cultural Learning:

✔ Enculturation: Learning one’s culture as a child through family and society.​

✔ Socialization: Learning social norms and behaviors throughout life.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Enculturation (tiếp biến văn hóa): Learning culture from birth within a society.
●​ Socialization (xã hội hóa): Adapting to social rules and norms.

2. Cultural Globalization
📌 Definition: The spread of ideas, values, and cultural practices across borders, strengthening
global interactions.

Key Drivers of Cultural Globalization:

✔ Transnational Corporations (TNCs) & Global Brands:

●​ Spread Western consumer culture (McDonald’s, Starbucks, Nike).

●​ Adapt to local markets (KFC in China, McDonald’s in India).​
✔ Global Media:
●​ Distributes music, movies, sports, and fashion worldwide.
 ●​ Hollywood, Netflix, K-Pop, FIFA World Cup create global cultural consciousness.​
✔ Western Popular Culture:
●​ English as a global language.
●​ Hollywood movies, American music, fast food.
●​ Fashion trends (Nike, Adidas) & social media (TikTok, Instagram).​
✔ Information & Communication Technology (ICT):
●​ Social networks spread viral trends.
●​ 24/7 news channels shape global opinions.​
✔ Global Institutions & Policies:
●​ UNESCO protects cultural heritage.
●​ WTO regulates cultural trade (films, books, media content).

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ TNCs (Công ty xuyên quốc gia): Corporations operating in multiple countries.
●​ Cultural consciousness (ý thức văn hóa toàn cầu): Shared global awareness of
cultural trends.

3. Mechanisms of Cultural Globalization

📌 How do cultures spread and mix globally?
1. Diffusion – Cultural Spread

✔ Direct Contact: Cultural exchange between neighboring societies.​

✔ Intermediate Contact: Traders, travelers introduce new cultural elements.​
✔ Stimulus Diffusion: A society adopts and modifies foreign culture.

●​ Example: Japanese anime influences Western cartoons.

2. Acculturation – Cultural Adaptation

✔ When a weaker culture adopts dominant cultural traits after prolonged contact.​
✔ Example: Native Americans adopted European clothing, language, and religion.

3. Cultural Imperialism – Western Domination

✔ When one culture imposes itself on others through media, economy, or language.​
✔ Methods:

●​ Hollywood, Western news media.

●​ Global business influence (McDonald’s, Apple, Nike).
●​ English as the dominant international language.
4. Cultural Homogenization – Loss of Cultural Diversity

✔ Local cultures become absorbed into dominant cultures.​

✔ Example: Western fast food replaces traditional diets.

📌 Is globalization just Americanization?

●​ Some argue globalization spreads Western (especially American) culture
worldwide.
●​ Others say local cultures resist and reshape these influences.

5. Cultural Nationalism (Ethno-Nationalism)

✔ Defending local culture from foreign influence.​

✔ Example: France restricts English words in advertisements.

6. Cultural Hybridization – Mixing Cultures

✔ Blending elements from different cultures to create something new.​

✔ Examples:

●​ Creole languages (Louisiana Creole blends African, French, and English).

●​ McDonald's local menus (McSpicy Paneer in India, Teriyaki Burgers in Japan).
●​ Hollywood martial arts films incorporating Asian traditions.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Cultural diffusion (lan truyền văn hóa): The spread of cultural elements between
societies.
●​ Acculturation (tiếp biến văn hóa do tiếp xúc lâu dài): Adopting cultural traits from
another group.
●​ Cultural imperialism (chủ nghĩa đế quốc văn hóa): The dominance of one culture
over others.
●​ Cultural hybridization (lai tạo văn hóa): Blending different cultural elements.

4. Global and Local Interaction

📌 How does globalization interact with local cultures?
Three Forms of Interaction:

✔ Global goes local: Global products adapt to local markets (Starbucks in China).​
✔ Local goes global: Local cultures spread worldwide (K-Pop, yoga).​
✔ Local transforms local: Cultures influence each other regionally (Asian street fashion in
Western countries).

📌 Example:​
"Starbucks customers, whether in Zurich or Beirut, are drinking an American version of an
Italian evolution of a beverage invented by Arabs brewed from a bean discovered by Africans."
– Jackson Kuhl

Globalization vs. Localization (Glocalization)

✔ Homogenization vs. Adaptation:

●​ Some local cultures disappear under globalization.

●​ Others become stronger in response (e.g., promotion of local languages).
●​ Many new cultural hybrids emerge (e.g., fusion cuisine).

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Glocalization (toàn cầu hóa theo địa phương): Global products/services adapting to
local cultures.

5. Case Studies: McDonald's and K-POP

McDonald's – Homogenization vs. Glocalization

✔ Global Standardization:

●​ George Ritzer’s "McDonaldization" theory:

1.​ Efficiency – Fast service, minimal waiting time.
2.​ Calculability – Big portions, fast output.
3.​ Predictability – Same food, same taste worldwide.
4.​ Control – Uniform employee training, automation.

✔ Glocalization Example – McDonald's in Hong Kong:

●​ Originally marketed as a snack shop, not a restaurant.

●​ Introduced new social habits (cleanliness, customer discipline).
●​ By 1997, 125 McDonald's outlets in Hong Kong.
●​ Locals adapted McDonald's to their cultural norms, not just vice versa.

K-POP – Cultural Hybridization

✔ Mixes Western pop music with Korean traditions.​
✔ Challenges Western cultural dominance by exporting South Korean culture globally.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ McDonaldization (chuẩn hóa kiểu McDonald's): A business model focused on
efficiency and predictability.

6. Clash of Civilizations – Samuel Huntington’s Theory

📌 The post-Cold War world will see conflicts based on culture, not ideology.
Huntington’s Main Arguments:

✔ Future conflicts will be between civilizations, not between countries.​

✔ Civilization = Shared ancestry, language, religion, and values.​
✔ The biggest conflicts will happen between different civilizations.

Huntington’s Civilizations:

✔ Western, Confucian, Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American,

African.

Why Will Civilizations Clash?

✔ Deep-rooted cultural differences in values and beliefs.​

✔ Globalization increases awareness of cultural identity.​
✔ Weaker nation-states lead to stronger religious identities.​
✔ Backlash against Western influence (resisting Americanization).

Criticism of Huntington:

❌ Ignores cultural hybridization and cooperation.​

❌ Cultural exchange does not always lead to conflict.
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Civilization (nền văn minh): A large cultural group with shared history and values.
LECTURE 5: GLOBALIZATION AND
POLITICS

1. Nation-State and Sovereignty

📌 What is a Nation-State?​
✔ State: A politically organized area with sovereignty (independent authority).​
✔ Nation: A group of people with shared cultural or ethnic identity.​
✔ Nation-State: A state that provides sovereign territory for a specific nation.

●​ Example: Japan is a nation-state (ethnically homogeneous).

●​ Contrast: The UK is multinational (English, Scottish, Welsh).

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Sovereignty (chủ quyền): Supreme authority over a territory.
●​ Nation-state (quốc gia – dân tộc): A state that aligns with a single national group.

2. Sovereignty and Territory

📌 Definition of Sovereignty:​
✔ Absolute power within a state's borders.​
✔ Controls domestic policies, foreign relations, economy, and laws.

Types of Sovereignty:

✔ Internal Sovereignty: Authority within a state’s territory.​

✔ External Sovereignty: Recognition of a state by other countries.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Birth of Modern Sovereignty

✔ Established state sovereignty as the main principle of international relations.​

✔ Stopped external interference in domestic affairs.

Krasner’s Four Types of Sovereignty:

1.​ Domestic Sovereignty – Control over internal affairs.

2.​ Interdependence Sovereignty – Control over cross-border flows.
 3.​ International Legal Sovereignty – Recognition by other states.
4.​ Westphalian Sovereignty – No external interference in domestic policies.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Westphalian sovereignty (chủ quyền Westphalia): No external power controls a
state’s internal affairs.

3. Globalization and Sovereignty

📌 Does globalization weaken sovereignty?
Globalization Undermines State Control:

✔ Borders are losing significance – Capital, labor, and information flow freely.​
✔ Judge Rosalyn Higgins (ICJ): "Sovereignty no longer protects against global movements."

Hyperglobalists’ View (End of the Nation-State?):

✔ Globalization makes nation-states powerless.​

✔ Example: Tech giants like Google & Apple operate beyond government control.

Skeptics’ View (States Still Matter):

✔ Governments shape globalization through policies.​

✔ Example: China restricts Western social media (Facebook, Google banned).

Challenges to Sovereignty:

✔ Climate Change: Global crisis requires international cooperation.​

✔ Migration & Dual Citizenship: People hold multiple nationalities, weakening state
identity.​
✔ ICT Revolution: Governments struggle to control the internet & digital information.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Hyperglobalization (siêu toàn cầu hóa): The belief that states are losing all power to
global forces.
●​ ICT (công nghệ thông tin & truyền thông): The internet and digital revolution affecting
sovereignty.
4. The Rise of International Organizations (IOs)
📌 How do IOs challenge sovereignty?​
✔ IOs have legal authority separate from states.​
✔ Members must follow international laws & policies.

Examples of Powerful IOs:

✔ UN, NATO, WTO, OECD → Influence global policies.​

✔ Regional organizations (ASEAN, APEC, EU) → Set economic and security rules.

📌 Why do states join IOs?​

✔ Stronger global cooperation → Solves cross-border issues.​
✔ Shared decision-making → Reduces war and economic instability.​
✔ Trade benefits → Example: WTO membership increases market access.

Rise of Global Civil Society & NGOs

✔ NGOs monitor human rights, environment, and development.​

✔ Growth: 1909 → ~200 NGOs → 2019 → 10 million NGOs worldwide.​
✔ Example: Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) treated 10,000+ Ebola
patients.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Legal personality (tư cách pháp lý): IOs can act independently from states.
●​ NGO (Tổ chức phi chính phủ): Independent groups advocating for global issues.

5. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) & Sovereignty

📌 How do MNCs challenge state power?​
✔ Operate beyond national control – Avoid regulations by shifting operations.​
✔ Shape economies – Their investments influence job markets & wages.​
✔ Lobby governments – Influence laws to suit corporate interests.

📌 Example: Walmart’s Global Influence​

✔ Walmart’s revenue is larger than many national economies.​
✔ Uses political funding & lobbying to shape U.S. policies.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Lobbying (vận động hành lang): Corporations influencing government decisions.
 ●​ Corporate power (quyền lực doanh nghiệp): MNCs shaping political & economic
systems.

6. Challenges to Sovereignty
📌 Three areas where states lose control:
✔ Economic Sovereignty:

●​ WTO & IMF rules limit national economic policies.

●​ TNCs dominate markets, reducing government control.

✔ Political Sovereignty:

●​ States must follow international norms (e.g., CO2 reduction, human rights).
●​ Cybersecurity threats weaken national defense.

✔ Cultural Sovereignty:

●​ Western culture dominates via media & global brands.

●​ Cultural appropriation threatens indigenous traditions.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Economic sovereignty (chủ quyền kinh tế): The ability of a country to control its
economy.
●​ Cultural homogenization (đồng nhất văn hóa): Globalization reducing cultural
diversity.

7. Opportunities in Globalization
📌 Not all globalization weakens sovereignty!
✔ Multilateral cooperation strengthens state power.​
✔ Technology improves governance (e-government, digital borders).​
✔ States still choose how much to integrate globally.

📌 Quote:​
"Even though globalization has reduced certain state powers, it is still within the sovereign
power of a state to decide not to be part of the integrated global life."
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Multilateralism (chủ nghĩa đa phương): Cooperation among multiple nations on global
issues.

8. The Rise of Anti-Globalist Populism

📌 Some countries reject globalization to regain sovereignty.
Case Study 1: Brexit (UK Leaving the EU)

✔ 2016 referendum results:

●​ Leave: 51.9%
●​ Remain: 48.1%​
✔ Reasons for Brexit:
●​ Control over borders & immigration.
●​ Less regulation from the EU.

Case Study 2: Donald Trump’s Anti-Globalist Policies

✔ Border security: Banned immigration from Muslim-majority countries.​

✔ Trade protectionism: Withdrew the US from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).​
✔ Climate policy: Pulled the US out of the Paris Climate Agreement.​
✔ Slogan: "Americanism, not globalism, will be our credo!"

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Populism (chủ nghĩa dân túy): Political movements against global elites, favoring
national interests.
●​ Protectionism (chủ nghĩa bảo hộ): Restricting trade to protect domestic industries.

LECTURE 6: GLOBALIZATION & THE

ECONOMIC DIMENSION
1. Economic Globalization
📌 Definition: The growing interconnection of national economies through trade, finance,
investment, and technology.

Key Features of Economic Globalization:

✔ Interdependence: Countries rely on each other for goods, services, and capital.​
✔ Cross-border trade: International exchange of commodities & services.​
✔ Capital mobility: Investments move freely between nations.​
✔ Technology transfer: Innovations spread rapidly across borders.​
✔ Labor migration: People relocate for economic opportunities.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Capital flows (dòng vốn): Movement of money for investment across borders.
●​ Trade liberalization (tự do hóa thương mại): Removing barriers like tariffs and quotas.

2. The Emergence of the Global Economic Order

📌 Bretton Woods Conference (1944) – The Foundation of Modern Global Finance​
✔ Reversed protectionism from the interwar period.​
✔ Encouraged international trade & created binding economic rules.​
✔ Fixed exchange rates – US dollar pegged to gold.

📌 Institutions Created at Bretton Woods:​

✔ International Monetary Fund (IMF): Stabilized global currencies.​
✔ World Bank: Provided loans for postwar reconstruction.​
✔ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947): Reduced trade barriers.

📌 Collapse of Bretton Woods (1971):​

✔ US abandoned the gold standard → Led to floating exchange rates & economic
volatility.

The Rise of Neoliberalism (1980s)

✔ Promoted by Thatcher (UK) & Reagan (US).​

✔ Policies included:

●​ Privatization of public services.

●​ Deregulation of markets.
●​ Lower corporate taxes.
 ●​ Free trade & financial liberalization.​
✔ Increased global economic integration.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Neoliberalism (chủ nghĩa tân tự do): Economic policies favoring free markets &
minimal government intervention.
●​ Floating exchange rate (tỷ giá thả nổi): Currency values fluctuate based on market
forces.

3. Significant Developments in Economic Globalization

1. Internationalization of Trade and Finance

✔ Trade barriers reduced → More consumer choice & global wealth.​

✔ Financial liberalization:

●​ Deregulated interest rates & credit markets.

●​ Privatized state-owned banks.
●​ Internet accelerated financial transactions.

2. The Rise of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

📌 Corporations now dominate the global economy.​

✔ 69 of the top 100 economic entities are MNCs, not countries (2016).​
✔ Walmart, Apple, and Shell have larger revenues than Russia or Sweden.​
✔ MNCs control 70% of world trade and drive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

MNCs and Global Value Chains (GVCs):

✔ Break down production into multiple global phases.​

✔ Relocate industries for cost efficiency.​
✔ Examples: Walmart, Volkswagen, General Motors.

📌 Three Key Chains in Global Production:​

✔ Global Supply Chain – Network of suppliers, manufacturers, & retailers.​
✔ Global Value Chain – Entire product lifecycle (raw materials to retail).​
✔ Global Production Chain – Industry-specific manufacturing process.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ MNC (Công ty đa quốc gia): A company operating in multiple countries.
 ●​ Foreign Direct Investment (FDI – Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài): Investment by a
company in another country’s business sector.

4. The Role of International Economic Institutions

📌 1. The IMF & World Bank – The Neoliberal Agenda​
✔ Post-1970s focus: Promote market liberalization.​
✔ Encouraged open markets, deregulation, and global economic integration.

📌 2. Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)​

✔ Economic policies imposed on debtor nations to ensure loan repayment.​
✔ Core SAP policies:

●​ Budget cuts & fiscal discipline.

●​ Privatization of state enterprises.
●​ Tax & trade liberalization.
●​ Encouraging foreign investment.​
✔ Often referred to as the ‘Washington Consensus’.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs – Chương trình điều chỉnh cơ cấu):
IMF/World Bank policies forcing market liberalization in exchange for loans.
●​ Washington Consensus (Đồng thuận Washington): A set of neoliberal economic
principles shaping global policy.

5. Upside vs. Downside of Economic Globalization

📌 The Upside:​
✔ Cheaper production & global supply chains.​
✔ Higher economic growth & poverty reduction.​
✔ Access to global capital markets.​
✔ Technology transfer from advanced to developing economies.​
✔ Increased global trade = Lower costs & better consumer choice.

📌 Evidence of Positive Impact:​

✔ GDP per capita growth:

●​ 1990: $1,500
 ●​ 2016: $6,500​
✔ Extreme poverty reduction:
●​ 1990s: 70% of the global population
●​ 2016: 10% of the global population

📌 The Downside:​
❌ Job losses in developed economies (offshoring).​
❌ Income inequality increases.​
❌ Environmental degradation (climate impact of industrial expansion).​
❌ Supply chain disruptions (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic).
📌 Example: COVID-19 and Global Supply Chain Failure​
✔ Overdependence on Chinese factories disrupted global trade.​
✔ Shortages in medical supplies (masks, ventilators).​
✔ Delayed production across industries.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Income inequality (bất bình đẳng thu nhập): The gap between the rich and the poor.
●​ Offshoring (di dời sản xuất ra nước ngoài): Relocating factories to countries with
cheaper labor.

6. Increasing Economic Crime in a Globalized Economy

📌 Financial crime is growing due to global trade & finance networks.
✔ Types of economic crime:

●​ Investment fraud – Deceptive schemes targeting investors.

●​ Mass-marketing fraud – Scams via email & phone.
●​ Insurance fraud – Fake claims to insurance companies.
●​ Mortgage fraud – Deceptive real estate transactions.

📌 Example: Europol Report on Economic Crime​

✔ Increasing cyber fraud due to financial digitization.​
✔ Cross-border money laundering networks expanding.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Money laundering (rửa tiền): Hiding illegally obtained money through legal businesses.
●​ Cyber fraud (lừa đảo mạng): Financial scams conducted via digital platforms.
📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM LECTURE 6
✔ Economic globalization increases global trade, investment, and capital flows.​
✔ The Bretton Woods system shaped modern economic institutions (IMF, World Bank,
WTO).​
✔ Neoliberalism promotes free markets but increases inequality.​
✔ MNCs dominate global trade and impact national economies.​
✔ Economic globalization has benefits (growth, efficiency) and risks (inequality,
financial crises).

LECTURE 7: GLOBALIZATION & FINANCE

1. Financial Globalization – Key Concepts & Historical

Context
📌 Definition of Globalization:​
✔ The free flow of goods, people, capital, services, and ideas across borders.

📌 What is Financial Globalization?​

✔ The increasing global financial linkages through cross-border capital flows.​
✔ Example: Stock market crashes in New York impact Tokyo and Hong Kong.

Key Features of Financial Market Globalization:

✔ High trading volumes across borders.​

✔ Securities from different countries traded globally.​
✔ Financial shocks in one country affect others worldwide.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Capital flows (dòng vốn): Money moving across borders for investments.
●​ Securities (chứng khoán): Financial assets like stocks and bonds.

2. Historical Context of Financial Globalization

📌 Key Milestones:​
✔ 1930s: Capital controls imposed → Countries restricted foreign financial influence.​
✔ 1950s-60s: Bretton Woods system → Fixed exchange rates and limited capital mobility.​
✔ 1970s: Financial liberalization → Markets began opening.​
✔ 1990s: Boom in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) → Surge in portfolio investments.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Capital controls (kiểm soát vốn): Restrictions on cross-border financial transactions.
●​ Portfolio investment (đầu tư danh mục): Buying foreign stocks & bonds.

3. Key Concepts in Financial Globalization

1. Financial Liberalization vs. Financial Integration

✔ Financial Liberalization:

●​ Reduces legal restrictions on capital movement.

●​ Allows foreign investors into domestic markets.​
✔ Financial Integration:
●​ The actual rise in cross-border financial transactions.
●​ Liberalization is necessary for integration.

2. Capital Flows

✔ Banking transactions – International loans & deposits.​

✔ Portfolio investment – Foreigners buying local stocks/bonds.​
✔ Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – Setting up businesses in foreign countries.

3. GDP & Economic Indicators

✔ GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of goods & services produced.​
✔ GDP per capita: GDP divided by population (measures living standards).​
✔ GDP growth rate: The annual change in a country’s GDP.

4. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

📌 Why Do Companies Invest Abroad?​

✔ Lower labor costs (e.g., Vietnam attracts FDI due to cheap wages).​
✔ Tax incentives – Governments offer benefits to investors.​
✔ Access to new markets.​
✔ Skilled workforce availability.
5. Official Development Assistance (ODA)

✔ Loans & grants from governments/IGOs to support economic growth.​

✔ Example: The World Bank funding African infrastructure projects.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ FDI (Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài): Foreign companies owning local assets.
●​ ODA (Hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức): Government aid for development projects.

4. Financial Globalization in Vietnam

📌 Vietnam as an Emerging Market for FDI​
✔ Key factors attracting foreign investment:

●​ Free trade agreements (e.g., CPTPP, EVFTA).

●​ Political stability.
●​ Economic reforms (Doi Moi policy).
●​ Competitive labor costs.​
✔ Recent trend: Shift towards high-tech industries & green investment policies.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Emerging markets (thị trường mới nổi): Developing economies with rapid growth
potential.

5. Main Agents in Financial Globalization

1. Governments

✔ Open financial markets to attract capital.​

✔ Regulate global transactions through tariffs, quotas, & monetary policies.​
✔ Privatize public companies to encourage foreign investment.

📌 Challenges:​
✔ Difficult to control capital flow in a digitalized world.​
✔ Overdependence on foreign capital can create instability.

2. Borrowers & Investors

✔ Firms benefit from:

●​ Access to cheaper foreign capital.

●​ Technology & management expertise.​
✔ Investors benefit from:
●​ Diversified investments in global markets.
●​ More financing options beyond national borders.

3. Financial Institutions

✔ Banks & investment firms drive financial globalization.​

✔ Digital banking & fintech innovation accelerate capital flows.

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Privatization (tư nhân hóa): Selling government-owned enterprises to private investors.
●​ Fintech (công nghệ tài chính): Tech-driven financial services (e.g., online banking).

6. Benefits & Risks of Financial Globalization

📌 Potential Benefits:​
✔ More capital access → Helps developing countries grow.​
✔ Lower borrowing costs → Encourages investment & economic expansion.​
✔ Better financial market development → Enhances risk management.​
✔ Technological & regulatory improvements.​
✔ Economic competition forces better policies & efficiency.

📌 Potential Risks:​
❌ Financial market volatility – Sudden market crashes affect global economies.​
❌ Herding behavior – Investors follow trends, leading to bubbles.​
❌ Contagion effect – Economic crises spread internationally.​
❌ Foreign capital dependence – Risk of capital flight during instability.
🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Financial contagion (lây lan tài chính): Economic crises spreading across borders.
●​ Capital flight (chạy vốn): Investors withdrawing money from a country due to instability.

7. Case Studies – Financial Crises

1. Global Financial Crisis (2008)

📌 Worst financial collapse since the Great Depression (1929).​

✔ Causes:

●​ Bank deregulation → Encouraged excessive risk-taking.

●​ Subprime mortgage crisis → Banks gave bad loans, leading to defaults.
●​ Derivatives market collapse (MBS, CDS, CDOs).

✔ Impact:

●​ US lost 8.7 million jobs.

●​ $19 trillion loss in household wealth.
●​ $2 trillion global economic contraction.

2. Asian Financial Crisis (1997)

📌 Triggered by currency devaluation & investor panic.​

✔ Started in Thailand, spread across East & Southeast Asia.​
✔ Causes:

●​ Fixed exchange rates made economies vulnerable.

●​ US interest rate hikes pressured Asian currencies.
●​ Foreign investors withdrew capital, crashing markets.

✔ Impact:

●​ GDP per capita collapse:

○​ Indonesia: -43.2%
○​ Thailand: -21.2%
○​ Malaysia: -19%
○​ South Korea: -18.5%

🔑 Key Terms:
●​ Subprime mortgage crisis (khủng hoảng thế chấp dưới chuẩn): US housing market
collapse due to risky loans.
●​ Currency devaluation (phá giá tiền tệ): A country’s currency loses value, reducing
foreign investor confidence.

📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM LECTURE 7

✔ Financial globalization increases capital flows but also financial risks.​
✔ Neoliberal policies & financial liberalization led to global financial integration.​
✔ IMF & World Bank promote economic openness but face criticism.​
✔ Vietnam benefits from FDI but must manage risks.​
✔ Financial crises (2008, 1997) show globalization’s vulnerabilities.