ME English Center.

XII PST (English) Notes

ME English Center
Pakistan Studies
Class XII - Notes

er
nt
Ce
ish
gl
En
E
M

(According to the new book and past papers)

If you need guess papers for other classes, contact

this number: 03408057780

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
1 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

er
nt
Ce
ish
gl
En
E
M

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
2 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Chapter #01
Establishment of Pakistan
MCQS:

1. When was the Lahore Resolution passed?

a) 14 August 1947
b) 23 March 1940 ✓
c) 11 September 1930
d) 22 March 1942

2. Who is known as the founder of Pakistan?

er
a) Allama Iqbal

nt
b) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
c) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah ✓
d) Liaquat Ali Khan
Ce
3. What was the primary demand of the Lahore Resolution?
a) United India
ish
b) Separate state for Muslims ✓
c) Hindu-Muslim unity
d) Abolition of British rule
gl
En

4. Which British Act led to the creation of Pakistan?

a) Government of India Act 1935
b) Indian Independence Act 1947 ✓
c) Rowlatt Act 1919
E

d) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
M

5. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the demand for Pakistan?
a) Economic disparities
b) Religious freedom
c) Political representation
d) Agricultural development ✓

6. Who proposed the idea of separate electorates for Muslims?

a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ✓
b) Quaid-e-Azam
c) Liaquat Ali Khan
d) Maulana Shaukat Ali

7. What year was the All India Muslim League founded?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
3 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

a) 1906 ✓
b) 1916
c) 1920
d) 1940

8. Which city hosted the Lahore Resolution session?

a) Delhi
b) Karachi
c) Lahore ✓
d) Lucknow

9. Who was the first Governor-General of Pakistan?

a) Liaquat Ali Khan

er
b) Allama Iqbal
c) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah ✓

nt
d) Khwaja Nazimuddin

a) 1947
b) 1948 ✓
Ce
10. When did Pakistan become a member of the United Nations?
ish
c) 1950
d) 1949
gl

(A)​ Questions:
En

1. Describe the social conditions of South Asia before the coming of the Muslims. How
did the caste system create social inequality and discrimination?
E

Answer: Social Conditions of South Asia Before the Coming of Muslims:

M

Before the arrival of Muslims, South Asian society was characterized by rigid social hierarchies
and inequality due to the caste system:

Caste System: Society was divided into four main castes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas
(warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (laborers). Dalits, considered "untouchables,"
were excluded from society.

Social Inequality: Only Brahmins and Kshatriyas had access to education, leadership, and
economic resources, leaving the lower castes in poverty and ignorance.

Discrimination: Lower castes faced exclusion from temples, wells, schools, and public spaces.
Inter-caste relationships and marriages were strictly forbidden.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
4 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Economic Exploitation: Shudras and Dalits were forced into menial labor and servitude
without fair compensation or respect.

Impact on Society: This rigid structure created division, injustice, and resentment among the
masses, paving the way for new ideas and reforms, such as those introduced by Islam.

2. Discuss the impact of Islam on the political, social, cultural, and religious life of the
people of South Asia.

Answer: Impact of Islam on the Life of South Asia:

The advent of Islam in South Asia brought transformative changes:

er
Political Impact: The arrival of Muslim rulers like the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire

nt
established centralized governance, replacing fragmented regional kingdoms. It introduced
policies that encouraged inclusivity and justice.

Ce
Social Impact: Islam's message of equality and brotherhood provided relief to lower castes
oppressed by the Hindu caste system. Muslims promoted charity (zakat) and rights for the
ish
underprivileged.

Cultural Impact: Islamic architecture (e.g., mosques, domes, and forts), art, and literature
gl

(Persian and Urdu poetry) enriched South Asian culture. Education flourished with the
establishment of madrassas.
En

Religious Impact: The emphasis on monotheism and spiritual simplicity attracted many
converts, reshaping the religious landscape of the region.
E

Islam’s influence brought unity, equality, and a fresh cultural identity to South Asia.
M

3. What do you understand about the Ideology of Pakistan? Give a detailed account in
historical perspective.

Answer: Understanding the Ideology of Pakistan

The Ideology of Pakistan is based on the Two-Nation Theory, which emphasizes that:

Distinct Identity: Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations, with unique religions,
cultures, values, and traditions. Muslims could not coexist under a Hindu-majority rule without
losing their identity.

Historical Struggles: Events like the War of Independence (1857), the decline of the Mughal
Empire, and British colonization marginalized Muslims, leading to the realization that they
needed a separate homeland.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
5 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Role of Leaders: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's Two-Nation Theory and Allama Iqbal's vision of a
separate Muslim state laid the foundation for Pakistan's ideology.

Purpose of Pakistan: Pakistan was envisioned as a state where Muslims could freely practice
Islam, safeguard their rights, and develop without external interference.
This ideology was the driving force behind the Pakistan Movement, culminating in the creation
of the country in 1947.

4. Explain and elucidate the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of the utterances of the
Quaid-i-Azam.

Answer: Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Quaid-i-Azam’s Utterances:

er
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speeches and statements clearly articulate the Ideology
of Pakistan:

nt
Islam as a Guiding Principle: Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a state based on Islamic values,
promoting justice, equality, and fairness.
Ce
Protection of Muslim Rights: Jinnah emphasized safeguarding the political, economic, and
ish
cultural rights of Muslims, which were threatened under Hindu-majority rule.

Inclusive Governance: He advocated for a democratic system where minorities would have
gl

freedom of religion and equal opportunities. His speech on August 11, 1947, highlighted this
vision.
En

Equality and Unity: Jinnah often stated that Muslims needed a separate homeland to ensure
their social and political unity and independence.
E

His vision was instrumental in shaping Pakistan’s identity as a progressive Islamic state.
M

5. Discuss the role of the following areas in the struggle for independence: N.W.F.P.,
Balochistan, Sindh, Punjab, and Muslim-minority provinces.

Answer: Role of Regions in the Struggle for Independence:

Each region contributed significantly to the Pakistan Movement:

N.W.F.P.: Leaders like Abdul Qayyum Khan and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan mobilized masses
against British policies and supported the Pakistan Resolution.

Balochistan: The province played a strategic role in supporting Muslim leaders and hosting key
political activities, advocating for autonomy within Pakistan.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
6 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Sindh: Sindh's assembly was the first to pass the Pakistan Resolution. Leaders like G.M. Syed
rallied support for the Muslim League.

Punjab: The largest Muslim-majority province provided immense manpower, resources, and
political support to the Pakistan Movement.

Muslim-Minority Provinces: Despite being outside the borders of future Pakistan, Muslims in
these provinces worked tirelessly to strengthen the demand for Pakistan, sacrificing their homes
and livelihoods.
Each region’s contribution was vital in securing independence and shaping the vision of
Pakistan.

6. The events that took place between 1857 and the establishment of Pakistan were an

er
important link in the historical journey to Pakistan. Elaborate.

nt
Answer: Events Leading to the Creation of Pakistan:

Ce
Several key events between 1857 and 1947 laid the foundation for Pakistan:

1857 War of Independence: Sparked Muslim awareness of the need for unity and resistance
ish
against British rule.

Aligarh Movement: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan emphasized modern education for Muslims, which
gl

became a cornerstone for their political awakening.

En

Partition of Bengal (1905): Highlighted Muslim identity and the need for political autonomy. Its
reversal created resentment among Muslims.
E

Lucknow Pact (1916): Demonstrated Hindu-Muslim cooperation but also exposed the
challenges of unity.
M

Lahore Resolution (1940): Marked the formal demand for a separate Muslim state.

Post-1940 Period: Mass mobilization, political struggles, and sacrifices by Muslims led to the
eventual creation of Pakistan in 1947.
These events were critical in shaping the collective consciousness of Indian Muslims, making
the demand for Pakistan inevitable.

(B)
Write 'Yes' or 'No' against the following statements: Answers

1. Before Islam, Brahmins were responsible for the defense of the country No
and maintenance of law and order in South Asian society.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
7 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

2. Women enjoyed high position and respect in society before the advent No
of Islam in South Asia.

3. Muslims laid the foundation of the best system of government in South Yes
Asia.

4. Before the coming of the Muslims to South Asia, Hindus were less Yes
discreet about their dress.

5. Art and literature flourished under the patronage of Muslim Salateen. Yes

6. Uch was the centre of Naqshbandi saints. No

7. Sindh is called the “Gate-way of Islam.” Yes

er
8. The Pakistan Resolution was presented on March 23, 1940. Yes

nt
(C) Fill in the blanks:
Ce
1. The new art which was created after the coming of Muslims in South Asia is called
ish
_______.
✓
(Islamic art, Gandhara art, Indo-Islamic art )
gl

2. Quaid-i-Azam demanded reforms for N.W.F.P. in the year _______.

En

✓
(1913 A.D., 1927 A.D., 1934 A.D.)
E

3. Muslim League was founded in _______.

✓
M

(1911 A.D., 1906 A.D., 1905 A.D.)

4. The _______ of Allama Iqbal showed the Muslims a new way on the basis of which they
achieved in Pakistan.
✓
(Allahabad Address, Madras Speeches)

5. The Lahore Resolution was presented in the year _______.

✓
(1946 A.D., 1940 A.D., 1935 A.D.)

6. In 1945 A.D., _______ came into power in England, which sent a three-cabinet
minister’s mission to South Asia.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
8 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

✓
(Labour Party , Conservative Party, Liberal Party)

7. On June 3, 1947 A.D., _______ announced the partition of the sub-continent into two
separate states.
✓
(Mountbatten, Cripps, Simon)

___________________

er
nt
Ce
ish
gl
En
E
M

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
9 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Chapter #02
History Of Pakistan
1. When did Pakistan come into existence?
a) 23 March 1940
b) 15 August 1947
c) 14 August 1947 ✓
d) 16 August 1947

2. What was the name of the movement that led to the creation of Pakistan?
a) Khilafat Movement
b) Civil Disobedience Movement

er
c) Pakistan Movement ✓

nt
d) Quit India Movement

a) Partition of Bengal
Ce
3. Which event is considered the starting point of the Pakistan Movement?

b) All-India Muslim League’s formation in 1906 ✓

c) Jinnah’s 14 Points
ish
d) Lahore Resolution

4. Who coined the term ‘Pakistan’?

gl

a) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

En

b) Choudhary Rahmat Ali ✓

c) Liaquat Ali Khan
d) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
E

5. The Objectives Resolution was passed in which year?

M

a) 1948
b) 1949 ✓
c) 1951
d) 1952

6. What was the main cause of the separation of East Pakistan in 1971?
a) Religious differences
b) Political and economic inequality ✓
c) Language conflict
d) Foreign interference

7. Who became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan?

a) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b) Liaquat Ali Khan ✓

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
10 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

c) Khwaja Nazimuddin
d) Ghulam Muhammad

8. When was the first constitution of Pakistan enacted?

a) 1949
b) 1954
c) 1956
d) 1956 ✓

9. Which operation led to the liberation of East Pakistan?

a) Operation Searchlight ✓
b) Operation Gibraltar
c) Operation Fair Play

er
d) Operation Grand Slam

nt
10. Who was the founder of the Two-Nation Theory?
a) Allama Iqbal
b) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ✓
c) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
d) Maulana Shaukat Ali
Ce
ish
(A) Descriptive Questions
gl

1. Give a brief account of the political conditions of South Asia from 1940 A.D. to the
establishment of Pakistan.
En

Answer:

The political conditions of South Asia from 1940 to 1947 were marked by significant events.
E

The Lahore Resolution of 1940 demanded a separate state for Muslims, showcasing the
M

growing demand for Pakistan.

The British colonial government faced pressure from both the Indian National Congress and the
All-India Muslim League.

World War II weakened British control, leading to negotiations for Indian independence.

Communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims escalated, ultimately leading to the partition
of India and the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.

2. Discuss the initial problems of the establishment of Pakistan and the role of the people
of Pakistan during the difficult times.
Answer:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
11 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Pakistan faced numerous challenges at the time of its creation, including:

Lack of infrastructure and administrative resources.

Financial instability due to unequal division of assets.

An influx of refugees from India, creating a humanitarian crisis.

Territorial disputes, especially over Kashmir.

Despite these difficulties, the people of Pakistan showed resilience by contributing to

nation-building, accommodating refugees, and strengthening national unity under

er
Quaid-i-Azam's leadership.

nt
3. How did Quaid-i-Azam guide the nation in the consolidation of Pakistan?
Answer:

Ce
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah provided visionary leadership during Pakistan's formative
years.
ish
He emphasized unity, faith, and discipline as the guiding principles for the nation.
gl

Jinnah worked to establish a robust administrative framework and addressed issues like refugee
rehabilitation.
En

He advocated for the rights of minorities and promoted economic and educational reforms to
strengthen Pakistan's foundation.
E

(B) Tick the Correct Statement

M

1. The First World War had considerably weakened the British as a world ✔ Correct.
power.

2. On March 23, 1940, at Lahore, Pakistan Resolution was passed in the ✔ Correct.
session of All-India Muslim League.

3. Sir Stafford Cripps, the British cabinet minister, visited on June 6, 1940. ✘ Incorrect.

4. In the winter of 1945-46, elections were held to the Central and Provincial ✔ Correct.
Assemblies, and the Muslim League won a landslide victory.

5. On June 3, 1941, the Plan to partition India was presented. ✘ Incorrect.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
12 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

6. The British Parliament agreed to the partition of India and made it an Act ✔ Correct.
of Parliament on July 18, 1947.

7. At the time of partition of India, while deciding the Boundaries of the ✔ Correct
Punjab, the tehsils of Gurdaspur, Batala, Ferozpur and Lira were illegally
and injudiciously included into India.

8. The conference of the representatives of India and Pakistan was held at ✔ Correct
Delhi to decide the distribution of assets.

9. In the state of Jammu and Kashmir the Maharaja Kashmir ordered that all ✔ Correct
Muslim employees in the armed forces and police be removed from service
and their arms surrendered.

10. Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, with his qualities of leadership ✔ Correct

er
and wisdom, not only won for the Muslims of Sub- continent a separate
Muslim state but laid down fundamental principles for its consolidation and

nt
strength.

(C) Write brief answers: Ce

ish
1. Write the names of five Muslim leaders who rendered valuable services towards
safeguarding the status of Muslims of the Sub-continent in the field of politics, religion
gl

and culture.
En

Ans: Names of Five Muslim Leaders

●​ Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: Advocated for Muslim education and founded Aligarh
E

Movement.
M

●​ Allama Iqbal: Proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state in his 1930 Allahabad
Address.

●​ Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Led the Pakistan Movement and became the
founder of Pakistan.

●​ Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar: Played a key role in the Khilafat Movement.

●​ Shah Waliullah: Revived Islamic teachings and worked for Muslim unity in the
Subcontinent.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
13 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

2. What would have been the impact of West-minster Democracy for the Muslims in the
United India?

Ans: Impact of Westminster Democracy on Muslims in United India

If Westminster Democracy were implemented in United India, Muslims would have been
politically marginalized due to their minority status. Their religious, cultural, and economic
interests might have been overshadowed by the Hindu majority, leading to a loss of identity and
rights.

3. When did the Cabinet Mission visit India?

er
Ans: Visit of the Cabinet Mission

nt
The Cabinet Mission visited India in March 1946. Its purpose was to discuss the transfer of
power from British rule to Indian leadership while preserving communal harmony between
Hindus and Muslims.
Ce
4. Which party was in power in Britain at the time of the partition of the Sub-continent?
ish

Ans: Party in Power in Britain during Partition

gl

The Labour Party was in power in Britain at the time of the partition of the Subcontinent in
1947. Clement Attlee was the Prime Minister, and his government oversaw the end of British
En

rule in India.

5. Write three main points of the Partition Plan.

E
M

Ans: Three Main Points of the Partition Plan

●​ 1. The Indian Subcontinent would be divided into two independent states, India and
Pakistan.

●​ 2. The princely states were given the option to join either country or remain
independent.

●​ 3. Boundary commissions were set up to demarcate borders, especially in Punjab and

Bengal.

6. Write down the three important sections of the Indian- Independence Act of 1947.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
14 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Ans: Important Sections of the Indian Independence Act, 1947

●​ 1. Partition of British India into India and Pakistan, effective from 15 August 1947.

●​ 2. Termination of British suzerainty over princely states, allowing them to join India or
Pakistan.

●​ 3. Establishment of two dominions with their own legislatures and governments.

7. What were the comments of the Quaid-i-Azam on the Radcliffe Award?

er
Ans: Quaid-i-Azam’s Comments on the Radcliffe Award

nt
Quaid-e-Azam expressed dissatisfaction with the Radcliffe Award. He believed it was unjust and
unfair, especially regarding the allocation of Gurdaspur, which provided India access to

Ce
Kashmir. He called it "mutilation" of the rightful territories of Pakistan.

8. What do you know about the Indus-Basin Treaty?

ish

Ans: Indus Basin Treaty

gl

The Indus Basin Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan under the mediation of
the World Bank. It allocated the waters of the Indus and its tributaries, with Pakistan receiving
En

control of the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) and India retaining the eastern rivers
(Ravi, Beas, Sutlej).
E

9. What was the ratio of Muslim population in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
M

according to the census of 1941?

Ans: Muslim Population in Jammu and Kashmir (1941 Census)

According to the 1941 census, Muslims constituted about 77% of the total population in Jammu
and Kashmir. Despite being the majority, their aspirations were not addressed during the
partition, leading to prolonged disputes.

________________________

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
15 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Chapter #03
Establishment Of An Islamic Democratic State

1. What is the main feature of an Islamic democratic state?

a) Secularism
b) Sovereignty belongs to Allah ✓
c) Absolute monarchy
d) Dictatorship

er
nt
2. Who introduced the Objectives Resolution in Pakistan's Constituent Assembly?
a) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b) Khwaja Nazimuddin
c) Liaquat Ali Khan ✓
Ce
ish
d) Allama Iqbal

3. When was the Objective Resolution passed?

gl

a) 1948
En

b) 1949 ✓
c) 1956
d) 1962
E
M

4. What does the Objectives Resolution declare about the laws of Pakistan?
a) All laws shall be in accordance with the teachings of Islam ✓
b) Secular laws will prevail
c) Only tribal customs will be followed
d) International laws will be implemented

5. Which system is emphasized in an Islamic democratic state?

a) Capitalism
b) Justice and equality ✓
c) Dictatorship
d) Class-based hierarchy

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
16 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

6. What is the role of citizens in an Islamic democratic state?

a) To obey laws and work for collective good ✓
b) To only follow their personal interests
c) To prioritize economic growth over religion
d) To avoid political participation

7. Which principle of governance is fundamental in an Islamic democratic state?

a) Absolute power of the ruler
b) Shura (Consultation) ✓
c) Totalitarianism

er
d) Military rule

nt
8. In an Islamic state, what is the source of all authority?
a) Allah ✓
b) The Constitution
Ce
ish
c) The Parliament
d) The Judiciary
gl

9. What is the meaning of "Sovereignty of Allah"?

En

a) The ruler has absolute authority

b) Only Allah has ultimate authority over laws and decisions ✓
c) The state is independent of religious influence
E

d) Democracy without accountability

M

10. What is the ultimate goal of an Islamic democratic state?

a) To establish a just society based on Islamic principles ✓
b) To promote secular values
c) To expand its territory
d) To ensure economic growth at all costs

(A)​ Questions:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
17 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1. Describe the causes and objectives of the establishment of the Islamic Republic
State.
Ans:
The creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was driven by various political, social,
and religious factors. The main cause was the desire to create a separate nation for
Muslims in South Asia, as articulated by the All-India Muslim League under the
leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Muslims felt their religious, cultural, and
political identity would be marginalized in a predominantly Hindu India. The objectives
of the establishment included:

To provide a homeland for Muslims where they could freely practice their religion and

er
culture.

nt
To establish a state based on Islamic principles, ensuring the protection and promotion
of Islamic values.
Ce
ish
To create a social order that promoted justice, equality, and fraternity in line with
Islamic teachings.
gl

To safeguard the political, economic, and social rights of Muslims in the region.
En

2. Give a brief account of the constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947

to 1956.
E

Ans:
M

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan went through several constitutional developments, though
it faced challenges in formulating a stable framework of governance:
1947-1956: No Permanent Constitution: Initially, Pakistan had no formal constitution,
and the Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as the interim constitution.

1949 - Objectives Resolution: The first major step towards a constitution was the
adoption of the Objectives Resolution, which laid down the framework for an Islamic
system of governance, aiming to guide future constitutional developments.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
18 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1951 - First assassination of a Prime Minister: The political instability intensified with
the assassination of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, leading to frequent changes in
leadership.

1956 - First Constitution: After much delay and political turmoil, Pakistan adopted its
first Constitution in 1956, making Pakistan a republic and formally declaring the
country an Islamic Republic.

3. Describe the salient features of the 1956 Constitution and state the causes of
its failure.
Ans:

er
The 1956 Constitution was the first formal document of Pakistan, and it laid down the

nt
framework for a parliamentary democracy. Some of its key features included:

Ce
Parliamentary System: Pakistan adopted a parliamentary system with a bicameral
legislature, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
ish
Islamic Republic: The Constitution declared Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, ensuring
that all laws would be in conformity with Islamic principles.
gl
En

Federal System: The Constitution provided for a federal structure of government with
provinces having certain powers.
E

President as Ceremonial Head: The president's role was largely ceremonial, with
M

executive powers vested in the Prime Minister.

However, the Constitution faced several challenges:

Political Instability: There was frequent change in leadership, with a lack of continuity
in governance.

Military Intervention: In 1958, the military, under General Ayub Khan, took control,
abrogating the Constitution and imposing martial law.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
19 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Lack of Consensus: There was insufficient consensus among the political elites and
regional representatives, leading to instability and eventual failure.

4. Briefly describe the political and constitutional development in Pakistan from

1958 to 1973.
Ans:
From 1958 to 1973, Pakistan saw significant political and constitutional changes:

1958 - Martial Law and Ayub Khan: General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958,
abrogating the 1956 Constitution. He introduced a new Constitution in 1962, shifting
from a parliamentary system to a presidential one. His rule was marked by political

er
centralization and economic growth but also widespread dissatisfaction.

nt
1965 - Indo-Pak War: The war with India in 1965 further strained the political

Ce
situation. Although Pakistan gained some military success, it led to political unrest and
growing opposition to Ayub Khan.
ish
1969 - Ayub Khan’s Resignation: Amid growing protests, Ayub Khan resigned in 1969,
and General Yahya Khan took over, declaring another martial law.
gl
En

1970 - General Elections: The 1970 elections were a turning point, with the Awami
League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, winning a majority in East Pakistan. However,
political and military crises led to the outbreak of the Bangladesh Liberation War in
E

1971.
M

1973 - Constitution of Pakistan: Following the separation of East Pakistan, a new

Constitution was adopted in 1973 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, restoring a
parliamentary system with Islam as the state religion.

5. Describe the Islamic provisions of the 1973 Constitution.

Ans:

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan incorporates several Islamic provisions:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
20 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Islamic Republic: Pakistan is declared an Islamic Republic, where the sovereignty

belongs to Allah.

Islamic Laws: All laws must be consistent with the teachings of Islam, and no law can
be made that contradicts the Quran or Sunnah.

Islamic Ideology Council: An Islamic Ideology Council was established to advise the
government on whether the laws were in conformity with Islamic principles.

Basic Rights: Fundamental rights in the Constitution are also in line with Islamic
values of justice, equality, and freedom.

er
nt
6. Write notes on the following.

a) Objectives Resolution
Ce
ish
The Objectives Resolution, passed in 1949, was a critical step in the constitutional
development of Pakistan. It outlined the goals of the Pakistani state and provided a
foundation for the future Constitution. The Resolution called for the establishment of a
gl

state that would be based on Islamic principles, ensuring justice, democracy, and social
En

welfare. It also emphasized that sovereignty belonged to Allah alone, and the laws of
the country should be consistent with Islamic teachings.
E

b) Fall of Dhaka
M

The Fall of Dhaka refers to the secession of East Pakistan and the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971. The separation was a result of political, economic, and cultural
differences between East and West Pakistan. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, won the 1970 elections, but the refusal of the West Pakistani government to
transfer power led to civil unrest, military action, and ultimately the intervention of
Indian forces. The war ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in Dhaka on
December 16, 1971, leading to the creation of Bangladesh.

c) Indo-Pak War of 1965

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
21 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

The Indo-Pak War of 1965 was a significant military conflict between India and
Pakistan, primarily over the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir. The war began on
August 5, 1965, when Pakistani forces launched Operation Gibraltar to infiltrate
Indian-administered Kashmir, hoping to provoke an insurgency. India responded with a
full-scale attack on Pakistan's Lahore and Sialkot regions.

The war resulted in heavy casualties on both sides but ended in a stalemate, with
neither side achieving a decisive victory. The conflict led to significant international
concern, and under the mediation of the United Nations and other world powers, both
countries agreed to a ceasefire on September 23, 1965. The Tashkent Agreement, signed
in January 1966, formally ended hostilities but did not resolve the Kashmir issue. The

er
war had a lasting impact on both nations, fueling nationalistic sentiments and shaping

nt
future relations.

d) Impact of 1977 Martial Law in Pakistan

Ce
ish
The 1977 Martial Law in Pakistan was imposed by General Zia-ul-Haq following
allegations of rigging in the general elections of that year, which led to widespread
protests against the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia's military
gl

coup marked the end of Bhutto's civilian rule.

En

The impact of the martial law included:

E

Political Repression: Zia suspended the Constitution, dissolved the National Assembly,
M

and arrested political leaders, including Bhutto, who was later executed in 1979.

Islamization: Zia implemented a series of policies aimed at "Islamizing" Pakistan's

political and legal system. This included the introduction of the Hudood Ordinances,
which were aimed at enforcing Islamic laws in criminal justice.

Military Rule: Zia's regime marked a period of authoritarian military rule, suppressing
political dissent and curbing democratic institutions.

Long-Term Effects: Zia's rule significantly shaped Pakistan's political landscape,

leading to a legacy of military involvement in politics and a more conservative, Islamic

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
22 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

direction in Pakistan’s governance. His regime also left a lasting impact on Pakistan’s
foreign policy, particularly its relationship with Afghanistan and the United States
during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

(B) Tick (✔) the correct answer:

1. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged in the year

1979 ✓

er
1981
1980

nt
1979

Ce
2. East Pakistan seceded from Pakistan to become the state of Bangladesh in the
year
ish

1975
gl

1973
1971 ✓
En

3. The war of 1965 between Pakistan and India lasted for

E

10 days
M

8 days
17 days ✓

4. The People's Party under the leadership of Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had in the
beginning membership of

49
39
29 ✓

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
23 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

5. The elections to National Assembly under the Legal Framework Order were
held in

1985
1970
1955
1985 ✓

6. The second Islamic Summit was held in February 1974 at

Karachi

er
Islamabad

nt
Lahore ✓

Ce
7. The army Commander-in-Chief General Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law in the
country in
ish
1979
1978
gl

1977 ✓
En

8. General Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane-crash near Bahawalpur on

August 17, 1988
E
M

June 1, 1987
October 16, 1986
August 17, 1988 ✓

9. The Constitution of 1956 had 234 articles and 6 appendices.

Correct as stated ✓

10. On October 8, 1960, Martial Law was imposed on the country for the first time
under the leadership of General Ayub Khan.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
24 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Correct as stated ✓

11. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the cabinet as a sequel to his differences on
certain provisions of the Tashkent Declaration.

Correct as stated ✓

12. In the elections of 1970, Muslim League had four factions.

Correct as stated ✓

er
(C) Write short notes on:

nt
1. Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula:
Ce
The Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula, proposed in 1953 by Pakistan's then Prime
ish
Minister, Muhammad Ali Bogra, was a significant political compromise to resolve the
ongoing tensions between the central and provincial governments. It suggested a
gl

bicameral legislature with a system of proportional representation, where the upper

house (Senate) would represent provinces equally, and the lower house (National
En

Assembly) would have representation based on population. This formula aimed to

balance the interests of both smaller and larger provinces, providing fair political
representation and reducing the political unrest, particularly between East and West
E

Pakistan.
M

2. The Objectives Resolution:

The Objectives Resolution, passed on March 12, 1949, was a foundational document
that laid the groundwork for Pakistan's Constitution. It declared that Pakistan would be
a state where the sovereignty of Allah (God) would be recognized, and the laws would
be based on Islamic principles. The resolution affirmed the democratic and social
objectives of the state, guaranteeing fundamental rights, and ensuring that the state's
constitution would adhere to Islamic values. It became a cornerstone of Pakistan’s
constitutional framework and was later incorporated into the 1973 Constitution.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
25 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

3. The Duration of the 1956 Constitution:

The 1956 Constitution of Pakistan came into effect on March 23, 1956, marking
Pakistan's transition to a republic. However, it was short-lived and lasted only until
October 7, 1958, when General Ayub Khan imposed martial law. The Constitution of
1956 faced political instability, frequent changes in government, and tensions between
the central and provincial authorities. Despite its short duration, it was significant as it
marked the first formal written constitution of Pakistan.

4. The Legal Framework Order (LFO):

er
nt
The Legal Framework Order (LFO) was issued by General Ayub Khan in 1958 after the
imposition of martial law. It was a set of legal amendments that effectively suspended

Ce
the 1956 Constitution, granting Ayub Khan sweeping powers to reform the political
system. The LFO provided for the establishment of a presidential system, with the
ish
president holding significant executive powers. It also allowed the president to dissolve
the National Assembly and appoint a new government, sidelining the role of political
parties and elected representatives. The LFO was a pivotal legal document that played a
gl

key role in Pakistan's transition under military rule.

En

_______________________
E

Chapter #04
M

The Land Of Pakistan

1. What is the total area of Pakistan?

a) 700,000 sq. km
b) 796,096 sq. km ✓
c) 812,500 sq. km
d) 900,000 sq. km

2. What percentage of Pakistan’s total area is covered by mountains and

plateaus?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
26 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

a) 50% ✓
b) 25%
c) 60%
d) 40%

3. Which is the longest river in Pakistan?

a) Jhelum
b) Ravi
c) Indus ✓
d) Chenab

er
4. What is the approximate length of the coastline of Pakistan?

nt
a) 500 km
b) 1,046 km ✓
c) 2,000 km
d) 800 km
Ce
ish
5. What is the name of the highest peak in Pakistan?
a) Nanga Parbat
gl

b) K2 ✓
En

c) Rakaposhi
d) Broad Peak
6. Which desert is located in Sindh?
E

a) Thar
M

b) Cholistan ✓
c) Kharan
d) Dasht-e-Kavir

7. Which province of Pakistan has the largest area?

a) Punjab
b) Balochistan ✓
c) Sindh
d) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

8. What type of climate does Pakistan mostly experience?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
27 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

a) Mediterranean
b) Arid to semi-arid ✓
c) Tropical
d) Polar

9. Which region of Pakistan is known as the "Fruit Basket"?

a) Punjab
b) Balochistan ✓
c) Gilgit-Baltistan
d) Sindh

er
10. What is the main source of irrigation in Pakistan?

nt
a) Rivers ✓
b) Rainfall
c) Tube wells
d) Canals
Ce
ish

Questions:
gl

1. Describe the geographical location of Pakistan and state its importance.

En

Answer: Pakistan is located in South Asia, bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan
and Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south. It lies
E

between latitudes 24° and 37° N, and longitudes 60° and 77° E.
M

Importance of Pakistan's Location:

Geostrategic Position: Pakistan serves as a gateway between South Asia, Central Asia,
and the Middle East.

Trade and Connectivity: Pakistan's ports, particularly Gwadar, provide access to

international trade routes, including the Persian Gulf.

Economic Corridor: It plays a central role in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC), connecting China to the Arabian Sea.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
28 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Cultural Crossroads: Its location has historically made it a melting pot of cultures,
facilitating trade and cultural exchange.

2. Give a comparative analysis of the Northern and the Western mountainous

regions of Pakistan.

Answer:

Feature Northern Mountains Western Mountains

Location Include the Himalayas, Include Khyber,

er
Karakoram, and Hindu Waziristan, and Suleiman
Kush ranges

nt
Highest Peaks K2 (8611 m) in the Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487

Climate
Karakoram range
Ce
Snowy, cold climate with
m)

Arid to semi-arid with less

ish
glaciers and snowfall vegetation

Economic Importance Tourism, water resources, Minerals, trade routes like

gl

and hydroelectric power Khyber Pass

En

Cultural Significance Home to Baltistan and Home to Pashtun tribes

Gilgit cultures with rich traditions
E

3. Write short notes on the following:

M

Answer:

​ Potohar Plateau

The Potohar Plateau, located in the northern region of Punjab, lies between the Salt
Range in the south and the Margalla Hills in the north. It features a rugged terrain
interspersed with fertile valleys, making it suitable for agriculture and livestock
grazing. The region is rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, and coal, contributing
significantly to Pakistan’s energy needs. Historically, it holds importance as the home

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
29 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

of the Gandhara Civilization, which flourished here and contributed to the development
of Buddhism and art. Key cities in the area include Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Jhelum,
which are hubs of cultural and economic activities. The plateau is also known for its
picturesque landscapes, making it a potential site for tourism.

​ Balochistan Plateau

The Balochistan Plateau occupies a vast area in the southwestern region of Pakistan. It
is characterized by rugged mountains, barren deserts, and sparse vegetation due to its
arid climate. The plateau is surrounded by mountain ranges, including the Sulaiman
and Kirthar Ranges, and contains numerous dry rivers or seasonal streams (nullahs).

er
The region is rich in minerals, including copper, gold, coal, and natural gas, making it

nt
vital for Pakistan's industrial growth. Key mining projects such as Saindak and Reko Diq
operate in the region. Despite its economic importance, the plateau faces challenges

Ce
such as water scarcity, underdeveloped infrastructure, and harsh living conditions. Its
strategic location, near the Gwadar Port and Arabian Sea, enhances its geopolitical
ish
importance.

​ Importance of the Northern Mountains

gl
En

The Northern Mountains of Pakistan, including the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu
Kush, are a vital natural feature of the country. These mountains contain some of the
world’s highest peaks, such as K2 and Nanga Parbat, and are home to massive glaciers
E

like the Siachen and Baltoro, which serve as water reservoirs feeding rivers like the
M

Indus. The rivers originating here are crucial for irrigation, drinking water, and
hydroelectric power generation. The mountains support a variety of ecosystems,
providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna. They also attract tourists and
mountaineers from across the globe, contributing to the economy. Strategically, the
Northern Mountains act as a natural barrier protecting Pakistan’s borders. They are also
significant for the climatic system, as they influence monsoons and weather patterns in
the region.

4. What do you know about the climate of Pakistan? Describe the climatic
regions of Pakistan.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
30 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Answer:
Pakistan has a diverse climate ranging from arid to semi-arid, with tropical and
subtropical regions. It experiences four seasons: winter (December to February), spring
(March to May), summer (June to August), and autumn (September to November).

Climatic Regions of Pakistan:

1. Arid Region: Covers Balochistan and southern Punjab, characterized by hot summers
and mild winters with low rainfall.

2. Tropical Region: Found in Sindh, with high temperatures and humid summers.

er
nt
3. Subtropical Region: Northern Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, experiencing
moderate summers and cold winters.

Ce
4. Highland Climate: Northern Mountains with heavy snowfall and extremely cold
ish
winters.

5. How many natural regions does Pakistan consist of? Describe each region.
gl
En

Answer:
Pakistan consists of five natural regions:
E

1. The Northern Mountains:

M

Include the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges.

Characterized by snow-clad peaks and glaciers.
Source of major rivers like the Indus.

2. The Western Mountains:

Cover areas like the Sulaiman Range and Khyber Pass.
Known for mineral wealth and tribal culture.

3. The Potohar Plateau and Salt Range:

Located in northern Punjab, rich in natural resources and archaeological sites.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
31 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

4. The Indus Plains:

Spread across Punjab and Sindh, this region is the agricultural heart of Pakistan.
Fertile lands irrigated by the Indus River system.

5. The Balochistan Plateau:

Covers southwestern Pakistan with a rugged and arid landscape.
Rich in minerals and home to unique ecosystems.

(B) Fill in the blanks:

i.The total area of Pakistan is 881,913 square kilometres.

er
ii.The Himalayan Mountain range is about 2400 km length.

nt
iii.The Ladakh mountain range is also called Karakoram Range.
iv.The Kurram and Gomal rivers are located in the mountainous region of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa. Ce
v. In Bahawalpur, the desert is called Cholistan.
ish

(C) Encircle the right answer.- (T stands for True and F for false).
gl

✓
i. Climatically Pakistan is divided into four regions. T - F
En

✓
ii. Monsoon rains come to Pakistan in October-November. T - F
E

✓
iii. In winter rain is caused due to cyclones from the Mediterranean Sea. T - F
M

✓
iv. The Khyber Pass is 60 kilometres long. T - F
✓
v. In winter the climate of Balochistan is unpleasant. T - F

Answers:
i. T
ii. F
iii. T
iv. T

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
32 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

v. F

________________________

Chapter #05
The Culture Of Pakistan

1. What is the national language of Pakistan?

a) Punjabi

er
b) Sindhi

nt
c) Urdu ✓
d) Pashto

Ce
2. Which dress is considered the national dress of Pakistan?
ish
a) Sari
b) Shalwar Kameez ✓
c) Dhoti
gl

d) Kurta Pajama
En

3. Which festival is celebrated after the holy month of Ramadan in Pakistan?

a) Eid-ul-Adha
E

b) Eid-ul-Fitr ✓
M

c) Shab-e-Barat
d) Ashura

4. The famous “Truck Art” in Pakistan is an example of which type of art?

a) Modern Art
b) Calligraphy
c) Folk Art ✓
d) Abstract Art

5. Which of the following is NOT a traditional dance of Pakistan?

a) Bhangra

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
33 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

b) Attan
c) Salsa ✓
d) Luddi

6. The architectural style of Badshahi Mosque is influenced by which era?

a) Mughal Era ✓
b) British Colonial Era
c) Ottoman Empire
d) Modern Architecture

7. What is the most widely spoken regional language in Pakistan?

er
a) Sindhi

nt
b) Punjabi ✓
c) Balochi
d) Pashto
Ce
ish
8. Which traditional Pakistani food is a type of bread?
a) Nihari
b) Haleem
gl

c) Chapati ✓
En

d) Biryani

9. What is the primary religion followed by the majority of Pakistanis?

E

a) Christianity
M

b) Hinduism
c) Islam ✓
d) Buddhism

10. In which province is the Kalash culture primarily found?

a) Sindh
b) Punjab
c) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ✓
d) Balochistan

(A)​ Explain fully :Questions

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
34 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1. What does culture mean? How does it manifest the conscious and the
unconscious acts?
Answer:
Culture is the set of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that
members of a society use to interact with their world and each other. It encompasses
both tangible and intangible aspects, including language, traditions, rituals, art, and
norms.

Culture manifests itself in conscious acts through deliberate practices, such as

celebrating festivals, adhering to religious customs, or following social etiquette. For

er
example, observing Eid or wearing traditional attire on specific occasions are conscious

nt
manifestations.
It also manifests in unconscious acts, which are ingrained behaviors and attitudes

Ce
people adopt without actively thinking, such as gestures, body language, or automatic
preferences shaped by cultural upbringing.
ish
2. Culture is the identity of a people. Elaborate.
Answer:
gl

Culture forms the foundation of a people's identity as it represents their unique way of
En

life, traditions, and values. It acts as a lens through which individuals perceive and
engage with the world, distinguishing one group from another.
E

For example, the rich traditions of Pakistani culture—its diverse cuisines, clothing,
M

language, music, and religious practices—reflect the collective history and heritage of
its people. Culture binds individuals through shared experiences and provides a sense
of belonging, continuity, and pride.

3. Write a brief note on the main features of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Answer:

The Indus Valley Civilization:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
35 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

The Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300–1300 BCE) was one of the earliest urban
civilizations in history, thriving in the region of modern-day Pakistan and northwest
India.

Urban Planning: Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa featured advanced town
planning with grid layouts, drainage systems, and brick-built structures.

Economy: Agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship were the mainstays. They cultivated
wheat, barley, and cotton and traded extensively with Mesopotamia.

Social Organization: Evidence suggests a well-organized society with no clear signs of

er
monarchy or centralized authority.

nt
Artifacts and Scripts: They produced pottery, seals, and figurines but their script
remains undeciphered.
Ce
Religion: Worship of fertility symbols, animals, and nature was common, as evidenced
ish
by the artifacts.

4. What were the cultural influences from which Gandhara Art emerged? Explain
gl

its tone, tenor, and impact.

En

Answer:

Gandhara Art emerged in the region of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan between
E

the 1st century BCE and 7th century CE, influenced by Greek, Roman, Persian, and
M

Indian cultures.

Cultural Influences:

Greek Influence: The artistic style showed Hellenistic features such as realistic human
figures, drapery, and proportions.

Indian Influence: Themes and subjects often depicted Buddhist stories and deities.

Persian and Central Asian: Elements like stylized floral motifs and beaded borders.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
36 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Tone and Tenor:

Gandhara art depicted spiritual themes with a naturalistic and serene tone. The Buddha
was portrayed in human form for the first time, signifying compassion and
enlightenment.

Impact:
Gandhara art played a pivotal role in the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia, China,
and beyond, leaving a lasting legacy on religious art across Asia.

5. What is the cultural heritage of Pakistan? Explain in the light of historical

perspective.

er
Answer:

nt
Pakistan's cultural heritage is a blend of ancient civilizations, Islamic traditions, and
regional diversity.

Ce
Ancient Civilizations: The Indus Valley Civilization, Gandhara, and Mughal empires
ish
have left rich archaeological and architectural remains, such as Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila,
and Lahore Fort.
gl

Islamic Heritage: Islamic culture forms the backbone, reflected in mosques,

En

calligraphy, poetry, and customs introduced during the Arab and Mughal eras.

Regional Diversity: Pakistan’s culture varies across provinces, with unique languages,
E

dress, and festivals in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and

M

Gilgit-Baltistan.

Historical Synthesis: Pakistan has been a crossroads of civilizations, contributing to its

rich and diverse cultural identity.

6. Write short notes on:

(i) Architecture:

Pakistani architecture reflects its historical and cultural evolution, from ancient Indus
structures to Islamic influences. Notable examples include Mohenjo-Daro, Lahore Fort,

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
37 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Badshahi Mosque, and the Minar-e-Pakistan. Modern architecture integrates

traditional and contemporary designs.

(ii) Paintings:

Traditional Pakistani painting is rooted in Mughal miniature art. Modern artists like
Sadequain and Abdur Rahman Chughtai have contributed to its evolution, blending
Islamic, folk, and abstract styles.

(iii) Music:

er
Pakistani music ranges from classical genres like Qawwali and Ghazal to folk, pop, and

nt
Sufi music. Artists like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Abida Parveen have achieved global
recognition.

(iv) Calligraphy:
Ce
ish
Islamic calligraphy is a revered art form in Pakistan, showcasing intricate Arabic and
Persian scripts. Renowned calligraphers have adorned mosques, manuscripts, and
gl

public spaces with Quranic verses.

En

7. Explain the colonial system. How did British rule affect the common aspects of
life in South Asia?
E
M

Answer:

The colonial system refers to the administrative and exploitative structures established
by European powers in their colonies, including British rule in South Asia.

Economic Impact: The British extracted resources, de-industrialized local economies,

and introduced cash crop farming, leading to poverty.

Social Changes: Western education, legal systems, and cultural norms were introduced,
disrupting traditional social structures.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
38 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Cultural Influence: English became a prominent language, and Western lifestyles

gained popularity among elites.

Infrastructure: While the British developed railways and telegraphs, these primarily
served colonial interests.

Resistance: British policies sparked movements for independence, uniting people

across diverse cultures in a shared struggle.

8. How does Islamic Culture differ from the Hindu Culture of South Asia?

er
Answer:

nt
Islamic and Hindu cultures differ significantly in terms of beliefs, practices, and societal
structures:
Ce
ish
Beliefs: Islamic culture emphasizes monotheism (Tawhid), while Hinduism
accommodates polytheism, monotheism, and atheism.
gl

Rituals and Practices: Islamic rituals include prayer, fasting, and charity, whereas
En

Hindu practices often involve idol worship, rituals, and festivals like Diwali and Holi.

Dietary Practices: Islam prohibits pork and emphasizes Halal food, while Hinduism
E

often emphasizes vegetarianism.

M

Art and Architecture: Islamic art avoids depictions of living beings, focusing on
geometric patterns and calligraphy, whereas Hindu art includes detailed carvings of
deities and animals.

Social Structure: Islamic culture promotes equality, while Hindu society traditionally
followed a caste-based hierarchy.

9. Briefly narrate the salient features of Pakistani Culture.

Answer:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
39 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Pakistani culture is a harmonious blend of Islamic values and regional diversity,

characterized by the following features:

Religion: Islam is central to Pakistani culture, influencing festivals, daily routines, and
laws.

Languages: Pakistan is linguistically diverse, with Urdu as the national language and
regional languages like Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi.

Art and Literature: Rich traditions in poetry, music, and visual arts, influenced by
Sufi, Mughal, and folk traditions.

er
nt
Hospitality: A strong emphasis on hospitality and respect for guests.

Ce
Traditional Attire: Shalwar kameez is the national dress, with regional variations in
style and embroidery.
ish
Cuisine: Pakistani cuisine is known for its spicy flavors, with dishes like biryani, nihari,
and kebabs being popular.
gl
En

Festivals: Celebrations like Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, and Basant reflect religious and
cultural vibrancy.
E
M

(B)​ Tick (✔) the statement which is correct:

i. Culture of any group reflects its conscious activities. ✘

ii. Human civilization dawned in the laps of mountains. ✘

iii. Indus Valley civilization is contemporary of Iranian and Greek

civilizations. ✘

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
40 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

iv. The archaeological sites of Moen-jo-Daro and Harappa tell us about the
Indus Valley civilization. ✔

v. The Indus Valley civilization was urban in nature. ✔

vi. The people of Indus Valley civilization were not aware of the use of
copper. ✘

er
vii. The people of the Indus Valley civilization imported jewels from
Afghanistan, copper from Turkestan and iron from Khorasan. ✘

nt
Ce
viii. The people of Indus Valley were warmongers. ✘
ix. The Gandhara art is the result of intermingling of the local, the Persian
ish
and the Greek civilizations. ✔
gl

x. Peshawar was the cultural centre of Gandhara art. ✔

En

(C) Brief Questions / Answers:

E

1. When did the Muslims enter South Asia as conquerors?

M

Ans: Muslims’ Entry into South Asia as Conquerors

Muslims entered South Asia as conquerors in 712 AD when Muhammad bin Qasim, a
young Umayyad general, led the conquest of Sindh and Multan. The campaign began
under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph, aiming to respond to attacks on Arab ships
and establish Muslim influence. Muhammad bin Qasim's victory in Sindh marked the
beginning of Islamic rule in South Asia, introducing Islamic culture, governance, and
justice systems, which influenced the region's political and social fabric.

2. Who were the first to begin the construction of proportional arch and domes?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
41 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Ans: Initiation of Proportional Arches and Domes

The Delhi Sultanate rulers were the first to construct proportional arches and domes in
South Asia. This architectural innovation reflected Persian and Central Asian
influences. Structures like the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and Alai Darwaza illustrate
the early use of true arches and domes, which later became integral to Islamic
architecture in the region. These innovations symbolized both aesthetic advancements
and the engineering prowess of Muslim architects.

3. Name any five buildings built by the Muslims in South Asia.

er
Ans: Five Notable Muslim-Built Buildings in South Asia

nt
1. Badshahi Mosque (Lahore): Built by Emperor Aurangzeb, it is one of the largest

Ce
mosques, showcasing Mughal architecture with red sandstone and marble.
ish
2. Taj Mahal (Agra): A symbol of love, constructed by Shah Jahan in memory of his
wife Mumtaz Mahal, combining Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles.
gl

3. Qutub Minar (Delhi): Built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak, it is a UNESCO World Heritage

En

Site representing the transition to Islamic rule.

4. Shalimar Gardens (Lahore): A Mughal garden constructed by Shah Jahan, reflecting

E

Persian and Mughal landscape design.

M

5. Red Fort (Delhi): Built by Shah Jahan, it served as the residence of Mughal emperors
and a symbol of power and prestige.

4. What type of tiles is the Wazir Khan Mosque decorated with?

Ans: Tile Decoration of Wazir Khan Mosque

The Wazir Khan Mosque, located in Lahore, is renowned for its stunning glazed
tilework known as Kashi Kari. These tiles feature intricate floral, geometric, and
calligraphic designs, representing the height of Mughal decorative arts. The vibrant

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
42 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

colors, including blue, green, yellow, and white, combined with Quranic verses, make
the mosque a masterpiece of Islamic architecture.

5. Name the painters Humayun brought with him while returning from Iran.

Ans: Painters Accompanying Humayun from Iran

Humayun, during his exile in Persia, brought two prominent painters, Mir Sayyid Ali
and Abd al-Samad, upon his return to India. These artists laid the foundation of the
Mughal school of painting, which blended Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles. Their
work introduced miniature painting to the Mughal court, influencing the artistic
traditions of South Asia for centuries.

er
nt
6. What kind of paintings flourished during the days of Emperor Jahangir?

Ce
Ans: Flourishing of Paintings During Jahangir’s Reign
During Emperor Jahangir’s reign, miniature paintings reached their zenith. He was an
ish
art enthusiast and patronized portraiture, nature-based themes, and detailed
illustrations. His court painters, like Ustad Mansur, depicted animals, plants, and
natural scenes with precision. Jahangir’s artistic vision emphasized realism, finesse,
gl

and elegance, distinguishing Mughal art from other traditions.

En

7. Who was the foremost musician of the Muslim period?

E

Ans: Amir Khusro as a Foremost Musician

M

Amir Khusro, a scholar, poet, and musician during the Delhi Sultanate period, is
regarded as the foremost musician of the Muslim period. Known as the "father of
Qawwali," he introduced innovations like Sitar and new ragas. Khusro’s compositions
and contributions to Hindustani classical music significantly shaped the cultural and
artistic landscape of South Asia.

8. What was the aim of Hindu extremist movements against Muslims?

Ans: Aims of Hindu Extremist Movements

Hindu extremist movements aimed to suppress Muslim culture, traditions, and political
identity. Their objectives included promoting Hindu dominance and marginalizing

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
43 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Muslims by restricting their rights and isolating them socially and economically. These
movements fueled tensions, leading to growing demands for a separate homeland for
Muslims, which eventually culminated in the creation of Pakistan.

9. What was the message of Allama Iqbal for the Muslims of South Asia?

Ans: Allama Iqbal’s Message for Muslims

Allama Iqbal’s message focused on the unity, self-awareness, and empowerment of
Muslims. He envisioned a separate homeland where Muslims could practice their faith
freely. His poetry and speeches urged Muslims to reconnect with their spiritual roots,
reject colonial oppression, and establish a society based on Islamic principles of justice

er
and equality.

nt
10. What, according to the Quaid-i-Azam, was the main objective for the creation
of Pakistan?
Ce
ish
Ans: Quaid-i-Azam’s Objective for Pakistan’s Creation
According to Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the main objective was to create a
state where Muslims could freely practice their religion, preserve their cultural identity,
gl

and safeguard their socio-political rights. He emphasized that Pakistan would ensure
En

religious freedom, economic stability, and protection against the dominance of other
communities.
E

11. Pakistan has a mixedness of culture. Explain briefly.

M

Ans: Cultural Mixedness of Pakistan

Pakistan’s culture is a melting pot of Islamic, Persian, Central Asian, and indigenous
South Asian influences. This diversity is evident in its languages, traditions, festivals,
cuisine, and attire. The blend of these cultures has shaped Pakistan’s unique identity,
promoting harmony and a rich cultural heritage.

12. Islam is the basis of Pakistani Culture. Describe briefly.

Ans: Islam as the Foundation of Pakistani Culture

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
44 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Islam deeply influences Pakistan’s cultural, social, and ethical norms. From festivals
like Eid to daily prayers, Islamic values guide traditions and governance. The emphasis
on brotherhood, charity, modesty, and respect for elders reflects the impact of Islam on
Pakistan’s societal framework.

13. Describe the arts and crafts of Pakistan.

Ans: Arts and Crafts of Pakistan

Pakistan is famous for its rich arts and crafts, including handwoven carpets, Sindhi
Ajrak, Balochi embroidery, pottery from Multan, truck art, and calligraphy. These crafts
reflect the region’s history, cultural diversity, and artistic talent, contributing to its

er
identity on the global stage.

nt
14. What is the significance of the Taj Mahal?

Ans: Significance of Taj Mahal

Ce
ish
The Taj Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, is a
symbol of eternal love. This UNESCO World Heritage Site represents the pinnacle of
Mughal architecture, combining Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles. Its beauty, intricate
gl

designs, and white marble construction make it one of the most admired monuments in
En

the world.

15. What role did Sufi saints play in spreading Islam in South Asia?
E
M

Ans: Sufi Saints and the Spread of Islam

Sufi saints played a pivotal role in spreading Islam in South Asia through their
teachings of love, peace, and equality. They attracted people of all backgrounds by
emphasizing spirituality over rituals. Saints like Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti and Data
Ganj Baksh preached in local languages, building trust and fostering cultural harmony,
which led to the widespread acceptance of Islam.
________________________

Chapter #06
Language Of Pakistan
For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
45 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

MCQS:

1. What is the national language of Pakistan?

a) English
b) Sindhi
c) Urdu ✓
d) Pashto

2. Which script is used to write Urdu?

a) Roman

er
b) Devanagari
c) Arabic ✓

nt
d) Cyrillic

Ce
3. When was Urdu declared the national language of Pakistan?
a) 1947 ✓
ish
b) 1956
c) 1973
gl

d) 1980
En

4. How many regional languages are spoken in Pakistan approximately?

a) 5
E

b) 10
M

c) 20 ✓
d) 50

5. Which of the following is NOT a regional language of Pakistan?

a) Punjabi
b) Sindhi
c) Pashto
d) Hindi ✓

6. What percentage of Pakistan’s population speaks Punjabi as their first

language?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
46 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 44% ✓
d) 50%

7. Which language is primarily used for official communication in Pakistan?

a) Urdu
b) English ✓
c) Pashto
d) Punjabi

er
8. Sindhi is widely spoken in which province of Pakistan?

nt
a) Punjab
b) Sindh ✓
c) Balochistan
d) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Ce
ish
9. Which language is considered the oldest regional language in Pakistan?
a) Balochi
gl

b) Sindhi ✓
En

c) Pashto
d) Punjabi
E

10. Which regional language is primarily spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa?

M

a) Balochi
b) Sindhi
c) Pashto ✓
d) Saraiki

(A)​ Answer Comprehensively

1. The present form of a language is the result of conscious and unconscious hard
work over a long period of time. Discuss.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
47 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Answer: Language evolves over centuries through the contributions of individuals and
communities. Conscious efforts include the deliberate development of grammar,
vocabulary, and literature by linguists, poets, and writers. For instance, dictionaries and
grammar books are created to standardize a language. Unconscious contributions stem
from everyday interactions, cultural exchanges, and societal changes that shape the
language naturally over time. Borrowed words from other languages, regional dialects
merging into a unified form, and the influence of technology all play a role. Urdu is an
excellent example, as it evolved through centuries of cultural integration and
interaction, particularly during the Mughal era.

2. How is the Urdu language a symbol of national identity?

er
nt
Answer: Urdu symbolizes the unity of Pakistan by serving as the national language,
despite the country’s ethnic and linguistic diversity. It bridges the communication gap

Ce
among speakers of regional languages like Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi. Urdu’s
development during the Mughal period as a lingua franca further solidifies its
ish
importance. After independence in 1947, it was declared Pakistan's national language,
representing cultural heritage, Islamic values, and national solidarity. It also reflects
the literary contributions of poets and writers like Allama Iqbal and Faiz Ahmed Faiz,
gl

whose works embody the spirit of nationalism.

En

3. Write briefly about the history of the Urdu language and discuss the different
factors responsible for its progress.
E
M

Answer: Urdu emerged in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era, evolving as a
mixture of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local languages such as Prakrit and Braj
Bhasha. The term "Urdu" originates from the Turkish word ordu, meaning camp or
army, reflecting its development as a common language among soldiers of diverse
linguistic backgrounds.
Factors for its progress include:

1. Mughal Patronage: Emperors like Akbar and Shah Jahan encouraged the use of Urdu
in their courts.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
48 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

2. Poetry and Literature: Poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, and later Iqbal enriched Urdu
with timeless poetry.

3. Media and Education: Urdu became the language of newspapers, radio, and
education, promoting its widespread adoption.

4. Role in Freedom Movement: It unified diverse communities during the struggle for
independence, solidifying its status as a language of resistance and identity.

4. Give a brief history of Pashto language.

er
Answer: Pashto is one of the oldest Iranian languages, spoken primarily in Pakistan's

nt
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan. Its history dates back over 2,000 years and is
rooted in the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Pashto

Ce
literature began flourishing during the 17th century, with poets like Khushal Khan
Khattak and Rehman Baba contributing significantly. Pashto has absorbed influences
ish
from Persian and Arabic due to historical invasions and trade. It remains a vital part of
Pashtun culture and identity.
gl

5. Give a brief account of the different influences on the Sindhi language and
En

state the literary services of some men of letters.

Answer: Sindhi is an ancient language with roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Over
E

centuries, it has absorbed influences from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and even English.
M

The Arab invasion in the 8th century brought Arabic vocabulary and Islamic ideas into
Sindhi. Later, Persian influence further enriched its lexicon and literary traditions.
Prominent figures in Sindhi literature include:

1. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai: His poetry in Shah Jo Risalo celebrates love, spirituality,
and humanity.

2. Sachal Sarmast: A mystic poet who blended Persian and Sindhi in his works.

3. Allama I. I. Kazi: He contributed to modern Sindhi prose and academic literature.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
49 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

6. Write a short note on Punjabi language.

Answer: Punjabi, spoken by the majority of people in Punjab, Pakistan, is one of the
oldest languages in South Asia, evolving from the Prakrit languages. It has a rich oral
tradition, with folk tales and songs like Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban. The Sikh Gurus
also used Punjabi for their teachings, which are preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib.
Modern Punjabi literature includes notable writers like Waris Shah and Amrita Pritam.
Punjabi's musical and lyrical heritage, including Bhangra songs, remains popular
worldwide.

7. Write a brief note on Balochi language.

er
nt
Answer: Balochi, spoken in Balochistan, belongs to the Iranian branch of the
Indo-European language family. It is divided into Eastern, Western, and Southern

Ce
dialects. The language has an oral tradition that includes epic poetry and folk tales.
Early influences on Balochi came from Persian and Arabic, while British colonialism
ish
introduced English words. Prominent Balochi poets and writers like Gul Khan Nasir and
Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi have played a significant role in preserving and promoting
the language.
gl
En

8. Give a brief account of the literature of the following languages:

(1) Kashmiri
E
M

Answer: Kashmiri, an Indo-Aryan language, has a rich literary heritage influenced by

Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic. The earliest known Kashmiri poet was Lal Ded, a
14th-century mystic, whose verses blend spirituality and philosophy. Later, Habba
Khatoon added lyrical beauty to Kashmiri poetry. Modern Kashmiri literature addresses
themes like identity, conflict, and culture.

(2) Brahvi

Answer: Brahvi, a Dravidian language spoken in Balochistan, has an oral tradition

focused on folk stories, songs, and proverbs. Due to its geographical location, Brahvi
has absorbed significant Persian, Balochi, and Arabic vocabulary. Writers like Atta Shad

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
50 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

have worked to document and develop its literature, though most of its literary
contributions remain oral.

(B) Give Short Answers :

(i) What is folk literature?

Answer: Folk literature refers to the oral traditions of a community, including myths,
legends, songs, and proverbs passed down through generations. It represents the
collective wisdom, cultural values, and beliefs of people, often with themes of heroism,

er
love, or morality. Unlike written literature, it is preserved through storytelling and is a
significant part of cultural heritage.

nt
(ii) Define standard literature.
Ce
Answer: Standard literature consists of written works that follow established linguistic
ish
and stylistic conventions. These works are recognized as refined, scholarly, and
representative of a language's best usage. Standard literature is often studied formally
gl

in educational institutions and includes poetry, prose, and drama that reflect
intellectual and artistic excellence.
En

(iii) What was the name of the College which was established by Sir Syed Ahmed
E

Khan?
M

Answer: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO)
College in Aligarh in 1875. This institution aimed to provide modern education to
Muslims by combining traditional Islamic teachings with Western education. It later
became Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and played a vital role in the socio-political
awakening of Muslims in South Asia.
(iv) Write the names of three classical poets of Urdu.

Answer: Three classical poets of Urdu literature are:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
51 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1. Mir Taqi Mir – Known as the 'God of Urdu Poetry,' his works focus on themes of love
and human emotions.
2. Mirza Ghalib – Famous for his ghazals, he explored philosophy, love, and
existentialism.
3. Allama Iqbal – Known as the 'Poet of the East,' he inspired Muslims of the
subcontinent with his philosophical and revolutionary poetry.

(v) Who is considered to be the first poet of the Pashto language?

Answer: Amir Kror Suri is considered the first poet of the Pashto language. He was a
warrior-poet from the 8th century who is credited with preserving Pashto through his

er
poetry. His works reflect themes of valor, bravery, and cultural pride, laying the

nt
foundation for Pashto literature.

Ce
(vi) Which languages have considerable influence on the Sindhi language?
ish
Answer: Sindhi has been influenced by several languages, including Persian, Arabic,
and Sanskrit. Persian and Arabic introduced new vocabulary due to Islamic conquests,
while Sanskrit enriched Sindhi through its association with ancient Hindu texts. These
gl

influences have made Sindhi a rich and diverse language.

En

(vii) Whose collection of verses is 'Shah jo Risalo'?

E

Answer: Shah jo Risalo is the collection of verses by Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, a
M

renowned Sindhi Sufi poet. The verses reflect deep spiritual themes, love for humanity,
and devotion to God. This work is considered the pinnacle of Sindhi literature and
remains deeply revered in Sindhi culture.

(viii) Which language's script was made the base by Abul-Hasan to form a new
script for the Sindhi language?

Answer: Abul-Hasan used the Persian-Arabic script as a base to develop a new script for
the Sindhi language. This adaptation allowed the Sindhi script to incorporate phonetic
elements suitable for its sounds while facilitating its integration with Islamic literature
and administration.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
52 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

(ix) Which ancient civilization is related to the Punjabi language?

Answer: The Indus Valley Civilization is related to the Punjabi language. This ancient
civilization, dating back to 2500 BCE, occupied the region where modern-day Punjabi is
spoken. Its cultural and linguistic heritage is considered a precursor to Punjabi,
reflecting the historical depth of the language.

(x) Describe the important dialects of the Punjabi language.

Answer: Punjabi has several dialects, with the most important being:

er
nt
1. Majhi – Spoken in Lahore and Amritsar regions, it is considered the standard dialect.
2. Doabi – Spoken between the Beas and Sutlej rivers.
3. Malwai – Predominant in southern Punjab.
Ce
4. Pothohari – Used in the northern areas like Rawalpindi.
ish
These dialects showcase the diversity of Punjabi spoken across regions.

(xi) Write the names of three classical poets of the Punjabi language.
gl
En

Answer:
1. Baba Farid – One of the earliest Sufi poets whose verses are included in Guru Granth
Sahib.
E

2. Waris Shah – Known for his epic Hir Ranjha, a timeless love story.
M

3. Bulleh Shah – A mystic poet who wrote about spiritual freedom and humanity.

(xii) Which Punjabi poet's story of Hir Ranjha is famous?

Answer: The story of Hir Ranjha is famously written by Waris Shah. His rendition of this
tragic love story is considered a masterpiece of Punjabi literature and reflects themes of
love, sacrifice, and societal norms.
(xiii) Which book of Hashim Shah is famous?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
53 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Answer: Hashim Shah's famous book is Sassi Punnu, a poetic tale of love and devotion.
The story is deeply rooted in Sindhi and Punjabi folklore, portraying the enduring
power of love against all odds.

(xiv) To which group of languages does the Balochi language belong?

Answer: The Balochi language belongs to the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch
of the Indo-European language family. It shares similarities with Persian and Kurdish,
reflecting its ancient Iranian roots.

(xv) Describe the two main dialects of the Balochi language.

er
nt
Answer:
1. Makrani (Southern Balochi) – Predominantly spoken in the southern regions of
Balochistan.
Ce
2. Sulaimani (Eastern Balochi) – Found in eastern areas like Sibi and Quetta.
ish
These dialects differ in pronunciation and vocabulary but share a common grammatical
structure.
gl

(xvi) Describe the important dialects of the Kashmiri language. Which dialect is
En

considered to be the standard dialect?

Answer: Kashmiri has dialects such as Kishtwari, Poguli, and Rambani. The standard
E

dialect is Central Kashmiri, spoken in Srinagar. This dialect is used in literature,

M

education, and media, making it the representative form of the language.

(xvii) Which race of the Indus Valley used to speak the Brahvi language?

Answer: The Dravidian race of the Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have spoken
the Brahui language. This language is unique in the region, as it is part of the Dravidian
family despite being surrounded by Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages.

(xviii) Describe the two distinct dialects of the Brahui language.

Answer: The two main dialects of Brahvi are:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
54 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1. Jhalawani – Spoken in the Jhalawan region of Balochistan.

2. Sarawani – Found in the Sarawan area.
These dialects exhibit phonetic and lexical variations while preserving the core features
of the Brahui language.

_____________________

Chapter #07
Economic Planning And Development

er
nt
MCQs:

Ce
1. What is the primary objective of economic planning in Pakistan?
a) Promoting luxury imports
ish
b) Reducing foreign aid dependency
c) Achieving sustainable growth ✓
d) Increasing population growth
gl
En

2. Which sector is considered the backbone of Pakistan’s economy?

a) Education
b) Industry
E

c) Agriculture ✓
M

d) Health

3. The Fifth Five-Year Plan emphasized which of the following?

a) Urbanization
b) Poverty reduction ✓
c) High defense spending
d) Decreasing exports

4. What was a major challenge faced by the Fifth Five-Year Plan?

a) Lack of goals
b) Political instability ✓

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
55 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

c) Excessive resource allocation

d) Unchecked inflation

5. The Sixth Five-Year Plan focused on which of the following objectives?

a) Promoting only urban development
b) Increasing private sector investment ✓
c) Reducing education spending
d) Eliminating agricultural subsidies
6. The Seventh Five-Year Plan emphasized:
a) Strengthening human resource development ✓
b) Only increasing defense spending

er
c) Ignoring rural development

nt
d) Avoiding export growth

7. The Eighth Five-Year Plan aimed to:

a) Achieve 100% industrial growth
Ce
ish
b) Alleviate poverty and enhance social sectors ✓
c) Minimize educational programs
d) Increase energy dependency
gl
En

8. What percentage of GDP does agriculture contribute to Pakistan's economy?

a) 10-15%
b) 20-25% ✓
E

c) 30-35%
M

d) 40-45%

9. Rural development is essential in Pakistan for:

a) Improving infrastructure and living standards ✓
b) Focusing solely on urban areas
c) Decreasing agricultural productivity
d) Promoting luxury goods

10. Education contributes to economic growth by:

a) Enhancing human capital ✓
b) Increasing unemployment

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
56 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

c) Promoting outdated technologies

d) Reducing innovation opportunities

(A)​ Questions Give brief answers:

1. Write a note on the importance of economic planning in Pakistan.

Ans:
Importance of Economic Planning in Pakistan

Economic planning in Pakistan is crucial for sustainable growth, resource allocation,

reducing poverty, and improving infrastructure. It helps in addressing socio-economic

er
challenges, boosting exports, and achieving self-reliance through strategic

nt
policymaking.

2. Analyses critically the Fifth Five Year Plan.

Ans:
Ce
ish
Critical Analysis of the Fifth Five-Year Plan
gl

The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1978–1983) focused on achieving self-sufficiency, reducing

poverty, and addressing inflation. While it emphasized rural development and energy
En

production, political instability and poor implementation hindered its effectiveness.

3. Write the main objectives of the Sixth Five Year Plan.

E

Ans:
M

Main Objectives of the Sixth Five-Year Plan

The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983–1988) aimed to:

●​ Accelerate economic growth.

●​ Increase industrial and agricultural output.
●​ Promote private sector investment.
●​ Reduce regional disparities and unemployment.

4. Describe in detail the Seventh Five Year Plan.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
57 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Ans:
Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988–1993)

The Seventh Five-Year Plan focused on strengthening human resource development,

improving infrastructure, and increasing exports. It also emphasized reducing
dependency on foreign aid, improving social welfare services, and encouraging private
sector participation.

5. Write a note on the objectives and preparation of the EighthFive Year Plan.
Ans:
Objectives and Preparation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan

er
nt
The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993–1998) aimed at:

●​ Poverty alleviation.
Ce
●​ Social sector development (education and health).
ish
●​ Infrastructure enhancement.
●​ Ensuring environmental sustainability.
●​ It involved stakeholders from various sectors to ensure participatory
gl

development.
En

6. Write a note on the importance of the following sectors in the economy of

Pakistan.
E

(i) Agriculture (ii) Rural Development (iii) Education.

M

Ans:
Importance of Key Sectors in Pakistan’s Economy

(i) Agriculture
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy, contributing 20-25% of GDP and
employing a significant portion of the population. It supports industries like textiles
and ensures food security.

(ii) Rural Development

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
58 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Rural development promotes poverty reduction, infrastructure improvement, and

better living standards for the majority of Pakistan’s population living in rural areas.

(iii) Education
Education is vital for economic growth, reducing unemployment, and fostering
innovation. It enhances human capital, increases productivity, and contributes to social
development.

(B)​Tick (✓) the Correct answer:

(i) Pakistan is a __________ country.

er
●​ Developing ✓

nt
●​ Developed
●​ Underdeveloped

Ce
(ii) The population growth in Pakistan in comparison to the resources is
ish
__________.
●​ Less
●​ More ✓
gl

●​ Equal
En

(iii) The First Five Year Plan was launched in __________.

●​ 1947
E

●​ 1955 ✓
M

●​ 1957

(iv) The duration of the Twenty-Year Perspective Development Plan was

__________.
●​ 1965–1985 ✓
●​ 1950–1970
●​ 1947–1967

(v) The Sixth Five Year Development began in __________.

●​ 1983
●​ 1980 ✓

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
59 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

●​ 1977

(vi) About __________% population of Pakistan lives in villages.

●​ 63
●​ 70 ✓
●​ 80

(vii) The per capita income in the rural areas is __________ than the per capita
income in the urban areas.
●​ Less ✓
●​ More

er
●​ Equal

nt
(viii) The rural agricultural and industrial development programme was
launched in __________.
●​ 1977 ✓
Ce
ish
●​ 1953
●​ 1947
gl

(ix) __________ billion rupees were allocated for education in the Seventh Five Year
En

Plan.
●​ 19.9 ✓
●​ 11.4
E

●​ 23.1
M

(x) According to the census of 1998, the literacy rate in Pakistan is __________%.
●​ 36.8 ✓
●​ 26.2
●​ 21.7
____________________

Chapter #08
Pakistan And The Comity Of Nations
MCQs:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
60 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

1. What does "Comity of Nations" refer to?

A) A collection of UN Security Council members
B) Mutual respect and cooperation among nations ✓
C) A trade bloc in South Asia
D) International financial institutions

2. When did Pakistan become a member of the United Nations?

A) 1947
B) 1948 ✓
C) 1950

er
D) 1952

nt
3. Which organization focuses on economic cooperation among Muslim
countries?
A) SAARC
Ce
ish
B) ASEAN
C) OIC ✓
D) SCO
gl
En

4. What is the primary goal of Pakistan's foreign policy?

A) Regional dominance
B) Promotion of peace and development ✓
E

C) Military alliances
M

D) Economic isolation

5. Which country was the first to recognize Pakistan after independence?

A) Iran ✓
B) China
C) Turkey
D) Saudi Arabia

6. Which principle does Pakistan emphasize in international relations?

A) Non-alignment ✓
B) Colonialism

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
61 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

C) Isolationism
D) Military intervention

7. Pakistan’s contribution to UN peacekeeping missions shows its commitment

to:
A) Economic benefits
B) Regional stability
C) Global peace ✓
D) Military alliances

8. Which international dispute highlights Pakistan’s relations with its

er
neighbors?

nt
A) Indus Water Treaty
B) Kashmir issue ✓
C) Siachen Glacier dispute
D) Durand Line disagreement
Ce
ish
9. Pakistan joined the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) as a founding
member in:
gl

A) 1969 ✓
En

B) 1971
C) 1973
D) 1975
E
M

10. The cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign policy is based on:

A) Military power
B) Economic superiority
C) Islamic solidarity ✓
D) Technological advancements

(A) QuestionsAnswer the following questions briefly:

1. What are the fundamental principles of the foreign policy of Pakistan?

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
62 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Ans: The foreign policy of Pakistan is based on peaceful coexistence, non-alignment,

and mutual respect. It aims to safeguard national sovereignty, promote friendly
relations with all nations, and support the principle of self-determination. Pakistan
emphasizes resolving disputes through dialogue and upholding international law.

2. Why was the need felt for the establishment of the UN? What are its basic
objectives? Name any five principal organs of the UN.

Ans: The UN was established after World War II to prevent future conflicts and
maintain global peace. Its basic objectives are to promote international cooperation,
protect human rights, provide humanitarian aid, and achieve sustainable development.

er
The five principal organs of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council,

nt
International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Economic and Social Council.

Ce
3. Write a note on the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
ish
Ans: The Non-Aligned Movement emerged during the Cold War as a group of countries
that chose not to align with either the US or the Soviet Union. NAM advocates for
national independence, peace, and cooperation among developing nations. It opposes
gl

colonialism, racism, and imperialism while promoting economic and social justice
En

globally.

4. How far has the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) been successful in
E

fulfilling its objectives?

M

Ans: The OIC has made efforts to promote unity among Muslim nations and address
collective issues. While it has supported causes like Palestine and provided
humanitarian aid, its impact has been limited due to a lack of consensus among
member states and external influences. Greater cooperation and solidarity are needed
for better outcomes.
5. How effective is the cooperation among members of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)?

Ans: The OECD promotes economic cooperation and policy coordination among its
members. It has been effective in addressing global challenges like tax evasion and

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
63 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

trade policies. However, its benefits are mostly felt by developed nations, and more
inclusive policies are required to assist developing economies.

(B)Tick (✔) the correct statement:

(i) The distinctive characteristic of the foreign policy of Pakistanis to maintain a closer
cooperation with the Islamic countries. ✓

(ii) UNESCO is the acronym for the International Children Fund. ✘

er
(iii) ILO is the abbreviation of International Labour Organization. ✓

nt
(iv) The principles of Panchsheel were associated with the establishment of Islamic
Conference. ✘
Ce
(v) The aim of the Islamic Conference was to maintain a balance among the big
ish
powers. ✘
gl

(C)Fill in the blanks:

✓
En

(i) The foundation of the UN was laid in.(1945 -1939 -1919)

✓
E

(ii) At present the membership of the UN is (185 -187 -193)

M

✓
(iii) Pakistan became a member of the UN in the year. (1949 -1948 -1947)
✓
(iv) The Movement of Non-Aligned countries was established in (1964 -1961-1955)

(v) The first Summit of the Organization of Islamic Conference was held in
✓
(1974 -1969 -1947)
✓
(vi) The Islamic Revolution occurred in Iran in. (1981-1979 -1964)

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
64 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

(D) Write :-

i. The names of international organs which Pakistan is an active member of:

●​ United Nations (UN)

●​ Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
●​ South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
●​ Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
●​ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
●​ World Bank

er
ii. The names of some important institutions of the UN:

nt
●​ General Assembly
●​ Security Council
●​ International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Ce
ish
●​ Secretariat
●​ Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
gl

●​ UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

En

iii. The names of three subsidiary bodies of the Organization of Islamic

Conference (OIC):
E

●​ Islamic Development Bank (IDB)

M

●​ Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO)

●​ Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation (COMCEC)

iv. Full name of NAM: Non-Aligned Movement

●​ Present name of the Regional Cooperation for Development: Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO)

v. Steps taken by the Economic Cooperation Organization in the realm of

industrial development:

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
65 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

●​ Promotion of industrial collaboration among member states.

●​ Development of regional industries, including textiles, agriculture-based
industries, and manufacturing.
●​ Encouragement of investment in technology transfer and joint industrial
ventures.
●​ Establishment of trade agreements to facilitate the exchange of industrial goods.
__________________________

Chapter #09
Fundamentals Rights Protected Under The 1973

er
Constitution Of Pakistan

nt
MCQs: Ce
ish
1. Which Article of the Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the right to equality?
A) Article 10
gl

B) Article 15
C) Article 25 ✓
En

D) Article 19

2. What does Article 9 of the Constitution of Pakistan protect?

E

A) Right to privacy
M

B) Right to life ✓
C) Right to property
D) Right to free speech

3. Which fundamental right is related to protection from slavery under the

Constitution of Pakistan?
A) Article 11 ✓
B) Article 13
C) Article 18
D) Article 16

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
66 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

4. Article 18 of the Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the freedom to:

A) Movement ✓
B) Assembly
C) Profession
D) Religion

5. According to Article 14, the Constitution of Pakistan provides protection

against:
A) Arbitrary arrest
B) Torture

er
C) Privacy invasion ✓

nt
D) Censorship

Ce
6. Which Article of the Constitution of Pakistan protects the right to freedom of
speech?
ish
A) Article 15
B) Article 16
C) Article 19 ✓
gl

D) Article 25
En

7. Under Article 23 of the Constitution, what is prohibited?

A) Slavery
E

B) Forced labor ✓
M

C) Child labor
D) Discrimination based on gender

8. Article 12 of the Constitution of Pakistan protects citizens against:

A) Illegal detention ✓
B) Religious intolerance
C) Discrimination based on ethnicity
D) Right to privacy

9. Which Article guarantees the protection of minority rights in Pakistan?

A) Article 20

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
67 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

B) Article 23
C) Article 22 ✓
D) Article 15

10. Which Article of the Constitution ensures that no person shall be punished
except by law?
A) Article 11
B) Article 12 ✓
C) Article 9
D) Article 13

er
(A) Answer the following questions:

nt
1. Define the concept of state and explain its elements.
Ce
Answer: A state is a political entity with defined territory, government, and sovereignty
ish
over its affairs. It is responsible for the welfare and protection of its citizens. The four
main elements of the state are:
gl

Territory: A defined geographical area.

En

Population: A group of people residing within the state's boundaries.

E

Government: The political institution that makes and enforces laws.

M

Sovereignty: The supreme authority to make decisions and govern without external
interference.

2. List the major Fundamental Rights of all the citizens provided in the 1973
constitution.

Answer: The major Fundamental Rights of citizens in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan
are:

​ Right to Equality (Article 25): All citizens are equal before the law.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
68 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

​ Right to Freedom (Article 16-22): Freedom of speech, assembly, association,

and movement.
​ Right to Property (Article 23-24): Protection of property rights.
​ Right to Life and Liberty (Article 9): Protection from unlawful detention and
deprivation of life.
​ Right to Education (Article 25A): Right to free and compulsory education for
children between the ages of 5 and 16.
​ Freedom of Religion (Article 20): Freedom to profess, practice, and propagate
any religion.

3. Elucidate the role of the state in the protection of Fundamental Rights.

er
nt
Answer: The state plays a crucial role in the protection of Fundamental Rights by:

Ce
●​ Enacting laws that safeguard the rights of citizens.
●​ Ensuring enforcement of these rights through the judiciary and law enforcement
ish
agencies.
●​ Promoting awareness among the people about their rights and duties.
●​ Providing remedies through courts in case of violation of these rights.
gl

●​ Formulating policies that align with international human rights standards.

En

4. Why fundamental rights are necessary to live in Pakistan. Discuss.

E

Answer: Fundamental rights are necessary in Pakistan for the following reasons:
M

Protection of Dignity: They ensure that citizens are treated with respect and dignity.

Equality and Justice: They protect against discrimination, ensuring equal treatment for
all.
Social Harmony: They promote social justice, peace, and stability.

Individual Freedom: They guarantee personal freedoms and the right to choose a way
of life.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
69 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Rule of Law: They prevent arbitrary actions by the government and uphold the
supremacy of law.

These rights are essential for fostering a fair and just society where individuals can
thrive and contribute to the nation’s development.

5. Enlist the powers and functions of the state.

Answer: The powers and functions of the state include:

Legislative Powers: The authority to make laws.

er
nt
Executive Powers: The authority to enforce laws and maintain public order.

Ce
Judicial Powers: The authority to interpret laws and resolve disputes.
ish
Defensive Powers: The authority to protect the state from external and internal threats.

Economic Powers: The authority to manage and regulate the economy.

gl
En

Social Welfare Functions: The responsibility to ensure social justice and provide
essential services like health and education.
E

Foreign Affairs: The authority to manage relations with other states and international
M

organizations.

(B) Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The article 19 of the 1973 constitution guarantees freedom of speech to the citizens
of Pakistan.

(ii) The UDHR was adopted as the "common standard of achievement for all peoples and
nations" on 10th December 1948.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
70 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

(iii) The article 25, 26, and 27 of the constitution assures the equality of all the citizens
of Pakistan before the law.

(iv) The article 19-A gives every citizen the right to access the information of public
importance.
_______________________

Chapter #10
Violation Of Rights And Redressal Of Grievance

er
MCQs :

nt
1. Which of the following is a violation of human rights?
a) Ensuring equal opportunities
b) Forced labor ✓
Ce
ish
c) Freedom of speech
d) Right to education
gl

2. What does redressal of grievances mean?

En

a) To deny the complaint

b) To resolve complaints and provide a solution ✓
c) To ignore the complaint
E

d) To punish the complainant

M

3. Which of the following is the role of a Human Rights Commission?

a) To promote human rights violations
b) To provide legal protection to human rights violators
c) To investigate and redress human rights violations ✓
d) To ignore complaints regarding human rights

4. What is the primary purpose of the Right to Information Act (RTI)?

a) To limit public access to government information
b) To ensure transparency and accountability in government actions ✓
c) To prevent people from filing grievances
d) To promote corruption in government organizations

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
71 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

5. Which of the following is an example of a grievance that can be redressed by

legal means?
a) A complaint about poor customer service at a restaurant
b) A complaint about the violation of freedom of expression ✓
c) A complaint about poor weather conditions
d) A complaint about personal relationship issues

6. Which constitutional body in India is responsible for the protection of human

rights?
a) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

er
b) National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) ✓

nt
c) Supreme Court of India
d) Election Commission of India

Ce
7. The right to approach the judiciary for the violation of rights is known as:
ish
a) Right to Education
b) Right to Information
c) Right to Constitutional Remedies ✓
gl

d) Right to Property
En

8. Which law provides protection against sexual harassment in the workplace?

a) The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and
E

Redressal) Act, 2013 ✓

M

b) The Right to Work Act, 2001

c) The Women’s Protection Act, 2015
d) The Equal Pay Act, 1998

9. If someone feels their fundamental rights are violated, which of the following
can they do?
a) Ignore the violation
b) File a complaint with the police, and approach the judiciary ✓
c) Violently protest against the violator
d) Try to resolve the issue privately

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
72 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

10. In case of violation of consumer rights, who is responsible for redressal of

grievances?
a) Consumer Court ✓
b) Human Rights Commission
c) National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
d) Family Court

(A) Answer the following questions:

1. How does the Judiciary protect the fundamental rights of citizens in Pakistan?

er
Ans : The judiciary in Pakistan plays a crucial role in protecting the fundamental rights

nt
of citizens. It ensures that laws are in alignment with the Constitution and that no
actions or policies violate citizens' rights. The judiciary exercises the power of judicial
Ce
review, where it examines laws, executive actions, and governmental policies to ensure
they do not infringe on the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of
ish
Pakistan. Citizens can directly approach the judiciary through Public Interest Litigation
(PIL) in case of violations of their rights, and the courts issue orders or directions for
gl

protection.
En

2. Describe the purpose of the Ministry of Human Rights. To what extent, the
Ministry of Human Rights helps citizens in protecting the rights of citizens?
Ans: The Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan works to promote and protect human
E

rights by formulating policies, drafting laws, and coordinating efforts to address human
M

rights violations. It plays a significant role in ensuring the implementation of national

and international human rights standards. The Ministry also acts as a mediator
between citizens and state authorities, providing assistance to victims of human rights
violations. The Ministry helps citizens by providing legal assistance, taking cases to
court, and raising awareness about human rights issues. However, its effectiveness
depends on the political will, resources, and cooperation of other governmental and
non-governmental institutions.

3. Explore the procedure of filing complaints in the Human Rights Cell and
Ombudsman in Pakistan.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
73 / 74
ME English Center. XII PST (English) Notes

Ans: To file a complaint in the Human Rights Cell or Ombudsman in Pakistan, the
procedure generally involves the following steps:

Human Rights Cell: An individual can file a complaint through a written application
addressing the Human Rights Cell in the Ministry of Human Rights. The application
should provide details of the violation and evidence. After receiving the complaint, the
Human Rights Cell investigates the matter and, if necessary, takes action to address the
grievance, either through the legal system or through awareness campaigns.

Ombudsman: Complaints can be filed directly with the Ombudsman, usually in cases of

er
administrative injustice. The complaint must include specific details of the issue,

nt
including the administrative body involved and any evidence of unfair treatment. The
Ombudsman investigates the complaint, conducts hearings, and issues

Ce
recommendations or rulings, aiming to resolve the issue fairly and justly.
ish
(B) Fill in the Blanks:
gl

(i) Judiciary is tasked with being a protector of the Constitution and a guardian of
people's fundamental rights.
En

(ii) Any aggrieved citizen can file an application for Justice to the Chief Justice of
Pakistan through a written petition.
E
M

(iii) The ombudsman investigates administrative injustices , which includes a decision,

a recommendation, an act of omission or commission which is unjust or biased,
oppressive, and prejudiced.
______________________

"The future of Pakistan lies in the hands of its youth. Make it brighter with your
knowledge and efforts.”
Provided by ME English Center

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 to 12, contact on
WhatsApp number (0340 8057780) of ME English center . Prepared by Umm e Aiman
74 / 74