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Transformer

The document details a transformer short circuit test involving five trials with varying primary voltages and corresponding primary and secondary currents, confirming a turns ratio of 2. It highlights the calculated equivalent impedance and reactance, emphasizing the importance of the test for assessing transformer performance and efficiency. The conclusion reiterates the significance of the short circuit test in evaluating internal impedance and ensuring reliable transformer operation.

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delapenaprincecarlm
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10 views

Transformer

The document details a transformer short circuit test involving five trials with varying primary voltages and corresponding primary and secondary currents, confirming a turns ratio of 2. It highlights the calculated equivalent impedance and reactance, emphasizing the importance of the test for assessing transformer performance and efficiency. The conclusion reiterates the significance of the short circuit test in evaluating internal impedance and ensuring reliable transformer operation.

Uploaded by

delapenaprincecarlm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA ANALYSIS:

In the transformer short circuit test, we performed five trials with primary
voltages of 50.63 V, 70.1 V, 90.2 V, 110.9 V, and 130.4 V, resulting in
primary currents (A1) of 5.3 A, 7.5 A, 9.8 A, 12 A, and 14 A respectively. The
secondary currents (A2) were consistently double that of A1, confirming our
calculated turns ratio of 2, which corresponds to a primary voltage of 240 V
and a secondary voltage of 120 V.

We calculated the equivalent impedance (Zp) for each trial and found values
of 9.55 Ω, 9.35 Ω, 9.20 Ω, 9.24 Ω, and 9.31 Ω across the five tests. As
expected in short circuit tests, wattage increased with voltage due to the
relationship between voltage, current, and power.

We also determined the reactance (Xp) values as 9.52 Ω, 9.31 Ω, 9.14 Ω,


9.18 Ω, and 9.24 Ω for each trial. Notably, the calculated values for Ip²Rp and
Is²Rs were identical, indicating consistent results throughout the tests.

Overall, the short circuit test is essential for assessing the equivalent series
impedance of transformer windings.

OBSERVATION:

Based on our observation, A transformer’s short circuit test involves shorting


the secondary winding and applying a lower voltage to the primary, usually
5–10% of the rated voltage. Based on the transformer’s impedance, the
primary side current is comparatively high but steady. Due to the low flux,
core losses are negligible, hence the power recorded during the test is
mostly caused by copper losses in the windings. Voltage regulation and fault
analysis depend on the transformer’s impedance, which is ascertained by the
test. It is important to take precautions against overheating and possible
harm from extended testing.
CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the short circuit test is a fundamental technique for evaluating


a transformer’s internal impedance. By intentionally short-circuiting the
secondary winding and applying a reduced voltage to the primary, we induce
a high current flow, primarily limited by the transformer’s internal
impedance. This enables us to measure the power input, voltage, and
current, which are crucial parameters for calculating the short circuit
impedance. This impedance value is essential for determining the
transformer’s efficiency, voltage regulation, and maximum short circuit
current, ensuring its reliable and efficient operation.

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS: (Use another sheet of bond papers for


your answers.)

1. Discuss fully what is a short circuit test of a transformer.

2. Give the importance of performing short circuit test of a transformer.

3.A 20 KVA, 2,200/220 volts, 60 Hz single-phase transformer was


subjected to a short circuit test. The applied voltage is taken as 205
volts as indicated by the ammeter and 465 watts by the wattmeter. All
readings are taken on high tension side. Using the above test results,
determine the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance of the
transformer referred to the primary.
ANSWER TO QUESTION AND PROBLEMS:

1. The short-circuit test of a transformer is conducted to measure key


parameters such as the transformer’s impedance, copper losses (I²R
losses), and efficiency under normal operating conditions. In this test,
the low-voltage (LV) side of the transformer is short-circuited, and a
small voltage (typically 5-10% of the rated voltage) is applied to the
high-voltage (HV) side. This setup ensures that the transformer
operates with a current close to its rated value under controlled
conditions. The test’s primary objective is to determine the
transformer’s impedance, which includes both resistive and reactive
components, and to assess the copper losses, which contribute to the
total energy loss. It also provides useful data on the transformer’s
efficiency, voltage regulation, and performance under load. Impedance
is calculated by dividing the applied voltage by the measured current,
while copper losses are determined by the power consumed during the
test. This test is a quick and effective way to evaluate the
transformer’s performance without needing full-load operation, making
it an essential procedure for both factory testing and routine
maintenance. However, it is important to carefully monitor the test to
prevent overheating, as prolonged short-circuit conditions may
damage the transformer.
2. The short circuit test of a transformer is crucial for determining its
performance, safety, and reliability. This test is essential to ensure safe
operation by identifying potential overheating issues, determine
efficiency by measuring copper losses, and verify design specifications
to confirm the transformer meets manufacturer’s claims. Additionally,
it predicts the transformer’s lifespan based on thermal performance,
facilitates maintenance by identifying potential issues before they
become major problems, and optimizes performance by adjusting
transformer settings.

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