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 Contents vii

3.2 The Method of Images 124

3.2.1 The Classic Image Problem 124
3.2.2 Induced Surface Charge 125
3.2.3 Force and Energy 126
3.2.4 Other Image Problems 127
3.3 Separation of Variables 130
3.3.1 Cartesian Coordinates 131
3.3.2 Spherical Coordinates 141
3.4 Multipole Expansion 151
3.4.1 Approximate Potentials at Large Distances 151
3.4.2 The Monopole and Dipole Terms 154
3.4.3 Origin of Coordinates in Multipole Expansions 157
3.4.4 The Electric Field of a Dipole 158

4 Electric Fields in Matter 167

4.1 Polarization 167
4.1.1 Dielectrics 167
4.1.2 Induced Dipoles 167
4.1.3 Alignment of Polar Molecules 170
4.1.4 Polarization 172
4.2 The Field of a Polarized Object 173
4.2.1 Bound Charges 173
4.2.2 Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges 176
4.2.3 The Field Inside a Dielectric 179
4.3 The Electric Displacement 181
4.3.1 Gauss’s Law in the Presence of Dielectrics 181
4.3.2 A Deceptive Parallel 184
4.3.3 Boundary Conditions 185
4.4 Linear Dielectrics 185
4.4.1 Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant 185
4.4.2 Boundary Value Problems with Linear Dielectrics 192
4.4.3 Energy in Dielectric Systems 197
4.4.4 Forces on Dielectrics 202

5 Magnetostatics 210
5.1 The Lorentz Force Law 210
5.1.1 Magnetic Fields 210
5.1.2 Magnetic Forces 212
5.1.3 Currents 216
5.2 The Biot-Savart Law 223
5.2.1 Steady Currents 223
5.2.2 The Magnetic Field of a Steady Current 224
viii Contents

5.3 The Divergence and Curl of B 229

5.3.1 Straight-Line Currents 229
5.3.2 The Divergence and Curl of B 231
5.3.3 Ampère’s Law 233
5.3.4 Comparison of Magnetostatics and Electrostatics 241
5.4 Magnetic Vector Potential 243
5.4.1 The Vector Potential 243
5.4.2 Boundary Conditions 249
5.4.3 Multipole Expansion of the Vector Potential 252

6 Magnetic Fields in Matter 266

6.1 Magnetization 266
6.1.1 Diamagnets, Paramagnets, Ferromagnets 266
6.1.2 Torques and Forces on Magnetic Dipoles 266
6.1.3 Effect of a Magnetic Field on Atomic Orbits 271
6.1.4 Magnetization 273
6.2 The Field of a Magnetized Object 274
6.2.1 Bound Currents 274
6.2.2 Physical Interpretation of Bound Currents 277
6.2.3 The Magnetic Field Inside Matter 279
6.3 The Auxiliary Field H 279
6.3.1 Ampère’s Law in Magnetized Materials 279
6.3.2 A Deceptive Parallel 283
6.3.3 Boundary Conditions 284
6.4 Linear and Nonlinear Media 284
6.4.1 Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability 284
6.4.2 Ferromagnetism 288

7 Electrodynamics 296
7.1 Electromotive Force 296
7.1.1 Ohm’s Law 296
7.1.2 Electromotive Force 303
7.1.3 Motional emf 305
7.2 Electromagnetic Induction 312
7.2.1 Faraday’s Law 312
7.2.2 The Induced Electric Field 317
7.2.3 Inductance 321
7.2.4 Energy in Magnetic Fields 328
7.3 Maxwell’s Equations 332
7.3.1 Electrodynamics Before Maxwell 332
7.3.2 How Maxwell Fixed Ampère’s Law 334
7.3.3 Maxwell’s Equations 337
 Contents ix

7.3.4 Magnetic Charge 338

7.3.5 Maxwell’s Equations in Matter 340
7.3.6 Boundary Conditions 342

8 Conservation Laws 356

8.1 Charge and Energy 356
8.1.1 The Continuity Equation 356
8.1.2 Poynting’s Theorem 357
8.2 Momentum 360
8.2.1 Newton’s Third Law in Electrodynamics 360
8.2.2 Maxwell’s Stress Tensor 362
8.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 366
8.2.4 Angular Momentum 370
8.3 Magnetic Forces Do No Work 373

9 Electromagnetic Waves 382

9.1 Waves in One Dimension 382
9.1.1 The Wave Equation 382
9.1.2 Sinusoidal Waves 385
9.1.3 Boundary Conditions: Reflection and Transmission 388
9.1.4 Polarization 391
9.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Vacuum 393
9.2.1 The Wave Equation for E and B 393
9.2.2 Monochromatic Plane Waves 394
9.2.3 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves 398
9.3 Electromagnetic Waves in Matter 401
9.3.1 Propagation in Linear Media 401
9.3.2 Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 403
9.3.3 Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence 405
9.4 Absorption and Dispersion 412
9.4.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Conductors 412
9.4.2 Reflection at a Conducting Surface 416
9.4.3 The Frequency Dependence of Permittivity 417
9.5 Guided Waves 425
9.5.1 Wave Guides 425
9.5.2 TE Waves in a Rectangular Wave Guide 428
9.5.3 The Coaxial Transmission Line 431

10 Potentials and Fields 436

10.1 The Potential Formulation 436
10.1.1 Scalar and Vector Potentials 436
10.1.2 Gauge Transformations 439
x Contents

10.1.3 Coulomb Gauge and Lorenz Gauge 440

10.1.4 Lorentz Force Law in Potential Form 442
10.2 Continuous Distributions 444
10.2.1 Retarded Potentials 444
10.2.2 Jefimenko’s Equations 449
10.3 Point Charges 451
10.3.1 Liénard-Wiechert Potentials 451
10.3.2 The Fields of a Moving Point Charge 456

11 Radiation 466
11.1 Dipole Radiation 466
11.1.1 What is Radiation? 466
11.1.2 Electric Dipole Radiation 467
11.1.3 Magnetic Dipole Radiation 473
11.1.4 Radiation from an Arbitrary Source 477
11.2 Point Charges 482
11.2.1 Power Radiated by a Point Charge 482
11.2.2 Radiation Reaction 488
11.2.3 The Mechanism Responsible for the Radiation
Reaction 492

12 Electrodynamics and Relativity 502

12.1 The Special Theory of Relativity 502
12.1.1 Einstein’s Postulates 502
12.1.2 The Geometry of Relativity 508
12.1.3 The Lorentz Transformations 519
12.1.4 The Structure of Spacetime 525
12.2 Relativistic Mechanics 532
12.2.1 Proper Time and Proper Velocity 532
12.2.2 Relativistic Energy and Momentum 535
12.2.3 Relativistic Kinematics 537
12.2.4 Relativistic Dynamics 542
12.3 Relativistic Electrodynamics 550
12.3.1 Magnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon 550
12.3.2 How the Fields Transform 553
12.3.3 The Field Tensor 562
12.3.4 Electrodynamics in Tensor Notation 565
12.3.5 Relativistic Potentials 569

A Vector Calculus in Curvilinear Coordinates 575

A.1 Introduction 575
A.2 Notation 575
 Contents xi

A.3 Gradient 576

A.4 Divergence 577
A.5 Curl 579
A.6 Laplacian 581

B The Helmholtz Theorem 582

C Units 585

Index 589
 Preface

This is a textbook on electricity and magnetism, designed for an undergradu-

ate course at the junior or senior level. It can be covered comfortably in two
semesters, maybe even with room to spare for special topics (AC circuits, nu-
merical methods, plasma physics, transmission lines, antenna theory, etc.) A
one-semester course could reasonably stop after Chapter 7. Unlike quantum me-
chanics or thermal physics (for example), there is a fairly general consensus with
respect to the teaching of electrodynamics; the subjects to be included, and even
their order of presentation, are not particularly controversial, and textbooks differ
mainly in style and tone. My approach is perhaps less formal than most; I think
this makes difficult ideas more interesting and accessible.
For this new edition I have made a large number of small changes, in the in-
terests of clarity and grace. In a few places I have corrected serious errors. I have
added some problems and examples (and removed a few that were not effective).
And I have included more references to the accessible literature (particularly the
American Journal of Physics). I realize, of course, that most readers will not have
the time or inclination to consult these resources, but I think it is worthwhile
anyway, if only to emphasize that electrodynamics, notwithstanding its venerable
age, is very much alive, and intriguing new discoveries are being made all the
time. I hope that occasionally a problem will pique your curiosity, and you will
be inspired to look up the reference—some of them are real gems.
I have maintained three items of unorthodox notation:
• The Cartesian unit vectors are written x̂, ŷ, and ẑ (and, in general, all unit
vectors inherit the letter of the corresponding coordinate).

• The distance from the z axis in cylindrical coordinates is designated by s, to

avoid confusion with r (the distance from the origin, and the radial coordi-
nate in spherical coordinates).
• The script letter r denotes the vector from a source point r to the field point r
(see Figure). Some authors prefer the more explicit (r − r ). But this makes
many equations distractingly cumbersome, especially when the unit vector
r̂ is involved. I realize that unwary readers are tempted to interpret r as r—it
certainly makes the integrals easier! Please take note: r ≡ (r − r ), which is
not the same as r. I think it’s good notation, but it does have to be handled
with care.1

1 In MS Word, r is “Kaufmann font,” but this is very difficult to install in TeX. TeX users can download

xii a pretty good facsimile from my web site.

Preface xiii

z
Source point

dτ⬘
r Field point

r
r⬘
y

As in previous editions, I distinguish two kinds of problems. Some have a

specific pedagogical purpose, and should be worked immediately after reading
the section to which they pertain; these I have placed at the pertinent point within
the chapter. (In a few cases the solution to a problem is used later in the text;
these are indicated by a bullet (•) in the left margin.) Longer problems, or those
of a more general nature, will be found at the end of each chapter. When I teach
the subject, I assign some of these, and work a few of them in class. Unusually
challenging problems are flagged by an exclamation point (!) in the margin. Many
readers have asked that the answers to problems be provided at the back of the
book; unfortunately, just as many are strenuously opposed. I have compromised,
supplying answers when this seems particularly appropriate. A complete solution
manual is available (to instructors) from the publisher; go to the Pearson web site
to order a copy.
I have benefitted from the comments of many colleagues. I cannot list them
all here, but I would like to thank the following people for especially useful con-
tributions to this edition: Burton Brody (Bard), Catherine Crouch (Swarthmore),
Joel Franklin (Reed), Ted Jacobson (Maryland), Don Koks (Adelaide), Charles
Lane (Berry), Kirk McDonald2 (Princeton), Jim McTavish (Liverpool), Rich
Saenz (Cal Poly), Darrel Schroeter (Reed), Herschel Snodgrass (Lewis and
Clark), and Larry Tankersley (Naval Academy). Practically everything I know
about electrodynamics—certainly about teaching electrodynamics—I owe to
Edward Purcell.

David J. Griffiths

2 Kirk’sweb site, http://www.hep.princeton.edu/∼mcdonald/examples/, is a fantastic resource, with

clever explanations, nifty problems, and useful references.
 Advertisement

WHAT IS ELECTRODYNAMICS, AND HOW DOES IT FIT INTO THE

GENERAL SCHEME OF PHYSICS?

Four Realms of Mechanics

In the diagram below, I have sketched out the four great realms of mechanics:

Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics

(Newton) (Bohr, Heisenberg,
Schrödinger, et al.)
Special Relativity Quantum Field Theory
(Einstein) (Dirac, Pauli, Feynman,
Schwinger, et al.)

Newtonian mechanics is adequate for most purposes in “everyday life,” but for
objects moving at high speeds (near the speed of light) it is incorrect, and must
be replaced by special relativity (introduced by Einstein in 1905); for objects that
are extremely small (near the size of atoms) it fails for different reasons, and is
superseded by quantum mechanics (developed by Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg,
and many others, in the 1920’s, mostly). For objects that are both very fast and
very small (as is common in modern particle physics), a mechanics that com-
bines relativity and quantum principles is in order; this relativistic quantum me-
chanics is known as quantum field theory—it was worked out in the thirties and
forties, but even today it cannot claim to be a completely satisfactory system.
In this book, save for the last chapter, we shall work exclusively in the domain
of classical mechanics, although electrodynamics extends with unique simplic-
ity to the other three realms. (In fact, the theory is in most respects automat-
ically consistent with special relativity, for which it was, historically, the main
stimulus.)

Four Kinds of Forces

Mechanics tells us how a system will behave when subjected to a given force.
There are just four basic forces known (presently) to physics: I list them in the
order of decreasing strength:

xiv
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1. Strong
2. Electromagnetic
3. Weak
4. Gravitational

The brevity of this list may surprise you. Where is friction? Where is the “normal”
force that keeps you from falling through the floor? Where are the chemical forces
that bind molecules together? Where is the force of impact between two colliding
billiard balls? The answer is that all these forces are electromagnetic. Indeed,
it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that we live in an electromagnetic world—
virtually every force we experience in everyday life, with the exception of gravity,
is electromagnetic in origin.
The strong forces, which hold protons and neutrons together in the atomic nu-
cleus, have extremely short range, so we do not “feel” them, in spite of the fact that
they are a hundred times more powerful than electrical forces. The weak forces,
which account for certain kinds of radioactive decay, are also of short range, and
they are far weaker than electromagnetic forces. As for gravity, it is so pitifully
feeble (compared to all of the others) that it is only by virtue of huge mass con-
centrations (like the earth and the sun) that we ever notice it at all. The electrical
repulsion between two electrons is 1042 times as large as their gravitational at-
traction, and if atoms were held together by gravitational (instead of electrical)
forces, a single hydrogen atom would be much larger than the known universe.
Not only are electromagnetic forces overwhelmingly dominant in everyday
life, they are also, at present, the only ones that are completely understood. There
is, of course, a classical theory of gravity (Newton’s law of universal gravitation)
and a relativistic one (Einstein’s general relativity), but no entirely satisfactory
quantum mechanical theory of gravity has been constructed (though many people
are working on it). At the present time there is a very successful (if cumbersome)
theory for the weak interactions, and a strikingly attractive candidate (called chro-
modynamics) for the strong interactions. All these theories draw their inspiration
from electrodynamics; none can claim conclusive experimental verification at this
stage. So electrodynamics, a beautifully complete and successful theory, has be-
come a kind of paradigm for physicists: an ideal model that other theories emulate.
The laws of classical electrodynamics were discovered in bits and pieces by
Franklin, Coulomb, Ampère, Faraday, and others, but the person who completed
the job, and packaged it all in the compact and consistent form it has today, was
James Clerk Maxwell. The theory is now about 150 years old.

The Unification of Physical Theories

In the beginning, electricity and magnetism were entirely separate subjects. The
one dealt with glass rods and cat’s fur, pith balls, batteries, currents, electrolysis,
and lightning; the other with bar magnets, iron filings, compass needles, and the
North Pole. But in 1820 Oersted noticed that an electric current could deflect
xvi Advertisement

a magnetic compass needle. Soon afterward, Ampère correctly postulated that

all magnetic phenomena are due to electric charges in motion. Then, in 1831,
Faraday discovered that a moving magnet generates an electric current. By the
time Maxwell and Lorentz put the finishing touches on the theory, electricity and
magnetism were inextricably intertwined. They could no longer be regarded as
separate subjects, but rather as two aspects of a single subject: electromagnetism.
Faraday speculated that light, too, is electrical in nature. Maxwell’s theory pro-
vided spectacular justification for this hypothesis, and soon optics—the study
of lenses, mirrors, prisms, interference, and diffraction—was incorporated into
electromagnetism. Hertz, who presented the decisive experimental confirmation
for Maxwell’s theory in 1888, put it this way: “The connection between light
and electricity is now established . . . In every flame, in every luminous parti-
cle, we see an electrical process . . . Thus, the domain of electricity extends over
the whole of nature. It even affects ourselves intimately: we perceive that we
possess . . . an electrical organ—the eye.” By 1900, then, three great branches of
physics–electricity, magnetism, and optics–had merged into a single unified the-
ory. (And it was soon apparent that visible light represents only a tiny “window”
in the vast spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, from radio through microwaves,
infrared and ultraviolet, to x-rays and gamma rays.)
Einstein dreamed of a further unification, which would combine gravity and
electrodynamics, in much the same way as electricity and magnetism had been
combined a century earlier. His unified field theory was not particularly success-
ful, but in recent years the same impulse has spawned a hierarchy of increasingly
ambitious (and speculative) unification schemes, beginning in the 1960s with the
electroweak theory of Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam (which joins the weak and
electromagnetic forces), and culminating in the 1980s with the superstring the-
ory (which, according to its proponents, incorporates all four forces in a single
“theory of everything”). At each step in this hierarchy, the mathematical difficul-
ties mount, and the gap between inspired conjecture and experimental test widens;
nevertheless, it is clear that the unification of forces initiated by electrodynamics
has become a major theme in the progress of physics.

The Field Formulation of Electrodynamics

The fundamental problem a theory of electromagnetism hopes to solve is this: I
hold up a bunch of electric charges here (and maybe shake them around); what
happens to some other charge, over there? The classical solution takes the form
of a field theory: We say that the space around an electric charge is permeated
by electric and magnetic fields (the electromagnetic “odor,” as it were, of the
charge). A second charge, in the presence of these fields, experiences a force; the
fields, then, transmit the influence from one charge to the other—they “mediate”
the interaction.
When a charge undergoes acceleration, a portion of the field “detaches” itself,
in a sense, and travels off at the speed of light, carrying with it energy, momen-
tum, and angular momentum. We call this electromagnetic radiation. Its exis-
Advertisement xvii

tence invites (if not compels) us to regard the fields as independent dynamical
entities in their own right, every bit as “real” as atoms or baseballs. Our interest
accordingly shifts from the study of forces between charges to the theory of the
fields themselves. But it takes a charge to produce an electromagnetic field, and it
takes another charge to detect one, so we had best begin by reviewing the essential
properties of electric charge.

Electric Charge
1. Charge comes in two varieties, which we call “plus” and “minus,” because
their effects tend to cancel (if you have +q and −q at the same point, electrically
it is the same as having no charge there at all). This may seem too obvious to
warrant comment, but I encourage you to contemplate other possibilities: what if
there were 8 or 10 different species of charge? (In chromodynamics there are, in
fact, three quantities analogous to electric charge, each of which may be positive
or negative.) Or what if the two kinds did not tend to cancel? The extraordinary
fact is that plus and minus charges occur in exactly equal amounts, to fantastic
precision, in bulk matter, so that their effects are almost completely neutralized.
Were it not for this, we would be subjected to enormous forces: a potato would
explode violently if the cancellation were imperfect by as little as one part in 1010 .

2. Charge is conserved: it cannot be created or destroyed—what there is now has

always been. (A plus charge can “annihilate” an equal minus charge, but a plus
charge cannot simply disappear by itself—something must pick up that electric
charge.) So the total charge of the universe is fixed for all time. This is called
global conservation of charge. Actually, I can say something much stronger:
Global conservation would allow for a charge to disappear in New York and
instantly reappear in San Francisco (that wouldn’t affect the total), and yet we
know this doesn’t happen. If the charge was in New York and it went to San Fran-
cisco, then it must have passed along some continuous path from one to the other.
This is called local conservation of charge. Later on we’ll see how to formulate a
precise mathematical law expressing local conservation of charge—it’s called the
continuity equation.

3. Charge is quantized. Although nothing in classical electrodynamics requires

that it be so, the fact is that electric charge comes only in discrete lumps—integer
multiples of the basic unit of charge. If we call the charge on the proton +e,
then the electron carries charge −e; the neutron charge zero; the pi mesons +e,
0, and −e; the carbon nucleus +6e; and so on (never 7.392e, or even 1/2e).3
This fundamental unit of charge is extremely small, so for practical purposes it
is usually appropriate to ignore quantization altogether. Water, too, “really” con-
sists of discrete lumps (molecules); yet, if we are dealing with reasonably large
3 Actually, protons and neutrons are composed of three quarks, which carry fractional charges (± 23 e
and ± 13 e). However, free quarks do not appear to exist in nature, and in any event, this does not alter
the fact that charge is quantized; it merely reduces the size of the basic unit.
xviii Advertisement

quantities of it we can treat it as a continuous fluid. This is in fact much closer to

Maxwell’s own view; he knew nothing of electrons and protons—he must have
pictured charge as a kind of “jelly” that could be divided up into portions of any
size and smeared out at will.

Units
The subject of electrodynamics is plagued by competing systems of units, which
sometimes render it difficult for physicists to communicate with one another. The
problem is far worse than in mechanics, where Neanderthals still speak of pounds
and feet; in mechanics, at least all equations look the same, regardless of the units
used to measure quantities. Newton’s second law remains F = ma, whether it is
feet-pounds-seconds, kilograms-meters-seconds, or whatever. But this is not so in
electromagnetism, where Coulomb’s law may appear variously as
q1 q2 1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
F= r̂ (Gaussian), or F = r̂ (SI), or F = r̂ (HL).
r
2 4π 0 r 2 4π r2
Of the systems in common use, the two most popular are Gaussian (cgs) and SI
(mks). Elementary particle theorists favor yet a third system: Heaviside-Lorentz.
Although Gaussian units offer distinct theoretical advantages, most undergradu-
ate instructors seem to prefer SI, I suppose because they incorporate the familiar
household units (volts, amperes, and watts). In this book, therefore, I have used
SI units. Appendix C provides a “dictionary” for converting the main results into
Gaussian units.
CHAPTER

1 Vector Analysis

1.1 VECTOR ALGEBRA

1.1.1 Vector Operations

If you walk 4 miles due north and then 3 miles due east (Fig. 1.1), you will have
gone a total of 7 miles, but you’re not 7 miles from where you set out—you’re
only 5. We need an arithmetic to describe quantities like this, which evidently do
not add in the ordinary way. The reason they don’t, of course, is that displace-
ments (straight line segments going from one point to another) have direction
as well as magnitude (length), and it is essential to take both into account when
you combine them. Such objects are called vectors: velocity, acceleration, force
and momentum are other examples. By contrast, quantities that have magnitude
but no direction are called scalars: examples include mass, charge, density, and
temperature.
I shall use boldface (A, B, and so on) for vectors and ordinary type for scalars.
The magnitude of a vector A is written |A| or, more simply, A. In diagrams, vec-
tors are denoted by arrows: the length of the arrow is proportional to the magni-
tude of the vector, and the arrowhead indicates its direction. Minus A (−A) is a
vector with the same magnitude as A but of opposite direction (Fig. 1.2). Note that
vectors have magnitude and direction but not location: a displacement of 4 miles
due north from Washington is represented by the same vector as a displacement 4
miles north from Baltimore (neglecting, of course, the curvature of the earth). On
a diagram, therefore, you can slide the arrow around at will, as long as you don’t
change its length or direction.
We define four vector operations: addition and three kinds of multiplication.

3 mi

4
mi 5 mi
A −A

FIGURE 1.1 FIGURE 1.2

1
2 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

B −B

A (A+B) (B+A) A (A−B) A

FIGURE 1.3 FIGURE 1.4

(i) Addition of two vectors. Place the tail of B at the head of A; the sum,
A + B, is the vector from the tail of A to the head of B (Fig. 1.3). (This rule
generalizes the obvious procedure for combining two displacements.) Addition is
commutative:
A + B = B + A;
3 miles east followed by 4 miles north gets you to the same place as 4 miles north
followed by 3 miles east. Addition is also associative:
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
To subtract a vector, add its opposite (Fig. 1.4):
A − B = A + (−B).
(ii) Multiplication by a scalar. Multiplication of a vector by a positive scalar
a multiplies the magnitude but leaves the direction unchanged (Fig. 1.5). (If a is
negative, the direction is reversed.) Scalar multiplication is distributive:
a(A + B) = aA + aB.
(iii) Dot product of two vectors. The dot product of two vectors is defined by
A · B ≡ AB cos θ, (1.1)
where θ is the angle they form when placed tail-to-tail (Fig. 1.6). Note that A · B
is itself a scalar (hence the alternative name scalar product). The dot product is
commutative,
A · B = B · A,
and distributive,
A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C. (1.2)
Geometrically, A · B is the product of A times the projection of B along A (or
the product of B times the projection of A along B). If the two vectors are parallel,
then A · B = AB. In particular, for any vector A,
A · A = A2 . (1.3)
If A and B are perpendicular, then A · B = 0.
1.1 Vector Algebra 3

2A
A

A θ
B

FIGURE 1.5 FIGURE 1.6

Example 1.1. Let C = A − B (Fig. 1.7), and calculate the dot product of C with
itself.
Solution

C · C = (A − B) · (A − B) = A · A − A · B − B · A + B · B,

or

C 2 = A2 + B 2 − 2AB cos θ.

This is the law of cosines.

(iv) Cross product of two vectors. The cross product of two vectors is de-
fined by

A × B ≡ AB sin θ n̂, (1.4)

where n̂ is a unit vector (vector of magnitude 1) pointing perpendicular to the

plane of A and B. (I shall use a hat ( ˆ ) to denote unit vectors.) Of course, there
are two directions perpendicular to any plane: “in” and “out.” The ambiguity is
resolved by the right-hand rule: let your fingers point in the direction of the first
vector and curl around (via the smaller angle) toward the second; then your thumb
indicates the direction of n̂. (In Fig. 1.8, A × B points into the page; B × A points
out of the page.) Note that A × B is itself a vector (hence the alternative name
vector product). The cross product is distributive,

A × (B + C) = (A × B) + (A × C), (1.5)

but not commutative. In fact,

(B × A) = −(A × B). (1.6)

4 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

A C A

θ θ
B B

FIGURE 1.7 FIGURE 1.8

Geometrically, |A × B| is the area of the parallelogram generated by A and B

(Fig. 1.8). If two vectors are parallel, their cross product is zero. In particular,

A×A=0

for any vector A. (Here 0 is the zero vector, with magnitude 0.)

Problem 1.1 Using the definitions in Eqs. 1.1 and 1.4, and appropriate diagrams,
show that the dot product and cross product are distributive,
a) when the three vectors are coplanar;
! b) in the general case.

Problem 1.2 Is the cross product associative?

?
(A × B) × C = A × (B × C).

If so, prove it; if not, provide a counterexample (the simpler the better).

1.1.2 Vector Algebra: Component Form

In the previous section, I defined the four vector operations (addition, scalar mul-
tiplication, dot product, and cross product) in “abstract” form—that is, without
reference to any particular coordinate system. In practice, it is often easier to set
up Cartesian coordinates x, y, z and work with vector components. Let x̂, ŷ, and
ẑ be unit vectors parallel to the x, y, and z axes, respectively (Fig. 1.9(a)). An
arbitrary vector A can be expanded in terms of these basis vectors (Fig. 1.9(b)):

z z

A
z Azz
x Ax x
y y y

x (a) x Ayy (b)

FIGURE 1.9
1.1 Vector Algebra 5

A = A x x̂ + A y ŷ + A z ẑ.

The numbers A x , A y , and A z , are the “components” of A; geometrically, they

are the projections of A along the three coordinate axes (A x = A · x̂, A y = A · ŷ,
A z = A · ẑ). We can now reformulate each of the four vector operations as a rule
for manipulating components:

A + B = (A x x̂ + A y ŷ + A z ẑ) + (Bx x̂ + B y ŷ + Bz ẑ)

= (A x + Bx )x̂ + (A y + B y )ŷ + (A z + Bz )ẑ. (1.7)

Rule (i): To add vectors, add like components.

aA = (a A x )x̂ + (a A y )ŷ + (a A z )ẑ. (1.8)

Rule (ii): To multiply by a scalar, multiply each component.

Because x̂, ŷ, and ẑ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors,

x̂ · x̂ = ŷ · ŷ = ẑ · ẑ = 1; x̂ · ŷ = x̂ · ẑ = ŷ · ẑ = 0. (1.9)

Accordingly,

A · B = (A x x̂ + A y ŷ + A z ẑ) · (Bx x̂ + B y ŷ + Bz ẑ)

= A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz . (1.10)

Rule (iii): To calculate the dot product, multiply like components, and add.
In particular,

A · A = A2x + A2y + A2z ,

so

A= A2x + A2y + A2z . (1.11)

(This is, if you like, the three-dimensional generalization of the Pythagorean

theorem.)
Similarly,1
x̂ × x̂ = ŷ × ŷ = ẑ × ẑ = 0,
x̂ × ŷ = −ŷ × x̂ = ẑ,
ŷ × ẑ = −ẑ × ŷ = x̂,
ẑ × x̂ = −x̂ × ẑ = ŷ. (1.12)
1 These signs pertain to a right-handed coordinate system (x-axis out of the page, y-axis to the right,
z-axis up, or any rotated version thereof). In a left-handed system (z-axis down), the signs would be
reversed: x̂ × ŷ = −ẑ, and so on. We shall use right-handed systems exclusively.
6 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Therefore,
A × B = (A x x̂ + A y ŷ + A z ẑ) × (Bx x̂ + B y ŷ + Bz ẑ) (1.13)
= (A y Bz − A z B y )x̂ + (A z Bx − A x Bz )ŷ + (A x B y − A y Bx )ẑ.
This cumbersome expression can be written more neatly as a determinant:
 
 x̂ ŷ ẑ 

A × B =  A x A y A z  . (1.14)
 B x B y Bz 

Rule (iv): To calculate the cross product, form the determinant whose first row
is x̂, ŷ, ẑ, whose second row is A (in component form), and whose third row is B.

Example 1.2. Find the angle between the face diagonals of a cube.
Solution
We might as well use a cube of side 1, and place it as shown in Fig. 1.10, with
one corner at the origin. The face diagonals A and B are
A = 1 x̂ + 0 ŷ + 1 ẑ; B = 0 x̂ + 1 ŷ + 1 ẑ.

z
(0, 0, 1)
B

θ
A (0, 1, 0)
y

x (1, 0, 0)

FIGURE 1.10

So, in component form,

A · B = 1 · 0 + 0 · 1 + 1 · 1 = 1.
On the other hand, in “abstract” form,
√ √
A · B = AB cos θ = 2 2 cos θ = 2 cos θ.
Therefore,
cos θ = 1/2, or θ = 60◦ .
Of course, you can get the answer more easily by drawing in a diagonal across
the top of the cube, completing the equilateral triangle. But in cases where the
geometry is not so simple, this device of comparing the abstract and component
forms of the dot product can be a very efficient means of finding angles.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
The Clerk’s Tale.
This Sompnour in his styrop up he stood,
Upon the Frere his herte was so wood mad
That lyk an aspen leef he quok for ire. quaked
Lordyngs, quod he, but oon thing I desire;
I yow biseke that of your curtesye,
Syn ye han herd this false Frere lye,
As suffrith me, I may my tale telle. pray suffer
This Frere bosteth that he knowith helle,
And God it wot, that is but litel wonder,[134]
Freres and feendes been but litel asonder.[135]

Sir Clerk of Oxenford, our hoste sayde, Oxford

Ye ryde as stille and coy as doth a mayde[136]
Were newe spoused, syttyng at the bord;[137]
This day ne herde I of your mouth a word.
I trow ye study aboute som sophyme. sophism
But Salomon saith, everythyng hath tyme.
For Goddis sake as beth of better cheere, be
It is no tyme for to stodye hiere. study

Up in his stirrups did the Summoner start,

For with this Friar such rage was in his heart,
That like an aspen-leaf he shook for ire.
“Lordings,” cried he, “but one thing I desire,
And I beseech you of your courtesy,
Since you have heard this falsest Friar lie,
Suffer me, pray, my story now to tell.
This Friar boasts of how he knoweth hell;
Heav’n knows, that if he does it is no wonder,
For fiends and Friars are not far asunder.”

“Sir Clerk of Oxford,” then our landlord said

“You ride as shy and quiet as a maid
Newly espous’d, who sits beside the board;
All da e ha e not had f om o a o d
 All day we have not had from you a word.
I guess, some subtle lore you’re studying.
But Solomon says there’s time for everything.
Prithee, rouse up, and be of better cheer,
It is no time for your deep studies here.
“Do not give us a sermon, or something so learned that we cannot
understand it.
 Spekith so playn at this tyme, we yow praye,
That we may understonde that ye saye.

“Speak to us very plainly, now, we pray,

That we may understand the whole you say.”

This worthy Clerk answered pleasantly, “Host, I am under your

orders, so I will obey you, and tell you a tale which I learned at
Padua, of a worthy clerk, who has been proved by his words and
work.

He is now deed and nayled in his chest, coffin

Now God yive his soule wel good rest! give
Fraunces Petrark,[138] the laureat poete,
Highte this clerk, whos rethorique swete was named
Enlumynd al Ytail of poetrie, Italy
As Linian[139] did of philosophie,
Or lawue, or other art particulere; law
But deth, that wol not suffre us duellen here,
But as it were a twyncling of an ye, eye
Hem bothe hath slayn, and alle schul we dye.

“Now he is dead, and nailéd in his chest,

I pray to God to give his spirit rest!
Francis Petrarch, the poet laureate,
This clerk was call’d, whose rhetoric sweet did late
Illume all Italy with poetry,
As Linian did with his philosophy,
And law, and other noble arts as well;
But death, that will not suffer us here to dwell,
But, as it were, a twinkling of an eye,
Hath slain them both, and we, too, all shall die.”
 Part I.

T O the west of Italy there is a territory called Saluces,[140] which

once belonged to a marquis very much beloved by all his people.
They all obeyed and respected him, both lords and commoners, and
he was very happy.
Besides, he was the noblest born of any one in Lombardy—
handsome, and strong, and young—courteous to all, and discreet
enough, except in some things where he was not quite perfect! and
his name was Walter.
The worst fault of him was the careless sort of life he led. He did
nothing but hunt, and hawk, and amuse himself, instead of
attending to more serious duties. This made his people very sorry,
and they thought if Walter had a wife he would get more steady, and
not waste his time so sadly.
One day all his people went in a great crowd to see him; and the
wisest one among them said—“O noble marquis, your goodness
gives us courage to come to you and tell you what we want. Do not
be angry, but deign to listen to us, for we all love you. The only
thing needed to make us quite happy is for you to marry. We pray
you, then, to let us find you a nice wife, and we will choose the
noblest and best in the land.”
Walter listened, and then answered—“My dear people, you know I
am very comfortable as I am, and enjoy my liberty: I don’t want a
wife. But if it makes you any happier, I will try and get one as soon
as I can. As for choosing me one, pray don’t take so much trouble. I
would much rather do that for myself. Only remember that when I
am married, you must always show the greatest honour and respect
to whoever she may be. For since I consent to give up my freedom
to please you, you must not find fault with any one whom I choose.”
All the people promised they would be quite content with any wife
he liked, for they were so much afraid he would not marry at all if
they didn’t.
Then, to make quite sure, they begged him to fix exactly the day
when the wedding should take place, and he did so, promising to
get everything ready, according to their request. And the people
thanked him on their knees and went away.

Part II.

N OW, near the marquis’s palace, there was a village in which

dwelt a poor man—poorer than the poorest of his neighbours.
His name was Janicula, and he had a young daughter who was fair
enough to see, called Griselda.
But, in beauty of mind, Griselda was the fairest maiden under the
sun. She had been brought up very humbly, and more often drank
water than wine, and she worked so hard that she was never idle.
But though this mayden tender were of age,
Yet in the brest of her virginité breast,
girlhood
Ther was enclosed rype and sad corrage;[141] mature,
serious
And in gret reverence and charité love
Hir olde pore fader fostered sche;
A fewe scheep spynnyng on the feld sche kepte, field
Sche nolde not ben ydel til sche slepte. would not be

And when sche hom-ward com, sche wolde brynge came, bring
Wortis or other herbis tymes ofte, worts
The which sche schred and seth for her lyvynge, chop, boil,
living
And made hir bed ful hard, and nothing softe.
And ay sche kept hir fadres lif on lofte ever,
supported
With every obeissance and diligence,
That child may do to fadres reverence. father’s

But though this maiden was as yet so young,

Under her girlish innocence there lay
A brave and serious spirit, ever strong;
And with good heart she laboured day by day
To tend and help her father, poor and grey.
Some sheep while spinning in the fields she kept,
For never was she idle till she slept.

And she would often, as she homeward sped,

Bring with her herbs and cresses gathered there,
Which for a meal she fain would seethe and shred.
Hard was her bed and frugal was her fare,
Keeping her father with untiring care,
And all obedience, and all diligence
That child can gi e to filial e e ence
That child can give to filial reverence.
On this poor hard-working Griselda, the marquis Walter had often
cast his eyes when he happened to pass her while hunting. And
when he looked at her it was with no foolish thoughts, but with
serious admiration for her virtue. He had never seen any one so
young who was so good, and he made up his mind if ever he
married anybody he would marry her.
So, after the people’s visit, according to his promise to them, Walter
began to prepare beautiful dresses and jewels, brooches and rings
of gold, and everything proper for a great lady. And the wedding-day
arrived, but no one had seen any bride, or could think where she
was to come from!
At last all the feast was ready, all the palace beautifully adorned,
upstairs and downstairs—hall and chambers. The noble guests
arrived who were bidden to the wedding—lords and ladies richly
arrayed—and still there was no bride!
The marquis made them all follow him into the village, to the sound
of music.
Now, Griselda, who knew nothing of all this, went that morning to
fetch water from the well; and she heard say that this was to be the
marquis’s wedding-day.
So she hastened home, and thought to herself she would get
through her work as fast as she could, and try to see something of
the sight.
“I will stand with the other girls at the door,” she said to herself
innocently, “and I shall see the new marchioness, if she passes by
this way to the castle.”
Just as she crossed the door, the marquis came up, and called her.
Griselda set down her water-cans beside the door in an ox’s stall,
[142] and, dropping on her knees,[143] waited for the great lord to
speak.
The marquis said gravely, “Where is thy father, Griselda?” and
Griselda answered humbly, “He is all ready here,” and hurried in to
fetch him.
Then the marquis took the poor man by the hand, saying, “Janicula,
I shall no longer hide the wish of my heart. If you will consent, I will
take your daughter for my wife before I leave this house. I know you
love me, and are my faithful liegeman. Tell me, then, whether you
will have me for your son-in-law.”
This sudden offer so astonished the poor man that he grew all red,
and abashed, and trembling. He could say nothing but—“My lord, it
is not for me to gainsay your lordship. Whatever my lord wishes.”

Yit wol I, quod this markys softely, yet

That in thy chambre, I and thou and sche
Have a collacioun, and wostow why? meeting, knowest thou
For I wol aske if that it hir wille be
To be my wyf, and reule hir after me; according to
And al this schal be doon in thy presence, done
I wol nought speke out of thyn audience. hearing

“Yet,” said the marquis, softly, “fain would I

That in thy chamber I and thou and she
Confer together—dost thou wonder why?
For I would ask her whether she will be
My wife—and rule herself to pleasure me;
And in thy presence all things shall be said:
Behind thy back no contract shall be made.”

And while the three were talking in the chamber all the people came
into the house without,[144] and wondered among themselves how
carefully and kindly she kept her father. But poor Griselda, who had
never seen such a sight before, looked quite pale. She was not used
to such grand visitors.

Larger Image

GRISELDA’S MARRIAGE
‘This is ynough, Grisilde myn, quod he.’

This is what the marquis said to her.

“Griselda, it pleases your father and me that I should marry you, and
I suppose you will not be unwilling.[145] But first I must ask you,
since it is to be done in such a hurry, will you say yes now, or will
you think it over? Are you ready to obey me in all things when you
are my wife, whether I am kind to you or not? and never to say no
when I say yes—either by word or by frowns? Swear that, and I will
swear to marry you.”
Wondering at all this, and trembling with fear, Griselda answered—
“My lord, I am quite unworthy of the great honour you offer me; but
whatever my lord wishes I will consent to. And I will swear never, so
far as I know, to disobey you—not even if you wish to kill me,
though I don’t want to die.”
“That is enough, my Griselda,” said Walter, and he went gravely out
at the door, and showed her to the people. “This is my wife, who
stands here,” he said: “honour and love her, whoever loves me.”
Then, so that she might not enter his castle in her poor gown, he
bade all the gentlewomen robe her at once in beautiful clothes; and
though these smart ladies did not much like touching the old clothes
she had on, still they stript them all off her, and clad her all new and
splendidly, from head to foot.
Then they combed and dressed her hair, which was quite loose and
disarranged, and with their delicate fingers they placed a crown on
her head, and covered her with jewels, great and small. They hardly
knew her, so beautiful she looked when she was thus richly attired.
The marquis put a ring on her finger, which he had brought on
purpose, and set her on a snow-white horse; and she was
conducted, with great rejoicings, to the palace, where the day was
spent in feasting and merriment till the sun set.[146]
In short, heaven so favoured the new marchioness, that in a little
time you would never have guessed she was of so humble birth; she
might have been brought up in an emperor’s hall, and not in a hut
with oxen. The people who had known her from her childhood could
hardly believe she was Janicle’s daughter, she was so changed for
the better.
Moreover, her virtue and gentle dignity made her beloved by
everybody, so that her fame was spread throughout all the country,
and people even took long journeys to come and look upon her.
Walter had not a fault to find with her. She made him happy by her
excellence and her wifely homeliness, just as she made the people
happy by her kindness and cleverness in redressing their wrongs.

Part III.

G RISELDA had a little girl at last, which was a great joy to them
both, and to all the people. But Walter had a great longing to
put his wife to the test—to see whether she was really as meek and
patient and submissive as she seemed.
I know not why he wanted to do this, for he had often tried her in
little ways before, and had found her perfect; and for my part I think
it is a cruel deed to grieve and torment a wife who does not deserve
it, for the sake of needless proof.
However, Walter did as follows. One night, while the baby was still
very young, he came to her, looking stern and troubled; she was all
alone, and he said, “Griselda, you have not forgotten the day when I
took you out of your poor home. Well, although you are very dear to
me, to my people you are not dear; they feel it a great shame to be
the subjects of one who came of such mean rank. And since thy
daughter was born they have murmured so greatly that I cannot
disregard them, so I must do with the baby as the people choose, if
I want to live in peace with them all. Yet what I must do is much
against my will, and I will not do it without your consent; but I pray
you to show me now how patient you can be, even as you swore to
be, on our marriage day.”
When Griselda heard this she did not know that it was all untrue,
and she said calmly, “My lord, all shall be as you will. My child and I,
we are both yours, living or dying. Do as you choose. For my part,
there is nothing I fear to lose, but you.”
The marquis was overjoyed to hear that, but he concealed his
pleasure, and kept a very stern and sad face, and presently
departed.
He went to a man, to whom he gave certain directions how to act;
then he sent the man to Griselda.
This man was a sergeant,[147] the trusted servant of the marquis,
and he stalked into Griselda’s chamber. “Madam,” he said, “you must
forgive me if I do what I am compelled to by my lord. This child I
am ordered to take away,” and the man made as though he would
kill it at once.
Suspecious was the defame of this man, ill-fame
Suspect his face, suspect his word also,
Suspect the tyme in which he this bigan.
Allas! hir doughter, that she lovede so,
Sche wende he wold han slayen it right tho; believed, then
But natheles sche neyther weep ne sikede, nevertheless,
sighed
Conformyng hir to that the marquis likede.

But atte laste speke sche bigan, to speak

And mekely sche to the sergeant preyde,
So as he was a worthy gentil man,
That she moste kisse hir child er that it deyde. might
And in hir barm[148] this litel child sche leyde, lap
With ful sad face, and gan the child to blesse,
And lullyd it, and after gan it kesse. began, kiss

Suspicious of repute was this stern man,

Suspicious in his look, and speech also,
So was the time when he the deed began.
Alas! her baby, that she lovëd so,
Would he destroy it ere he turned to go?—
And yet she did not weep, she was resign’d
To all the wishes of her master’s mind.

To say a few meek words she then began,

And for one boon she pitifully pray’d,
That as he was a kind and worthy man
She might but kiss her baby ere it died.
And in her lap the little child she laid,
With mournful face, and did the baby bless,
And lull’d it with how many a soft caress!
And then she said, in her gentle voice, “Farewell, my child; I shall
never see thee again; but since I have marked thee with the cross,
may He who died for us all bless thee! To him, little child, I give thy
soul, for this night thou shalt die for my sake.”
Truly, even to a nurse, this would have been hard to bear, but to a
mother how far more grievous! Still she was so firm and brave that
she soon gave up the baby to the sergeant, saying, “Take the little,
tiny maid, and go, do my lord’s command. But one thing I pray you,
that when it is dead you will bury the little body in some place where
birds and beasts will not mangle it.”
The sergeant would not promise her even that, but carried the child
off with him.[149]
He took the babe to the marquis, and told him exactly all that
Griselda had said. The marquis certainly showed some little feeling
and regret; yet he kept to his purpose, as men will when they are
determined. He then bade the sergeant wrap up the child softly and
tenderly, and carry it in secret, in a box or the skirt of a garment, to
Bologna, where dwelt his sister, Countess of Panik.[150] She would
foster it kindly; but whom the child belonged to was to be kept from
all men’s knowledge.
The sergeant did as he was commanded, and the marquis watched
his wife to see if there should be any rebellion in her manner. But
she did not change. She was always kind, and loving, and serious,
and as busy and humble as ever. Not a word she spoke of the poor
baby.

Part IV.

A FEW years afterwards, Griselda had another child—a little boy.

This was still more joy to the people and to Walter than the
other baby, because it was the heir.
When the babe was two years old, the marquis took it into his head
to tempt again his poor wife. Ah! how needless to torture her! but
married men care for no limits when they find a patient wife!
“Wife,” said the marquis, “I have told you how discontented are the
people with our marriage; and since the boy’s birth their anger has
been greater. Their murmuring destroys all my comfort and courage.
They grumble, because when I am dead the blood of Janicle shall
succeed to my heritage; and I cannot disregard the words they say!
So I think I will serve him as I served his sister; but do not suddenly
fly out with grief. Be patient, I beg of you, and command your
feelings.”
Griselda answered, sadly and calmly, when she heard this—
 I have, quod sche, sayd thus, and ever schal,
I wol no thing, ne nil no thing certayn, will not
But as yow list: nought greveth me at al, please
Though that my doughter and my sone be slayn
At your comaundement: this is to sayn, say
I have not had no part of children twayne,
But first syknes, and after wo and payne. sickness

Ye ben oure lord: doth with your owne thing be, master
Right as yow list: axith no red of me; ask, advice
For as I left at hom al my clothing
Whan I first com to yow, right so, quod sche,
Left I my wille and al my liberte,
And took your clothing; wherfor, I yow preye you
Doth your plesaunce, I wil youre lust obeye. desire

“I have,” quoth she, “said this, and ever shall,

I wish not, nor will wish, it is certain,
But as you choose: I grieve me not at all,
Although my daughter and my son be slain
At your commandment: nor will I complain
That I have had no part in children twain,
But sickness first, and then a bitterer pain.

“Thou art our lord: do, then, with what is thine

E’en as thou wilt: ask not assent of me;—
For as I left at home all that was mine
When I came first to thee, right so,” quoth she,
“Left I my will and all my liberty,
And took new habits: wherefore, now, I pray
Do but thy pleasure, and I will obey.”

“If I knew beforehand what your wish was,” said poor Griselda, “I
would do it without delay; but now that I know your will, I am ready
to die if you desire it; for death is nothing compared with your love!”
When the marquis heard that, he cast down his eyes, and wondered
how she could endure it all; and he went forth looking very dreary,
but in reality he felt extremely pleased.
The ugly sergeant came again, and took away the little boy: Griselda
kissed it and blessed it, only asking that his little limbs might be kept
from the wild beasts and birds; but the sergeant promised nothing,
and secretly took him with great care to Bologna.
The marquis was amazed at her patience; for he knew that, next to
himself, she loved her children best of anything in the world. What
could he do more to prove her steadfastness, and faithfulness, and
patience? But there are some people who, when they have once
taken a thing into their head, will stick to it as if they were bound to
a stake. So this marquis made up his mind to try his wife still further.
He watched her closely, but never could he find any change in her:
the older she grew, the more faithful and industrious she was.
Whatever he liked, she liked: there seemed but one will between
them; and, God be thanked, all was for the best.
But all this time the slander against Walter spread far and near; and
the people said he had wickedly murdered both his children, because
his wife was a poor woman. For the people had no idea what had
really become of them. And they began to hate Walter instead of
loving him, as they had once done; for a murderer is a hateful
name.
Still the marquis was so determined to test his wife, that he cared
for nothing else.
When Griselda’s daughter was twelve years old, Walter sent secretly
to Rome, commanding that false letters, seeming to come from the
Pope, should be made according to his will. These letters, or ‘bulls,’
were to give him leave to quit his first wife, for the sake of his
people, and marry another woman; but they were none of them
really from the Pope: they were all counterfeit and false, made by
Walter’s order, to deceive Griselda.
The common people did not know the difference between true
letters and false; but when the tidings arrived, Griselda was very
sorrowful; for she loved Walter best of all things, as he very well
knew.

I deeme that hir herte was ful wo;[151] judge, sad

But sche, ylike sad for evermo, alike, firm
Disposid was, this humble creature, disposed
Th’adversite of fortun al tendure. fortune, to endure

Full sure am I her heart was full of wo;

But she, as though serene for evermo,
Was ready, in her humbleness of mind,
In all adversity to be resign’d.
 Larger Image

GRISELDA’S SORROW.

‘And as a lamb sche sitteth meeke and stille,

And let this cruel sergeant doon his wille.’

Then the marquis sent to the Earl of Panik, who had married his
sister, begging him to bring both his children home, openly and in
great honour; but no one was to know whose children they were. He
was to answer no questions—
But saye the mayde schuld i-wedded be[152] should
Unto the Markys of Saluce anoon. immediately
And as this eorl was prayd, so dede he; did
For at day set he on his way is goon gone
Toward Saluce, and lordes many oon, many a one
In riche array, this mayden for to guyde,
Hir yonge brother rydyng by hir syde.

Arrayed was toward hir mariage

This freisshe may, al ful of gemmes clere; maiden, gems
Hir brother, which that seven yer was of age,
Arrayed eek ful freissh in his manere; also, manner
And thus in gret noblesse and with glad chere, nobleness
Toward Saluces shaping her journay, their
Fro day to day thay ryden in her way. their

But say the maiden should, ere long, be wed

Unto the Marquis of Saluce so high.
And as this earl was pray’d to do, he did,
And started on his journey speedily
Towards Saluces, with lordly company
In rich array, this maiden fair to guide,
Her little brother riding by her side.

And this fresh maid was robed for marriage

Full of clear gems, in goodly raiment rare;
Her brother, who was seven years of age,
Was in his fashion clad all fresh and fair;
And thus, in splendour, and with joyous air,
Towards Saluces following the way,
The cavalcade advances day by day.
 Part V.

I N order to put the last trial upon Griselda, to the uttermost proof
of her courage, the marquis one day, before all the household,
said to her in a boisterous way—
Certes, Grisildes, I had y-nough plesaunce certainly,
pleasure
To have yow to my wif, for your goodnesse
And for youre trouthe, and for your obeissaunce; truth,
obedience
Nought for your lignage, ne for your richesse; lineage, wealth
But now know I in verray sothfastnesse truth
That in gret lordschip, if I wel avyse, am not mistaken
Ther is gret servitude in sondry wyse. sundry wise

I may not do, as every ploughman may;

My poeple me constreignith for to take constrain
Another wyf, and crien day by day;
And eek the Pope, rancour for to slake,
Consentith it, that dar I undertake; dare
And trewely, thus moche I wol yow saye, much
My newe wif is comyng by the waye.

Be strong of hert, and voyde anoon hir place, heart

And thilke dower that ye broughten me that
Tak it agayn, I graunt it of my grace.
Retourneth to your fadres hous, quod he, return
No man may alway have prosperité,
With even hert I rede yow endure advise
The strok of fortune or of adventure. chance

And sche agayn answerd in paciènce:

My lord, quod sche, I wot, and wist alway,
How that bitwixe your magnificence
And my poverté, no wight can ne may nobody
Make comparisoun, it is no nay;
I ne held me neuer digne in no manere worthy,
manner
To ben your wif, ne yit your chamberere. chambermaid

And in this ho s the e me lad made

And in this hous, ther ye me lady made,
(The highe God take I for my witnesse,
And al-so wisly he my soule glade) cheer
I never huld me lady ne maistresse,
But humble servaunt to your worthinesse,
And ever schal, whil that my lyf may dure, life
Aboven every worldly creature. above

That ye so longe of your benignité benignity

Han holden me in honour and nobleye, nobleness
Wher as I was not worthy for to be, where
That thonk I God and yow, to whom I preye thank
For-yeld it yow, ther is no more to seye. repay
Unto my fader gladly wil I wende, go
And with him duelle unto my lyves ende.

Ther I was fostred as a child ful smal,

Til I be deed my lyf ther wil I lede,
A widow clene in body, hert, and al: clean
For sith I yaf to yow my maydenhede, since,
maidenhood
And am your trewe wyf, it is no drede,
God schilde such a lordes wyf to take shield (forbid)
Another man to housbond or to make. for, for mate

And of your newe wif, God of his grace

So graunte yow wele and prosperité,
For I wol gladly yelden hir my place, yield
In which that I was blisful wont to be.
For sith it liketh yow, my lord, quod sche,
That whilom were al myn hertes reste, once
That I schal gon, I wol go whan yow leste. please

But ther as ye profre me such dowayre proffer

As I ferst brought, it is wel in my mynde,
It were my wrecchid clothes, no thing faire, wretched
The hiche to me e e ha d no fo to f nde
 The whiche to me were hard now for to fynde.
O goode God! how gentil and how kynde
Ye semede by your speche and your visage, speech
That day that maked was our mariage! made

“Tis true, Griselda, I was once content

To marry you—because you were so good,
And true, and faithful, and obedient—
Not for your wealth, nor for your noble blood;
Still one thing must be clearly understood,
That in this rank and riches men so praise
There is great servitude in many ways.

“I may not do as every ploughman may:

My people urge me evermore to take
Another wife, and clamour day by day.
And now the Pope, their rancour swift to slake,
Gives glad consent to any change I make;
And more than that—I need not fear to say—
My new wife is already on her way.

Make way for her, be brave, give up her place,

And, see, the dowry that you brought to me
I will restore—I grant it of my grace.
Go back unto your father’s house,” quoth he,
“No one can always have prosperity.
With equal spirit suffer weal or woe,
The gifts of chance or luck that come and go.”

And she replied, with perfect patience:

“My lord, I know, and knew alway,” quoth she,
“Too well, that ’tween your own magnificence
And my great poverty, there cannot be
Comparison at all, and verily
I held myself unworthy every way
To be o ife o se ant fo a da
To be your wife—or servant—for a day.

“And in this house wherein ye made me great

(High God my witness, who shall haply set
Some coming comfort in my altered state),
Lady nor mistress never was I yet;
But humble servant to the grace I get:
This I shall be, with spirit ever strong,
More than all others, yea, my whole life long.

“And for your charity in keeping me

In dignity and honour day by day
So many years, unworthy though I be,
Now thank I God and you, to whom I pray
That He will all your graciousness repay.
Unto my father cheerfully I wend
To dwell with him from now to my life’s end.

“There I was fostered as an infant small,

There till I die my life I will lead through,
Dwell as an honest widow, heart and all.
For since I gave my girlhood unto you,
And am your wife, most loving and most true,
It were not fitting that a great lord’s wife
Should wed another husband all her life.

“And with your wife to be, God of his grace

Grant you all welfare and prosperity;
For I will yield her cheerfully my place,
In which I once so happy used to be;
For since it pleaseth you, my lord,” quoth she,
“Who ever were the dearest to my heart,
That I should go, content I will depart.

“But when you bid me take again that dower

That I first brought, it still is in my mind:
It as m etched clothing coa se and poo
It was my wretched clothing, coarse and poor—
Rags that it were not easy now to find.
And, O good God! how gentle and how kind
You then seemed, by your words and by your look,
That day whereon the name of wife I took!”
Griselda said no word of reproach to her cruel husband, except one
touching remark, which he may have felt as one—
“Love is not old as when that it is new.” (Love is not the same in
after years as when it first comes.)
Then she appeals to him in a way that must have touched a heart of
stone, for she saw no sign of relenting in his face: she does not
know how far his brutality will go, and will not be surprised at the
last insult.
My lord, ye wot that in my fadres place
Ye dede me strippe out of my pore wede, strip, attire
And richely me cladden of your grace;
To yow brought I nought elles, out of drede, else
But faith, and nakednesse, and maydenhede; maidenhood
And her agayn my clothyng I restore,
And eek my weddyng ryng for evermore.

The remenant of your jewels redy be remainder

Within your chambur, dar I saufly sayn. dare
Naked out of my fadres hous, quod sche,
I com, and naked moot I torne agayn. return
Al your pleisauns wold I folwen fayn;[153] follow gladly
But yit I hope it be not youre entente, intention
That I smocles out of your paleys wente. smockless, palace

“My lord, you know that in my father’s place

You stript me of my poor attire, for ruth:
Anew you richly clad me, of your grace.
And I brought nothing unto you, in truth,
But honesty, and poverty, and youth.
And here again your clothing I restore,
And ev’n your wedding-ring for evermore.

“The remnant of your jewels ready be

Within your chamber, I can safely say.
With nothing from my father’s house,” quoth she,
“I came, with nothing I shall go away.
In all things as you bid I will obey;
But yet I hope you will not let me go
Quite as bereft as when I came to you.”

A faint sparkle of human spirit comes into her entreaty—“Ye could

not do so dishonest (shameful) a thing:”—
Remembre yow, myn oughne lord so deere, own
I was your wyf, though I unworthy were.

Wherfor, in guerdoun of my maydenhede, girlhood

Which that I brought, and not agayn I bere, carry away
As vouchethsauf as yeve me to my meede vouchsafe, reward
But such a smok as I was wont to were. smock, wear

“Remember yet, my lord and husband dear,

I was your wife, though I unworthy were!

“Thus, in requital of the youth I brought,

But never can take back, nor have it more,
Give me, I pray, a garment of such sort
As in those days of poverty I wore.”

Walter accepts this humble claim; mark the calm dignity with which
she refrains from giving way before her ‘folk.’
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