FOSSIL FUEL

TVA’S KINGSTON FOSSIL PLANT-LARGEST COAL-BURNING POWERPLANT IN THE WORLD.

HAZARD OF THE KINGSTON FOSSIL PLANT- DECEMBER 22, 2008 COAL ASH SPILL DUE TO FAILURE OF
THE CONTAINMENT DIKE IN THE TENNESSE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA). 1.1 BILLION GALLONS OF COAL
ASH SLURRY WERE RELEASED WHICH COVERS THE 300 ACRES OF LAND AND CONTAMINATED THE
WATER

COAL ASH-A LEFTOVER MATERIALS FROM BURNED COAL WHICH CONTAINS NATURALLY OCCURING
METALS; ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, CU, PB, NI, ETC., AS WELL AS RADIUNUCLEIDES.

2005 NEW ORLEANS FLOOD

WHAT: HURRICANE KATRINA

WHEN: AUGUST 28, 2005

CATEGORY: 5

WHAT OCCURRED: TRIGGERS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER & LAKE PORCHARTRAIN SEAWATER TO OVERFLOW,
FLOODING THE AREA OF NEW ORLEANS

MITIGATION: SINCE ITS EXPECTED THAT HURRICANES & FLOODING WILL OCCUR AGAIN AT ANY TIME,
PREPARATION WILL BE THE BEST ACTION OF THE COMMUNITY.

COASTAL EROSION

MANILA BAY

KNOWN FOR ITS NATURAL HARBOR

PASIG RIVER’S ONE OF THE RIVERS THAT ENCIRCLE THE BAY

PLACES AFFECTED

 Navotas
 Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area
 Bacoor, Cavite
 Bulacan Coastline
 Mall of Asia Area (Pasay City)

CAUSES OF COASTAL EROSION

NATURAL REASONS

 Storm Surges and Typhoons

 Sea-Level Rise

ANTHROPOGENIC REASONS

 Land Reclamation Projects

  Illegal Sand Mining

IMPACTS OF COASTAL EROSION

 Impact on the Environment

 Impact on Society and Economy

MITIGATION MEASURES

Methods of Soft Engineering

 Mangrove Restoration
 Beach Nourishment

Hard Engineering Methods

 Seawalls and Breakwaters

 Revetments

EARTHQUAKES

ANATOMY OF EARTHQUAKE

 FAULT SCARP-A STEP-LIKE OFF SET THAT IS VERTICALLY SHIFTED

 EPICENTER-THE POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS
 HYPOCENTER-THE POINT DIRECTLY BELOW THE EPICENTER. POINT OF CONTACT OR ORIGIN
 FAULT-A FRACTURE OR FRACTURE SYSTEM ALONG WHICH ROCKS HAS BEEN DISPLACED

ICEQUAKES-ANTARTICA’S ICE CONSTANTLY SHIFTING AND MELTING

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE-IT IS A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY RELEASED BY

AN EARTHQUAKE AT THE FOCUS. IT IS RERCORDED BY AN INSTRUMENT CALLED SEIMOGRAPH

SEISMOMETER-The instrument that measures the relative motion. It houses the pen, damper system
and weight

SEISMOGRAM-the record of ground motion The graph chart

SEISMOGRAPH-The instrument that is used to record the ground motion

PLOTTING EARTHQUAKE’S MAGNITUDE

 AMPLITUDE OF THE BIGGEST WAVE

 TIME DIFFERENCE B/W P-S WAVE STARTING POINT
 PLOT IN THE TIME TRAVEL CHART
 PLOT THE DATA AND CONNECT THEM

DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF EARTHQUAKE

 TRAVEL TIME CHART DATA FROM 3 STATIONS

DISTANCE= LAGTIME 1ST/PWAVE RECORDED X 100

ABRA PROVINCE

MAG. 7 JULY 27, 2022

LUZON

MAG. 7.7 JULY 16, 1990

LOON, BOHOL

MAG. 7.2 OCTOBER 15, 2013

BOHOL

MAG. 6.2 FEBRUARY 08, 1990

ILOCOS NORTE

MAG. 6.5 AUG. 17, 1983

CASIGURAN, AURORA

MAG.7.3 AUG. 2, 1968

MINDANAO

MAG.8.1 AUG. 17, 1976

GEOTHERMAL

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY-HEAT WITHIN THE EARTH USED FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND DIRECT HEAT

WAIRAKE GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT-LOCATED IN NEW ZEALAND, NORTH ISLAND ABOUT 10 KM

NORTHOF LAKE TAUPO

HAZARDS (CHEMICAL)

 ARSENIC CONTAMINATION-CONTAMINATED THE WAIKATO RIVER

 MERCURY CONTAMINATION-AFFECTS THE LOCAL FISH POPULATION

THERMAL POLLUTION-WASTEWATER FROM THE PLANT ICREASES WATER TEMPERATURE (

DISRUPT THE BALANCE OF THE AQUATIC SYSTEM)

HYDROGEN SULFIDE EMISSIONS

LANDSLIDE

MASARA LANDSLIDE-FEBRUARY 6, 2024 DUE TO CONTINOUS RAINFALL

MINING HAZARD
PHILEX PADCAL MING DISASTER-OCCURRED ON AUGUST 1, 2012 DUE TO FAILURE OF THE TAILING
DAMS WHERE 20.6 MILLIONS METRIC OF MINE WASTE WERE DISCHARGED INTO THE AGNO RIVER AND
BALOG CREEK

ENIVRONMENTAL IMPACT-RIVER ECOSYSTEMS AND AGRICULTURAL AREAS WERE POLLUTED, AND

LOCAL COMMUNITIES FACED CONTAMINATION

NUCLEAR DISASTER

CATASTROPHE-LONG-TERM RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

CRITERIA

 MORE THAN 10 PEOPLE ARE KILLED

 MORE THAN 100 ARE AFFECTED
 DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY IS ISSUED
 REQUEST FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE IS MADE

5 PRICIPLES

 Hazards are known from scientific evaluation

 Risk analysis is an important component in understanding impacts resulting from hazardous
processes
 Hazards are linked
 Hazardous events that previously produced disasters are now producing catastrophes
 Consequences of hazards can be minimized

NUCLEAR DISASTER-INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, NUCLEAR AND RADIATION ACCIDENT

THAT LED TO LARGERADIOACTIVITY WERE RELEASED TO THE ENVIRONMENT

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI DISASTER 2011-

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION IS LOCATED NEAR TOWNS OF OKUMA AND FUTABA IN
THE FUTUBA DISTRICT OF FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN.

CAUSE

 A 9.0 MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE STRUCK 130KM OFFSHORE THE SENDAI, MIYAGI PREFECTURE
ON MARCH 11, 2011
 FOLLOWED BY AN 560KM2 TSUNAMI KILLING 19, 500 LIVES
 BUILD-UP OF STEAMS AND HYDROGEN IN REACTORS LED IN EXPLOSIONS

DECOMMISIONING

IMPACTS

 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (IODINE 131, CESIUM 134 AND 137) CONTAMINATED THE
ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN

CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT-LOCATED IN PRIPYAT, CHERNOBYL RAION, KIEV OBLAST,

UKRAINIAN SSR, SOVIET UNION
 CAUSE

 OCCURRED ON 1986 DUE TO FLAWED REACTOR DESIGN, OPERATORERRORS, AND FAILED SAFETY
TEST
 RBMK REACTOR LACKS KEY SAFETY SYSTEMS WHICH LED TO UNCONTROLLABLE POWER SURGE,
RESULTING WITH STEAM EXPLOSION WHICH DESTROYED THE REACTOR AND RELEASE MASS
RADIATION

OIL

BATAAN OIL SPILL-JULY 24, 2024 THE MT TERRA NOVA CARRYING 1.4 MILLION LITERS PF INDUSTRIAL
FUEL OIL SANK IN MANILA BAY CAUSED BY TYPHOON GAEMI HEAVY RAINS

DEEPWATER HROIZON OIL SPILL ON 2010-CAUSED BY BLOWOUT OF OFFSHORE DRILLING RIG

EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL 1989-OIL TANKER RUN AGROUND AND SPILLS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND,
ALASKA

MT SOLAR 1 OIL SPILL GUIMARAS AUGUST 11, 2006-2.1 MILLION LITERS OF BUNKER FUEL SANK OFF
THE COAST OF GUIMARAS AND CONSDIERED TO BE TO WORST OIL SPILL CASE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

VOLCANIC

MT. MERAPI

 LOCATED IN JAVA ISLAND, INDONESIA ALSO KNOWN AS MOUNTAIN OF FIRE

 9,551 FT
 ACTIVE COMPOSITE ANDESITIC VOLCANO

PREVIOUS ERUPTIONS

 October 25-26, 2010

 October 27-29, 2010
 October 30, 2010

VEI:4

WATER POLLUTION

TYPES AND SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTANTS

 POINT SOURCE-LOCALLIZED
 NONPOINT SOURCE-RUNOFF

MARILAO RIVER, BULACAN PROVINCE PHILIPPINES

 WORLD WORST POLLUTED PLACES

 DEAD RIVER SINCE 1989

MITIGATIONS

 2004-CLEAN WATER ACT

 2012-THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT REGIONAL OFFICE III INITIATED
THE CLEAN-UP AND TREE PLANTING ACTIVITY
 2018-ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND MONITORING OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN THE
MEYCUAYAN-MARILAO-OBANDO RIVER SYSTEM (MMORS)
 2024-MANGROVE RESTORATION INITIATIVES BY BEAREU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC
RESOURCES (BFAR) IN CENTRAL LUZON