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Lecture 01

The document provides an overview of sets in mathematics, including definitions, types, operations, and properties. It covers various forms of representation for sets, such as tabular and set-builder forms, and introduces important concepts like subsets, universal sets, and Cartesian products. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice and applications of set theory in real-world scenarios.

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2 views

Lecture 01

The document provides an overview of sets in mathematics, including definitions, types, operations, and properties. It covers various forms of representation for sets, such as tabular and set-builder forms, and introduces important concepts like subsets, universal sets, and Cartesian products. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice and applications of set theory in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

dreamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MathematicsII

BSc(Software Engineering)
Geethika Senarathne
Sets
Sets
Set is defined as a collection of distinct, well-defined objects
forming a group.

Example: Elements

Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
Elements of a Set: 1 ∈ A, 2 ∈ A, but 9 ∉ 𝐴

Number of elements: n(A) = 5


Representation of Sets

▪ Statement Form
{Positive integers less than 6}

▪ Tabular Form (Roster Form)


A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

▪ Set Builder Form


A = {x | x is a positive integer, x<6}
Example
▪ Write the set A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . . } in set-builder form.

A = {x | x is the square of a natural number}


Or
A = {x | x = 𝑛2 , where n ∈ N}

▪ Write the set of vowels in English alphabet in tabular form.

B = {a,e,i,o,u}
Exercise
1. Write the following sets in tabular form.
a) Set of odd numbers less than 10.
b) Natural numbers between 20 and 30.
c) Last three letters in the English alphabet.
d) A = {x | x is a odd number, x<10}

2. Write the following sets in set builder form.


a) A = {12,14,16,18}
b) A = {1,4,9,16,25}
c) Negative integers grater than -5
d) A = { 3,6,9,12,18,21,24}
Important Sets
Types of Sets
▪ Empty Set(Null Set)
A set which does not contain any element. It represented by { } or Ø.
Eg: Integers between 1 and 2

▪ Singleton Set
A set which contains a single element
Eg: A{x | x is a whole number between 4 and 6} = {5}

▪ Finite Set
A set which consists of a definite number of elements
Eg: A{x | x is a natural numbers up to 10}
▪ Infinite Set
A set which is not finite is called an infinite set
Eg: Set of all natural numbers.
Types of Sets
▪ Equivalent Sets
If the number of elements is the same for two different sets, then they are called
equivalent sets.
Eg: if n(A) = n(B) , A and set B are equivalent.

▪ Equal Sets
The two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements
Eg: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1}, then A=B

▪ Disjoint Sets
If two sets do not contain any common element, they are disjoint sets.
Eg: Set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = {5,6,7,8} are disjoint sets.
Subsets
A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of B if every element of A is also an element of B,
denoted as A ⊆ B. Even the null set is considered to be the subset of another set. In
general, a subset is a part of another set.
Eg: A = {1,2,3,4}
Then {1,2} ⊆ A. Subset
Similarly, other subsets of set A are:
{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},{1,2,3},{}

Superset
▪ Proper Subset
If B ⊆ A and A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset of B and it can be written
as A⊂B.
Eg: Set A = {1,2} and set B = {1,2,3,4} ,A is proper subset of B.
Universal Set
A set which contains all the sets relevant to a certain condition is called the universal
set. It is the set of all possible values.

Example: If A = {3,4,5} and B {1,5}, then universal set here will be:

U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Operations on Sets

▪ Union

▪ Intersection

▪ Complement
Overlapping Set
Two sets that have at least one common element are called overlapping sets.

Important set formulas:


n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)−n(A∩B)
n(A∪B)=n(A−B)+n(B−A)+n(A∩B)
n(A)=n(A−B)+n(A∩B)
n(B)=n(B−A)+n(A∩B)
Disjoint Set
Two sets A and B are called disjoint sets if they do not have even one element in common.

Important set formulas:


n(A∩B)=∅
n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)
Example
If Set A = {a,b,c}
Set B = {a,b,c,p,q,r}
U(universal set) = {a,b,c,d,p,q,r,s}
I. Draw a Venn diagram for the above conditions.
U
d
a
II. Find the following using sets formulas. p
b q
a) A U B= {a,b,c,p,q,r}
c r
b) A ∩ B = {a,b,c}
c) A’ = {d,p,q,r,s}
s
d) Is A ⊆ B? Yes
A B
Exercise
1. Find the subsets of the set A = {p,q,r}.

2. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }. Find A – B and B – A.

3. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find A′.

4. Check whether the given sets are equal sets: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 1, 3}.

5. Draw a Venn diagram and find the followings, if A={10,12,13,15}, B={12,15,16,17,19} and
U={10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20}
a) A U B
b) A ∩ B
c) A’
d) (A ∩ B)’
Properties of Sets
1. Commutative Property :
A∪B = B∪A
A∩B = B∩A
2. Associative Property :
A ∪ ( B ∪ C) = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ ( B ∩ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
3. Distributive Property :
A ∪ ( B ∩ C) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ ( B ∪ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C)
De morgan’s Law
Law of union : ( A ∪ B )’ = A’ ∩ B’
Law of intersection : ( A ∩ B )’ = A’ ∪ B’

Complement Law
A ∪ A’ = A’ ∪ A =U
A ∩ A’ = ∅
Example
Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A) = 20, n(B) = 28 and n(A ∪ B) = 36, find n(A ∩
B).

U n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B).


n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∪ B)
20 28 = 20 + 28 – 36
= 48 – 36
= 12

A B
Exercise

1. Let A={1,2,3,4,5,6} and B={0,3,5}find n(A ∩ B)and n(A∪B).

2. A and B are subsets of a universal set U. If n(A ∪ B) = 100, n(A - B) =


30, n(B-A) = 20, and n(U) = 180, find n (A ∩ B).
Cartesian Product of Sets
A cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B is the set of all possible ordered pairs
where the first component of the pair is from A, and the second component of the pair is
from B. The set of ordered pairs thus obtained is denoted by A×B.

Example:

Here the first component of every ordered pair is from set A the second component is
from set B.
Cartesian Product of Sets

The Cartesian Product of two sets can be easily represented in the form of a matrix
where both sets are on either axis.

Eg: A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y, z}

The Cartesian Product is non-commutative:


A×B≠B×A
Cardinality of Cartesian Product

The cardinality of Cartesian products of sets A and B will be the total number of ordered
pairs in the A × B.

Let p be the number of elements of A and q be the number of elements in B.

n(A) = p
n(B) = q
Then n(A × B) = pq
Exercise

1. Let A={4,5} and B={4,5}. Prove that A x B = B x A.

2. Find A ×B , A ×A and B ×A for the following A and B sets.


a) A= {2, −2, 3} and B = {1, −4}
b) A = B ={p , q}
c) A ={m,n} ; B =ɸ
Exercise
There were 100 students in the library who responded to how they completed their research paper.
• 18 students only used the periodicals
• 29 students used the web and books
• 15 students used books, the web, and periodicals
• 40 students used books and periodicals
• 20 used the web and periodicals
• 60 students used books
• 7 students did not use the web, nor books, nor the periodicals.

a) Represent this information with a Venn diagram


b) How many students used the web in their research?
c) How many students used books or periodicals?

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