Window component characteristics

Content

• Panes and Screens

• Shading Devices
• Frames and Spacers

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 1

 Panes and Screens
Most important properties

• Spectral Selectivity controls

– visible Transmittance / Reflectance
– solar Transmittance / Reflectance
– radiative losses

• Scattering Behaviour

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 2

Examples of Important Spectrally Selective Materials
in Solar Energy Conversion

• Glass and glazing products

– Low emittance coatings
– Solar gain control coatings
– Smart windows, e.g. electrochromics
• Daylighting
– Redirectional materials
– Reflectors
• Radiative cooling
– Selective paints
• Absorber surfaces for solar collectors
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 3
 Different Pane Types

• Clear Float Glass (uncoated)

• Softcoated Low-E panes
• Hardcoated low-E panes
• Absorbing solar control glass
• Reflecting solar control glass

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 4

 Optical Properties of Clear Float Glass

100
Transmittance / Reflectance (%)

90

80

70

60 T
50 R
40

30

20

10

0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 5

 Glazing used for
Heating Dominated Climates

• Desired properties:
– High thermal resistance (low U-value to
minimise energy loss)
– High solar gain (maximise potential for
passive solar gain)
– High visible transmittance (maximise
potential for use of daylight )

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 6

 Low-E coated glass
(iplus neutral s(89/63): : Tvis= 0.89; Tsol = 0.63; E = 0.04)

T Rf Rb
1.0
0.9
Transmittance/Reflectance

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 7

 Glazing for maximising passive solar gain:
Low-e coating is positioned on Surface 3 - windows can
be net gainers of energy even in a cold climate

• clear outer pane maximises light

and solar heat gain
• low-conductivity gas (e.g.
Argon)
•‘hard’ low-e coat (high g-value)
reflects longwave heat and is poor
emitter of that heat
• clear inner pane maximises light
and solar heat gain
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 8
 Low emittance hardcoated glass for high
solar gain and low thermal loss
(K-glass (82/68): : Tvis= 0.82; Tsol = 0.68; E = 0.17)

T Rf Rb
1.0
0.9
Transmittance/Reflectance

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 9

 Infrared spectral reflectance of Pilkington K GLASS
(low emittance hard coated glass)
1

0.9

0.8
Spectral Reflectance

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 ε = 0.14-0.17
0.3
U (DGU)cg ~ 1.9 W m-2 C-1
0.2

0.1

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Wavelength (microns)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 10

 Absorption in solar control coatings

0.6
Transmittance / Absorptance

0.5

0.4 Azurlite T
Azurlite A
Blue T
0.3 Blue A
Bronze T
0.2 Bronze A
Clear T
Clear A
0.1

0
0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3
Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 11

 Solar Gain Control : the old way & the new way !
Two glazings with the same total solar energy transmittance

g = 0.40, Tvis = 0.14 g= 0.41, Tvis = 0.63

High absorption in the glazing leads to a large secondary thermal
radiation contribution to the total solar energy transmittance
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 12
 Cool glazing configuration: solar control low-e surface located on
Surface 2 - cuts solar heat gain without greatly sacrificing daylight,
yet sunlit glass does not become a radiator !

Key elements:
• (optional) selective tint absorbs solar
near-infrared more than visible light
• spectrally selective low-e coating
suppresses inward heat flow and
reduces near-infrared solar
transmission
• second pane puts convection buffer
between outer pane and building’s
occupants

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 13

Optical properties of cool silver (reflecting
solar control) based coated glass
Interpane Ipasol 66/34 Silver Based Low Emittance Glass
1

0.9
Transmittance / Reflectance

0.8
Rf
0.7 T
High visible transmittance Tv
0.6
Low solar transmittance Ts
0.5

0.4 Low thermal emittance ε ~ 0.03

0.3 U ~ 1.0 W m-2 C-1
0.2

0.1

0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500

Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 14

 Optical properties of Cool silver based
coated glass compared to solar spectrum
1
Reflectance / Transmittance / Normalised Solar Irradiance

0.9

0.8

0.7 Solar
T
0.6
R
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
Wavelength (µm)
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 15
 Comparison of reflecting solar control
glass and hardcoated low-e
1
Reflectance / Transmittance

0.9
T (Tin Oxide) R (Silver)
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
T (Silver)
0.4
R (Tin Oxide)
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500

Wavelength (nm)
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 16
 Scattering Behaviour
• When direct beam radiation is
reflected or transmitted by a
material the reflected
component may be either:

– Specularly reflected (mirror like)

directional-directional (regular)

– Scattered or diffusely reflected

near-normal hemispherical

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 17

 Shading Devices
Mostly used Devices Types
• Venetian Blind
• Fixed slat shading device
• Concertina blind or pleated blind
• Screen or Roller blind
• Lamellas

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 18

 Venetian and fixed slat blind
Slat strip width, s (mm)
Angle, α (°)

Chord width, w (mm)

Crown height, c (mm)

Outdoor Indoor

Radius of curvature, R (mm)

Pitch, p (mm)

Thickness, d (mm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 19

 Shading devices: illustration

Incidence angle 45 degrees

Transmission after
(multiple)
reflections

Incidence angle 0 degrees Regular

transmission

Incidence angle -45 degrees

(groundreflection)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 20

 Incident angle and solar transmission
shortwave transmission venetian blinds slats at 45 degrees
1

total shortwave
0.9
transmission

0.8

0.7

Regular transmission
transmission
0.6 between successive
slats
0.5

0.4

transmission
0.3 after (multiple)
doorlating via (evt. meervoudige)
reflecties
reflection
0.2

0.1

0
-90 -45 0 45 90
Incidence angle

Transmission for ground Transmission for sky

reflected radiation and sun radiation angles
angles

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 21

 Screen or roller blind

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 22

 Mounting possibilities of Blinds
• Blind may be positioned in one of three positions:

– Internal (inside of the glazing)

– External (outside of the glazing)
– Between the glazing panes (Interstitial)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 23

 Ventilated or unventilated Gaps

Tgap_i,out si
Pane Li
or Pane
shading or
Tb_i Tf_I+1 shading
Tgap i
Hi

hcv,i hcv,i

qv,i

Tgap_I,,in

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 24

 Ventilated cavity
ISO DIS 15099

Outlet air temperature, Tgap,i_out

Hi

Air flow ϕv,i

Average air temperature, Tgap,i

Average surface temperature, Tave,i

H0,i

Height h

Inlet air temperature Tgap,i_in

Air temperature Tgap,i (h)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 25

 Solar Protection : Internal Blind
Maximising the Blind solar reflectance
minimises the total solar gain

Blind on the inside of the glazing

Formula and coefficient according to prEN 13363-1 (1998)

g = g(1 −g ρ − α Λ )
total SB SB Λ
2
Where Λ represents the effective heat transfer
through the configuration defined as
Λ= 1 with Λ =18 Wm− 2K −1
(1+ 1 ) 2
U Λ
2
where U is the thermal transmittance, or heat
loss coefficient, of the glazing without the blind
and Λ2 assumes the value 18 W m-2 oK-1.
Glazing Blind
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 26
 Solar Protection : External Blind
Total solar energy transmittance g-value
Blind on the outside of the glazing
Formula and coefficients according to prEN 13363-1 (1998)

Λ Λ
g total = τ B g + α B + τ B (1 − g )
Λ2 Λ1
1
where Λ=
1 1 1
+ +
U Λ1 Λ 3

where Λ1 = 6 W/m2 K; Λ2 = 18 W/m2 K

Blind Glazing
Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 27
 Solar Protection : Interstitial Blinds
(for unventilated air spaces)
Blind in between the glazing
Formula and coefficient according to prEN 13363-1 (1998)

Λ
g total = g τ B + g (α B + (1 − g ) ρ B )
Λ3
1
where Λ=
1 1
+
U Λ3

where Λ3 = 3 W/m2 K

Glazing Blind Glazing

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 28
 Integrated optical properties of blinds

Solar Solar Solar

Types of blinds Reflectance Transmitance Absorptance
ρ _sb τ_sb α_sb
Absorptive Blind 0.05 0.00 0.95
Reflective Blind 0.70 0.01 0.29
Transmissive blind 0.61 0.12 0.27

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 29

 Spectral optical properties of blind
materials Absorptive blinds
Highly Absorbing Blind
100
Reflectance / Transmittance (%)

90 R T

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 30

 Spectral optical properties of blind
materials Reflective blinds
Blind with Low Transmittance
100
Reflectance / Transmittance (%)

90 R T

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 31

 Spectral optical properties of blind
materials: Transmissive blinds
Blind with Finite Transmittance
100
Reflectance / Transmittance (%)

90 R T

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
300 800 1300 1800 2300
Wavelength (nm)

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 32

 Frames and Spacers
Mostly used Frame Types
• Wooden Frame
• Plastic Frame
• Metall Frame
– thermally broken profile
– thermally unbroken profile
• Frames composed of Materialcombinations

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 33

 Glazing Schematic (ignoring the Frame)

Surface 1 2 3 4
Glazing (e.g. Glass)
Gas fill (e.g. Air,
Argon)

Spacer
Seal

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 34

 Categories of Spacer Types

• Aluminium Spacer
• Stainless Steel Spacer
• Synthetic Material Spacer
• Spacer of a combination of different
Materials

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 35

 Examples of Spacer

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 36

 Examples of Ψ-values of Spacers
for common types of glazing spacer bars (e.g. aluminium or steel)

Glazing type
Double or triple glazing
Double or triple
Frame Type low emissivity glass
glazing
(1 pane coated for double glazed)
uncoated glass
(2 panes coated for triple glazed)
air or gas filled
air or gas filled
Wood or PVC 0,06 0,08
Metal with a thermal
0,08 0,11
break
Metal without a thermal
0,02 0,05
break

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 37

 Examples of Ψ-values of Spacers
for glazing spacer bars with improved thermal performance

Glazing type
Double or triple glazing
Double or triple
Frame Type low emissivity glass
glazing
(1 pane coated for double glazed)
uncoated glass
(2 panes coated for triple glazed)
air or gas filled
air or gas filled
Wood or PVC 0,05 0,06
Metal with a thermal
0,06 0,08
break
Metal without a thermal
0,01 0,04
break

Module 2: Window components characteristics / July 2004 / Slide 38