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LECTURE 3 AND 4 REVIEWER

The document discusses fluid flow phenomena, including laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layers, and the Reynolds number, which helps predict flow patterns. It also covers mass, energy, and momentum balances, emphasizing the continuity equation and the average and local velocities. Additionally, it explains the overall energy balance in steady-state flow systems, detailing potential, kinetic, and internal energy, along with Bernoulli’s equation relating to total head.

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Marivon Hilado Cagayanan
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6 views3 pages

LECTURE 3 AND 4 REVIEWER

The document discusses fluid flow phenomena, including laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layers, and the Reynolds number, which helps predict flow patterns. It also covers mass, energy, and momentum balances, emphasizing the continuity equation and the average and local velocities. Additionally, it explains the overall energy balance in steady-state flow systems, detailing potential, kinetic, and internal energy, along with Bernoulli’s equation relating to total head.

Uploaded by

Marivon Hilado Cagayanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 3: FLUID FLOW PHENOMENA

VELOCITY PROFILE

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

BOUNDARY LAYER
REYNOLDS NUMBER
- thin layer of fluid adjacent to a surface where the
dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to
effects of viscosity and friction are significant
predict the flow patterns in different fluid flow
situations
- named after Osborne Reynolds
- helps determine whether the flow is laminar, turbulent
or transitional state
- ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces

For L:
For flow in pipes or tubes: L is the pipe it tube diameter - velocity of the fluid at surface is zero
For flow past flat plate: L is the plate length in the flow FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW
direction - a point in downstream from the entrance where
For flow around the sphere: L is the sphere diameter velocity profile is constant
For other geometries : L is the equivalent diameter
LECTURE 4: MASS, ENERGY, AND MOMENTUM
BALANCES
CONTINUITY EQUATION
TRANSITION LENGTH OR ENTRANCES LENGTH Continuity equation is simply a mathematical
- length required for the boundary layer to reach the expression of the principle of conservation of mass
center of the tube and for fully developed flow to that for steady-state flow.
established The mass flow rate into the system must equal the mass
flow rate out.

AVERAGE AND LOCAL VELOCITY


The average velocity (v) - equals the total volumetric
flow rate of the fluid divided by the cross section area of
the conduit:

The local velocity - the fluid velocity at a certain local


position and varies from point to point across the area.
MASS VELOCITY OR MASS FLUX
BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION Mass velocity or mass flux = mass flow rate per unit area
Boundary Layer Separation – occurs whenever the
change in velocity of the fluid either in magnitude or

𝜌= density ( kg/m3, lbm/ft3)


direction is too large for the fluid to adhere to the solid Where: G = mass velocity (kg/s m2, lbm/s ft2)
surface. Occurs when:
> change in flow channel (sudden expansion or sudden v = velocity ( m/s, ft/s)
contraction) Note:
> sharp bend Mass velocity or mass flux also called mass current
> obstruction around where the fluid flows density.
-zone where large eddies called vortices are formed is Average velocity can be described as the volume flux of
called wake the fluid.
- eddies in the wake consume considerable mechanical Mass flux is independent of temperature and pressure
energy and may lead to a large pressure loss in the fluid for steady state flow
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
First Law of Thermodynamics:
∆E=Q−W
Where: E = total energy per unit mass of fluid
Q = heat absorbed per unit mass of fluid
W = work of all kinds done per unit mass of the
fluid upon the surroundings
DERIVATION OF OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
Equation:
Rate of entity output – rate of entity input +rate if entity
accumulation = 0
E can be classified in three ways:
1. Potential Energy – energy present because of the
position of the mass in a gravitational field
- The units for all the different forms of energy in the
2. Kinetic Energy – energy present of a translational or
above equation are measured in units of distance,
rotational motion of the mass
these terms are sometimes referred to as "heads"
3. Internal Energy – all of the other energy present
(pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head).
(rotational, vibrational energy in chemical bonds)

- The elevation head represents the potential energy of


a fluid due to its elevation above a reference level.
- The velocity head represents the kinetic energy of the
fluid. It is the height in feet that a flowing fluid would
rise in a column if all of its kinetic energy were
converted to potential energy.
- The pressure head represents the flow energy of a
column of fluid whose weight is equivalent to the
pressure of the fluid.
- The sum of the elevation head, velocity head, and
pressure head of a fluid is called the total head. Thus,
Bernoulli’s equation states that the total head of the
fluid is constant.

OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE IN A STEADY STATE FLOW


SYSTEM

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