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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which equation matches the given calculator-generated graph and description? Decide without using your calculator.
1)

Parabola; opens upward

A) 3x = y2 B) -3x = y2 C) 3y = x2 D) -3y = x2
Answer: C

2)

Parabola; opens right

A) -3y = x2 B) -3x = y2 C) 3x = y2 D) 3y = x2
Answer: C

3)

Circle; center (0, 0); radius 3

A) x2 + y2 = 1 B) x2 + y2 = 3 C) x2 + y2 = 9 D) x2 + y2 = -9
Answer: C

1
4)

No points on its graph

A) y = x2 B) x2 + y2 = 6 C) x2 + y2 = -36 D) x2 + y2 = 36
Answer: C

5)

Parabola; opens downward

A) x = y2 B) x = -y2 C) y = -x2 D) y = x2
Answer: C

6)

Parabola; opens left

A) x = y2 B) x = -y2 C) y = -x2 D) y = x2
Answer: B

2
 7)

Circle; center (3, -2); radius 4

A) (x - 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16 B) (x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = 16
C) (x + 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 16 D) (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16
Answer: A

8)

Circle; center (-3, 2); radius 4

A) (x + 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 16 B) (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16
C) (x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = 16 D) (x - 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
Answer: A

Find the center-radius form of the equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.
9) Center (-2, -5), radius 3
A) (x + 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 3 B) (x + 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9
C) (x - 5)2 + (y - 2)2 = 3 D) (x - 2)2 + (y - 5)2 = 9
Answer: B

10) Center (-10, 0), radius 1

A) x2 + (y + 10)2 = 1 B) x2 + (y - 10)2 = 1 C) (x + 10)2 + y2 = 1 D) (x - 10)2 + y2 = 1
Answer: C

11) Center (6, -5), radius 11

A) (x - 6)2 + (y + 5)2 = 11 B) (x - 5)2 + (y + 6)2 = 121
C) (x + 6)2 + (y - 5)2 = 11 D) (x + 5)2 + (y - 6)2 = 121
Answer: A

3
 1
12) Center - 2, - 1 , radius
2
1 1
A) x - 1 2 + y - 2 2 = B) x + 1 2 + y + 2 2 =
2 2
1 1
C) x - 2 2 + y - 1 2 = D) x + 2 2 + y + 1 2 =
4 4
Answer: D

13) Center (9, -9), passing through (12, -5)

A) (x - 9)2 + (y + 9)2 = 25 B) (x + 9)2 + (y - 9)2 = 25
C) (x - 9)2 + (y + 9)2 = 9 D) (x + 9)2 + (y - 9)2 = 9
Answer: A

14) Center (7, 25), containing the origin

A) (x - 7)2 + (y - 25)2 = 674 B) (x - 7)2 + (y - 25)2 = 26
C) (x - 25)2 + (y - 7)2 = 26 D) (x - 25)2 + (y - 7)2 = 674
Answer: A

15) Center (21, 19), tangent to the y-axis

A) (x - 21)2 + (y - 19)2 = 21 B) (x - 19)2 + (y - 21)2 = 21
C) (x - 19)2 + (y - 21)2 = 441 D) (x - 21)2 + (y - 19)2 = 441
Answer: D

16) Center (12, 25), tangent to the x-axis

A) (x - 12)2 + (y - 25)2 = 144 B) (x - 25)2 + (y - 12)2 = 25
C) (x - 12)2 + (y - 25)2 = 625 D) (x - 25)2 + (y - 12)2 = 144
Answer: C

Find the center-radius form for the circle having the given endpoints of a diameter.
17) (6, -2) and (-4, 4)
A) (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 136 B) (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 34
C) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 136 D) (x - 1) 2 + (y - 1)2 = 34
Answer: D

18) (-3, -5) and (7, 7)

A) (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = -11 B) (x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = -11
C) (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 61 D) (x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 61
Answer: D

19) (-4, 5) and (0, -1)

A) (x - 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 26 B) (x + 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = 26
C) (x + 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = 13 D) (x - 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 13
Answer: C

20) (-6, 0) and (6, 0)

A) x2 + y2 = 6 B) (x - 6)2 + y2 = 6 C) (x - 6)2 + y2 = 36 D) x2 + y2 = 36
Answer: D

4
 21) (0, -6) and (0, 6)
A) x2 + (y - 6)2 = 36 B) x2 + (y - 6)2 = 6 C) x2 + y2 = 36 D) x2 + y2 = 6
Answer: C

Graph the circle if possible.

22) x2 + y2 = 36
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: A

5
23) (x - 1)2 + (y - 3)2 = 16

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: A

6
24) x2 + (y - 3)2 = 25
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: D

7
25) (x + 3)2 + y2 = 9
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: D

8
26) (x - 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 0
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B) No points on its graph

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

(-5, 1)
-10 -5 5 (5, -1) 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: C

9
 27) x2 + (y - 4)2 + 1 = 0
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B) No points on its graph

y
10

5
(0, 4)

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

Find the center and radius of the circle.

28) (x - 5)2 + (y - 9)2 = 36
A) (5, 9), r = 6 B) (-5, -9), r = 36 C) (-9, -5), r = 36 D) (9, 5), r = 6
Answer: A

29) x2 + 6x + 9 + (y - 1)2 = 64
A) (-3, 1), r = 8 B) (3, -1), r = 64 C) (-1, 3), r = 64 D) (1, -3), r = 8
Answer: A

10
 30) x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 14y + 49 = 16
A) (7, 1), r = 16 B) (-1, -7), r = 4 C) (-7, -1), r = 4 D) (1, 7), r = 16
Answer: B

31) x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y + 5 = 25
A) (1, -2), r = 25 B) (-2, 1), r = 25 C) (2, -1), r = 5 D) (-1, 2), r = 5
Answer: C

32) x2 + y2 + 12x - 2y = -1
A) (-6, 1), r = 6 B) (6, -1), r = 36 C) (1, -6), r = 6 D) (-1, 6), r = 36
Answer: A

33) x2 + y2 = 10x + 56
A) (-5, 0), r = 81 B) (-5, 0), r = 9 C) (5, 0), r = 81 D) (5, 0), r = 9
Answer: D

34) x2 - 8x + y2 + 12y + 27 = 0
A) (4, -6), r = 25 B) (4, -6), r = 5 C) (-4, 6), r = 25 D) (-4, 6), r = 5
Answer: B

35) 4x2 + 4y2 - 16x - 32y + 16 = 0

A) (2, 4), r = 4 B) (4, 2), r = 4 C) (-2, -4), r = 16 D) (-4, -2), r = 16
Answer: A

36) 9x2 - 9x + 9y2 + 9y - 1 = 0

1 1 22 1 1 22 1 1 22 1 1 22
A) , - , r = B) - ,- ,r= C) ,- ,r= D) - , ,r=
2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 2
Answer: C

Find the coordinates of the vertex and the direction of opening of each parabola.
37) y = (x + 5)2 + 5
A) (5, 0) opens downward B) (0, 5) opens downward
C) (-5, -5) opens upward D) (-5, 5) opens upward
Answer: D

38) y = (x + 2)2 + 7
A) (7, -2) opens downward B) (-2, 7) opens upward
C) (7, -4) opens downward D) (-7, 2) opens upward
Answer: B

39) y = (x + 8)2 - 3
A) (8, -3) opens downward B) (-8, -3) opens upward
C) (-8, 3) opens downward D) (8, 3) opens upward
Answer: B

11
 40) y = -(x + 1)2 + 1
A) (-1, -1) opens downward B) (1, 0) opens upward
C) (0, 1) opens upward D) (-1, 1) opens downward
Answer: D

41) y = -(x + 5)2 + 4

A) (-4, 5) opens downward B) (4, -5) opens upward
C) (-5, 4) opens downward D) (4, -25) opens upward
Answer: C

42) y = -(x + 5)2 - 2

A) (-5, 2) opens upward B) (5, 2) opens downward
C) (5, -2) opens upward D) (-5, -2) opens downward
Answer: D

43) x = (y - 1)2 - 1
A) (0, -1) opens left B) (-1, 0) opens left C) (-1, 1) opens right D) (1, 1) opens right
Answer: C

44) x = (y + 3)2 + 6
A) (3, -6) opens right B) (-9, 6) opens left C) (-3, 6) opens left D) (6, -3) opens right
Answer: D

45) x = -(y + 4)2 + 4

A) (4, 0) opens right B) (4, -4) opens left C) (0, 4) opens right D) (-4, -4) opens left
Answer: B

46) x = -(y + 4)2 + 7

A) (7, -4) opens left B) (7, -4) opens right C) (-4, 7) opens left D) (16, -7) opens right
Answer: A

Give the focus, directrix, and axis for the parabola.

47) x2 = 32y
A) (8, 0), y = 8, y-axis B) (0, 8), y = -8, y-axis
C) (8, 0), x = 8, x-axis D) (0, -8), x = -8, x-axis
Answer: B

1 2
48) - x =y
12
A) (-6, 0), x = 3, x-axis B) (0, -3), y = 3, x-axis
C) (0, 3), y = -3, y-axis D) (0, -3), y = 3, y-axis
Answer: D

12
 49) x = 6y2
1 1 1 1
A) ,0 ,x=- , x-axis B) , 0 , x = - , x-axis
24 24 6 6
1 1 1 1
C) 0, ,y=- , y-axis D) ,0 ,x= , x-axis
24 24 24 24
Answer: A

50) y2 = 8x
A) (2, 2), x = 2, x-axis B) (0, 2), y = -2, y-axis
C) (2, 0), x = -2, y-axis D) (2, 0), x = -2, x-axis
Answer: D

51) y2 = -24x
A) (6, 0), x = -6, x-axis B) (-6, 0), y = 6, y-axis
C) (-6, 0), x = 6, x-axis D) (0, -6), y = 6, y-axis
Answer: C

Write an equation for the parabola with vertex at the origin.

52) Focus (2, 0)
A) x2 = 8y B) y2 = 2x C) x2 = 2y D) y2 = 8x
Answer: D

1
53) Focus 0, -
17
4 1 4
A) x2 = - y B) y2 = x C) x2 = -68y D) y2 = - x
17 68 17
Answer: A

1
54) Focus ,0
5
5 2 5 2
A) x2 = 20y B) y2 = 20x C) y = x D) x = y
4 4

Answer: D

55) Focus (0, 5)

1 2 1 2
A) y2 = 20x B) y = x C) y = x D) y2 = 5x
5 20

Answer: C

Find an equation for the parabola with vertex at the origin.

56) Through (-4, 4), opening to the left
1 1 2 1 2
A) x = -4y2 B) y = x2 C) x = y D) x = - y
4 4 4

Answer: D

13
 57) Through (9, 8), opening to the right
9 2 9 2 8 2 64 2
A) x = y B) x = - y C) y = x D) x = y
64 64 81 9
Answer: A

58) Through ( 6, 6), opening upward

6 2
A) x = y2 B) y = 6x2 C) y = x2 D) x = y
6
Answer: C

59) Through (5, -10), opening downward

2 2 5 2 2 2
A) y = - x2 B) x = - y2 C) y = - x D) y = x
5 5 2 5
Answer: A

60) Through ( 5, 15), opening upward

1
A) x2 = -12y B) x2 = y C) y2 = 12x D) y2 = 60x
3
Answer: B

61) Through (7, -7 7), symmetric with respect to the x-axis

1 2 7 2
A) x = 7y2 B) x = y C) y = - x D) x = 49y2
49 7
Answer: B

62) Through (9, 9), symmetric with respect to the y-axis

1 1
A) x = y2 B) y = x2 C) y = 9x2 D) x = -9y2
9 9
Answer: B

Find an equation of a parabola that satisfies the given conditions.

63) Vertex (6, 4), focus (6, 6)
A) y - 4 = 8(x - 6)2 B) (y - 4)2 = 8(x-6) C) 8(y - 4) = (x - 6)2 D) 2(y - 4) = (x - 6)2
Answer: C

64) Vertex (3, -10), focus (3, -8)

A) y - 10 = 8(x + 3)2 B) 8(y - 10) = (x + 3)2 C) (y + 10)2 = 8(x - 3) D) (x - 3)2 = 8(y + 10)
Answer: D

65) Vertex (8, -6), focus (11, -6)

(x - 8)2 (y + 6)2 3
A) x - 8 = 3(y + 6)2 B) (y + 6) = C) (x - 8) = D) (x - 8) = (y + 6)2
12 12 4
Answer: C

66) Vertex (6, -4), focus (6, 1)

A) 20(y - 4) = (x + 6)2 B) x + 6 = 20(y + 4)2 C) 20(y + 4) = (x - 6)2 D) y + 4 = 20(x + 6)2
Answer: C

14
 67) Vertex (-4, -7), focus (-4, -13)
A) 24(y - 4) = (x - 7)2 B) 24(y - 7) = (x - 4)2
C) 52(y - 7) = -(x - 4)2 D) 24(y + 7) = -(x + 4)2
Answer: D

68) Focus (-2, 3), directrix x = -4

A) (x + 2)2 = 4(y - 3) B) (y - 3)2 = 4(x + 2) C) (x - 3)2 = 4(y + 3) D) (y - 3)2 = 4(x + 3)
Answer: D

69) Focus (10, 8), directrix y = -2

A) (x - 8)2 = 20(y - 3) B) (x - 10)2 = 20(y - 3) C) (y - 8)2 = 20(x - 10) D) (x - 10)2 = 20(y - 8)
Answer: B

70) Focus at (4, 0), directrix x = -4

A) 16x = y2 B) y2 = 16x C) 16y = x2 D) 16y2 = x
Answer: A

71) Horizontal axis; vertex (5, -3); passing through (0, 1)

16 16
A) (x + 5)2 = - (y - 3) B) (x - 5)2 = - (y + 3)
5 5
16 16
C) (y - 3)2 = - (x + 5) D) (y + 3)2 = - (x - 5)
5 5
Answer: D

For the given parabola, give the coordinates of the vertex, the axis, the domain, and the range.
72) y = (x + 2)2 - 7
A) vertex: (-7, -2); B) vertex: (2, -7); C) vertex: (-2, -7); D) vertex: (2, -7);
axis: y = -2; axis: x = -2; axis: x = -2; axis: x = 2;
domain: [-7, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞ );
range: (-∞ , ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞) range: [-7, ∞) range: [-7, ∞)
Answer: C

73) x = (y - 8)2 + 6
A) vertex: (-6, -8); B) vertex: (8, 6); C) vertex: (6, 8); D) vertex: (-6, 8);
axis: y = -8; axis: y = 6; axis: y = 8; axis: y = 8;
domain: [-6, ∞) domain: [8, ∞) domain: [6, ∞ ) domain: [-6, ∞)
range: (-∞ , ∞); range: (- ∞, ∞); range: (- ∞, ∞); range: (- ∞, ∞ );
Answer: C

74) x = (y - 2)2
A) vertex: (2, 0); B) vertex: (0, -2); C) vertex: (0, 2); D) vertex: (0, 2);
axis: x = 2; axis: y = -2; axis: x = 2; axis: y = 2;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: [0, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: [0, ∞);
range: (-∞ , 0] range: (- ∞, ∞) range: [0, ∞ ) range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: D

15
75) y = (x + 5)2 + 6
A) vertex: (-5, 6); B) vertex: (5, -6); C) vertex: (5, 6); D) vertex: (-5, -6);
axis: x = -5; axis: x = 5; axis: x = 5; axis: x = -5;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞ );
range: [6, ∞) range: [-6, ∞ ) range: [6, ∞ ) range: [-6, ∞)
Answer: A

1
76) y = - (x - 2)2 - 1
6
A) vertex: (2, -1); B) vertex: (-1, 2); C) vertex: (-2, -1); D) vertex: (2, -1);
axis: y = 2; axis: y = 2; axis: x = -2; axis: x = 2;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: (- ∞, -1]; domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞ );
range: [-1, ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞) range: (- ∞, -1] range: (- ∞, -1]
Answer: D

77) x = 3(y + 8)2 - 2

A) vertex: (-2, -8); B) vertex: (8, -2); C) vertex: (-2, 8); D) vertex: (-2, -8);
axis: x = -2; axis: y = 8; axis: x = -2; axis: y = -8;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: [-2, ∞ ); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: [-2, ∞);
range: (-∞ , -8] range: (- ∞, ∞) range: [8, ∞ ) range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: D

78) y = x2 - 2x + 4
A) vertex: (-1, 3); B) vertex: (1, 3); C) vertex: (3, 1); D) vertex: (3, -1);
axis: x = -1; axis: x = 1; axis: y = 3; axis: y = 3;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: [1, ∞ ); domain: [-1, ∞);
range: [3, ∞) range: [3, ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: B

79) y = x2 + 6x + 5
A) vertex: (-3, 4); B) vertex: (3, -4); C) vertex: (-3, -4); D) vertex: (-3, -4);
axis: x = -3; axis: x = 3; axis: x = -3; axis: x = -3;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞ );
range: [-∞ , 3] range: [-4, ∞ ) range: [-4, ∞) range: [- ∞, -4]
Answer: C

80) x = 2y2 + 16y + 34

A) vertex: (2, 4); B) vertex: (2, 4); C) vertex: (2, -4); D) vertex: (-2, -4);
axis: y = 4; axis: y = 4; axis: y = -4; axis: y = -4;
domain: [2, ∞); domain: (- ∞, 2]; domain: [2, ∞ ); domain: (- ∞, -2];
range: (-∞ , ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞) range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: C

81) y = -3x2 + 30x - 77

A) vertex: (5, 2); B) vertex: (5, -2); C) vertex: (5, -2); D) vertex: (2, -5);
axis: x = 5; axis: x = 5; axis: x = 5; axis: x = 2;
domain: (-∞ , ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞); domain: (- ∞, ∞ );
range: (-∞ , 2] range: (- ∞, -2] range: [-2, ∞) range: [-5, ∞)
Answer: B

16
Graph the parabola.
82) y = (x - 4)2
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

17
83) y = -5(x + 2)2 - 3
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

18
84) y = -3(x - 4)2 + 1
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

19
 3
85) y = (x + 5)2 - 5
4
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

20
86) y = x2 + 2x - 3
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: D

21
87) y = -x2 + 2x - 3
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

22
88) y = 2x2 + 3x - 9
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: D

23
89) y = -2x2 - 2x + 2
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: D

24
90) (x - 1)2 = 4(y - 5)
y
10

-10 10 x

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

-10 10 x -10 10 x

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

-10 10 x -10 10 x

-10 -10

Answer: B

25
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and ate as we climbed over the hills. The pasture is here favourable
to cattle, and the mutton used in Peshawur owes its flavour to it.
Before leaving Duka we had a visit from the chief
Interview with a
Momund chief.
of the Momunds, Sadut Khan, of Lalpoor, a
handsome man of about thirty, with a good-
humoured countenance. We sat under a mulberry tree, on a cot or
bed, for half an hour; he pressed us much to cross the river, and
become his guests for a few days, when he would entertain and
amuse us with his hawks, some of which were carried by his
attendants. We declined his civilities on the excuse of our journey. I
afterwards learned that this smiling Momund had raised himself to
the chiefship of his clan, by murdering two young nephews with
their mother.
At Huzarnow we met a Khyberee, with whom we
Civility of a
Khyberee.
had some acquaintance in the Punjab, where he
had served as an hirkaru, or messenger, to
Runjeet Sing. Immediately he heard of our arrival he made his
appearance, and, catching me by the feet, and then by the beard,
intimated, in the little Persian he could speak, that we were his
guests, and must occupy his house in the village; which we gladly
accepted. He was a most uncouth looking being, with a low brow
and sunken eyes: he had two sons, neither of whom he had seen for
fourteen years, till within a few days of our arrival. He had,
nevertheless, twice carried expresses to Cabool; and though he had
passed his native village and home, he had never stopped to make
an enquiry. He had now returned for good to his country.
After a fatiguing march of twelve hours on the
Incident.
saddle, three of which were spent in waiting for
stragglers, we reached Julalabad on the morning
of the 26th. As we passed Soorkhdewar, where the caravans are
sometimes plundered, our conductor, the Persian, whether to show
his courage or the disordered state of his imaginations, fancied
himself attacked by robbers. He fired his carbine, and, by the time
those in the rear came up, had completed a long story of his own
daring bravery; how he had punished one of the robbers with the
but end of his piece, and the danger which he had undergone from
his antagonist’s ball, that had whistled past his ear! His followers
applauded his bravery, and I added my share of praise. It appeared
singular that the Persian alone should have seen the highwaymen:
but the whole matter was explained by a quiet remark from a
member of the caravan; that the gentleman wished to give proof of
his courage now that we were beyond danger.
Our route from Huzarnow to Julalabad lay through
Pestilential wind.
a wide stony waste, a part of which is known by
the name of the “dusht,” or plain of Buttecote, and
famed for the pestilential wind or “simoom” that prevails here in the
hot season, though the mountains on both sides are covered with
perpetual snow. The natives of this country describe the simoom as
generally fatal. Travellers, who have recovered, say, that it attacks
them like a cold wind, which makes them senseless. Water poured
with great violence into the mouth sometimes recovers the patient;
and a fire kindled near him has a good effect. Sugar and the dried
plums of Bokhara are also given with advantage. Horses and animals
are subject to the simoom as well as man; and the flesh of those
who fall victims to it is said to become so soft and putrid, that the
limbs separate from each other, and the hair may be pulled out with
the least force. This pestilential wind is unknown in the highlands of
Cabool, and principally confined to the plain of Butteecote now
described. It is as malignant in its effects during night as in the day;
and in summer no one ever thinks of travelling while the sun is
above the horizon. In a party of thirty or forty individuals, one only
may be attacked: nor are those who escape sensible of any change
in the atmosphere. It may be simply the effects of heat on a certain
state of the body.
We were not travelling in the season of hot and pestilential winds;
but on this march we encountered one of these storms of wind and
dust which are common in countries near the tropic. In the present
instance, it was attended with a singular phenomenon: clouds of
dust approached each other from opposite sides of the compass,
and, when they met, took quite a different direction. It is, perhaps,
to be accounted for by the eddy of the wind in a low plain, about
twelve or fifteen miles broad, with lofty mountains on either side.
Julalabad, we found, had been deluged with rain, which we had
entirely escaped.
In a hill north of the Cabool river and the village of
Antiquities.
Bussoul, we observed some extensive excavations
in the rock, which are ascribed to the days of the
Kaffirs, or infidels. These caves were hewn out in groups, the
entrance to each being separated, and about the size of a common
doorway. They may have formed so many villages, since it appears
to have been common throughout Asia to dwell in such excavated
places; as we learn in the account of the Troglodites given by
different historians. I do not suppose that we can draw an inference
as to the people from the existence of this practice in different
countries, since it would occur to most uncivilised nations, that a
cave in a rock was a more safe residence, in a troubled society, than
a hut on the plain. Near Julalabad there are seven round towers; but
they differ in construction from the “topes” which I have described.
They are said to be ancient, and very large copper coins are found
near them. In the country of Lughman, between Julalabad and the
mountains, the people point out the tomb of Metur Lam, or Lamech,
the father of Noah. Some refer the place to the age of the Kaffirs;
but the good Mahommedans are satisfied to believe it the grave of a
prophet, and that there are only three others on the earth.
We halted for a couple of days at Julalabad, which
Julalabad.
is one of the filthiest places I have seen in the
East. It is a small town, with a bazar of fifty shops,
and a population of about 2000 people; but its number increases
tenfold in the cold season, as the people flock to it from the
surrounding hills. Julalabad is the residence of a chief of the
Barukzye family; who has a revenue of about seven lacs of rupees a
year. The Cabool river passes a quarter of a mile north of the town,
and is about 150 yards wide: it is not fordable.
Snowy mountains.
There are mountains of snow to the north and
south of Julalabad, that run parallel with one another. The southern
range is called Sufued Koh, but more frequently Rajgul. It decreases
in size as it runs eastward, and loses its snow before reaching Duka.
In the higher parts the snow never melts; which would give an
elevation of about 15,000 feet in this latitude. To the north of
Julalabad lies the famous Noorgil, before mentioned, about thirty
miles distant; and to the north-west the lofty peaks of Hindoo Koosh
begin to show themselves.
We left the river of Cabool, and passed up a valley
Bala-bagh.
to Bala-bagh, and could now distinguish the rich
gardens that lie under the snowy hills, and
produce the famous pomegranates without seed, that are exported
to India. We halted in a vineyard. The vines of this country are not
cut or pruned, but allowed to ascend the highest trees, and were
growing, at Bala-bagh, on lilyoaks, about eighty feet from the
ground. The grapes so produced are inferior to those reared on a
frame-work. It rained at Bala-bagh and our quarters were more
romantic than comfortable; which led us, at dusk, to seek for shelter
in the mosque. The people seemed too busy in the
Treatment by the
people.
exercise of religious and worldly matters to mind
us, and as yet we had not experienced the
slightest incivility from any person in the country: though we strolled
about everywhere. They do not appear to have the smallest
prejudice against a Christian; and I had never heard from their lips
the name of dog or infidel, which figures so prominently in the works
of many travellers. “Every country has its customs,” is a proverb
among them; and the Afghan Mahommedans seem to pay a respect
to Christians which they deny to their Hindoo fellow-citizens. Us they
call “people of the book;” while they consider them benighted and
without a prophet.
At Gundamuk we reached the boundary of the hot
Gundamuk. Cold
countries.
and cold countries. It is said to snow on one side
of the rivulet, and to rain on the other. Vegetable
life assumes a new form; the wheat, which was being cut at
Julalabad, was only three inches above ground at Gundamuk. The
distance does not exceed twenty-five miles. In the fields we
discovered the white daisies among the clover; and the mountains,
which were but ten miles distant, were covered with forests of pine,
that commenced about a thousand feet below the limit of the snow;
we required additional clothing in the keen air. Travellers are subject
to a variety of little troubles, which amuse or try the temper,
according to the disposition of the moment. A cat possessed itself of
my dinner this evening, as I was about to swallow it; yet I satisfied
the cravings of a hungry appetite with bread and water; which, I
may add, was ate in a filthy stable: but we were fortunate in getting
such accommodation. I beg to add my encomia on the bread of this
country, which they leaven and bake much to the palate.
About three miles from Gundamuk we passed the
Neemla garden:
field of battle.
garden of Neemla, celebrated for the field of battle
in which Shah Shooja-ool Moolk lost his crown, in
the year 1809. The garden is situated in a highly cultivated valley
surrounded by barren hills. It is a beautiful spot; the trees have all
been pruned to, or attained, the same height, and shade beneath
their bows a variety of flowers; among which the narcissus grows
most luxuriantly. The spot, though ornamented by art, is ill chosen
for a battle; and the fortune of war was here strangely capricious.
Shooja lost his throne and his vizier, sustaining a defeat from an
army ten times inferior to his own. Never dreading such a result, he
had brought his jewels and his wealth along with him; which he was
happy to relinquish for his life. Futteh Khan, the vizier of Mahmood,
who succeeded in gaining the day for his master, seated him on one
of the state elephants, which had been prepared for the king, and
took this mode to proclaim his victory. Shooja fled to the Khyber
country, and has since failed in all his attempts to regain his
kingdom.
Nothing strikes a stranger in this country more
Manner of keeping
horses in Cabool.
than the manner of keeping their horses, which
differs so much from India. They never remove
the saddle during the day; which they believe gives the horse a
better rest at night. They never walk a horse up and down, but
either mount him, or make him go round in a circle till he is cool.
They give no grain, at this season, feeding them on green barley,
which has not eared. They picket eight or ten horses to two ropes,
which they fix in line parallel to one another. They always tie a knot
on the tail. They keep the hind quarters of the horse covered at all
times by a very neat felt, fringed with silk, which is held on by the
crupper. They use the Uzbek saddle, which resembles that of our
own huzars, and which I found agreeable enough, and always used.
The riders tie their whip to the wrist. The Afghans take great care of
their horses, but do not pamper them with spices, as in India, and
always have them in excellent condition.
We continued our march to Jugduluk, and passed
Jugduluk.
the Soorkh road, or red river, by a bridge with a
variety of other small streams, which pour the
melted snow of the Sufued Koh into that rivulet. The waters of all of
them were reddish: hence the name. The country is barren and
miserable. Jugduluk is a wretched place, with a few caves for a
village. There is a proverb which describes its misery: “When the
wood of Jugduluk begins to burn, you melt gold:” for there is no
wood at hand in the bleak hills. We halted under a grove of trees,
which is memorable as the spot where Shah Zuman, one of the
kings of Cabool was blinded.
On our way we could distinguish that the road had
Post-houses of the
emperors.
once been made, and also the remains of the
post-houses, which had been constructed every
five or six miles by the Mogul emperors, to keep up a communication
between Delhi and Cabool. They may even be traced across the
mountains to Balkh; for both Humaioon and Aurungzebe, in their
youth, were governors of that country. What an opinion does this
inspire of the grandeur of the Mogul empire! We have a system of
communication between the most distant provinces as perfect as the
posts of the Cæsars.
On our way to Cabool we met thousands of sheep
Wandering Ghiljees.
tended by the wandering Ghiljees, a tribe of
Afghans; who now that the snow was off the ground, were driving
their flocks towards Hindoo Koosh, where they pass the summer.
Nothing could be more pastoral. The grown-up
Pastoral scenes.
people followed the sheep as they browsed on the
margin of the hills, and the boys and girls came up
about a mile or two in rear, in charge of the young lambs. An old
goat or sheep encouraged them to advance, and the young people
assisted with switches of grass, and such ejaculations as they could
raise. Some of the children were so young, that they could hardly
walk; but the delight of the sport enticed them on. On the margin of
the road we passed many encampments, where they were either
moving or packing up. The Afghans have a low black, or rather,
brown tent. The women did every thing for their lazy husbands,
loaded the camels and drove them on: they are indeed swarthy
dames, not very remarkable for beauty, with all their Arcadian life.
They are well clad, and shod with broad iron nails fixed to their
soles. The children were uncommonly healthy and chubby; and it is
said that these wandering people do not marry till they reach their
twentieth year.
After passing the Soorkh road, we reached
Ispahan.
Ispahan, a village that marks another of Shooja’s
defeats, but before he gained the throne. A story
is told of the vizier Futteh Khan, who was afraid of
Story of Futteh
Khan.
being supplanted on this field of battle by the
Dooranee nobleman who aspired to the office of
vizier. This individual, whose name was Meer Alum, had, on a former
occasion, insulted Futteh Khan, and even knocked out one of his
front teeth. The injury had to all appearance been forgiven, for he
had since married a sister of the Vizier; but the alliance had only
been formed that Futteh Khan might easier accomplish his base
intentions. The night before the battle he seized upon his brother-in-
law and put him to death. A heap of stones, here called a “toda,”
marks the scene of the murder. The Vizier’s sister threw herself at
her brother’s feet, and asked why he had murdered her husband?
“What!” said he, “have you more regard for your husband, than your
brother’s honour. Look at my broken teeth; and know that the insult
is now avenged. If you are in grief at the loss of a husband, I’ll
marry you to a mule driver.” This incident is not a bad illustration of
the boisterous manners and feelings of the Afghans. A saying among
them bids one fear the more, when an apparent reconcilement has
taken place by an intermarriage.
By midnight on the 30th we reached the pass of
Pass of Luta-bund.
Luta-bund, from the top of which the city of
Cabool first becomes visible, at a distance of
twenty-five miles. The pass is about six miles long, and the road
runs over loose round stones. We lay down at a spring called Koke
Chushma, or the Partridge Fountain, and slept without shelter
through a bitterly cold night. Our conductor’s hawks died from its
effects, to his great grief. Luta means a shred or patch; and this pass
is so called, from travellers leaving some shred of their clothes on
the bushes in the pass. In the winter the snow blocks up this road.
We rose with the morning star, and prosecuted our
Arrival in Cabool.
journey to Cabool, which we did not reach till the
afternoon. The approach to this celebrated city is
any thing but imposing, nor was it till I found myself under the
shade of its fine bazar, that I believed myself in the capital of an
empire. On our road we passed the village of Bootkhak, where
Mahmood of Ghuzni, on his return from India, is said to have
interred the rich Hindoo idol which he brought from the famous
Somnat. At Cabool, we proceeded straight to the house of the
Nawab Jubbar Khan, the brother of the governor, who gave us a
cordial welcome, and sent to the bazar for a dinner, which I enjoyed.
Not so my unfortunate companion, whose health forsook him
immediately after crossing the Indus; his strength was now
completely undermined. A doubt arose as to the examination of our
baggage at the Custom-house; but I judged it more prudent to
exhibit our poverty than allow the good people to form designs
against our supposed wealth. We were not, however, prepared for
the search; and my sextant and books, with the doctor’s few bottles
and paraphernalia, were laid out in state for the inspection of the
citizens. They did them no harm, but set us down without doubt as
conjurors, after a display of such unintelligible apparatus.
Our worthy conductor, after he had safely
Our conductor
Mahommed
delivered us into the hands of the Nawab, took his
Shureef. leave to enjoy his native city, which he had not
seen for eight years. Mahommed Shureef was
what might be termed a good fellow. Though but a young man, he
had been a merchant, and realised a fortune, which he now enjoyed
in hunting and hawking, with “a cup of good sack.” He was corpulent
and dropsical, but might be seen every morning with his hawks and
pointer at his heels. He kept his revels more secretly. I never saw a
boy more delighted than was this person as we entered Cabool; had
it been Elysium, he could not have said more in its praise. He had
been a most companionable traveller, and added the address of a
Persian to the warmth and good feeling of an Afghan. An incident
occurred on our entering Cabool, which would have delighted other
men than him. A beggar had found out who he was, and within half
a mile of the city gate began to call down every blessing on his
head, and welcomed him by name to his home, in a strain of great
adulation. “Give the poor man some money,” said Mahommed
Shureef to his servant, with a significant nod of his head; and it
would have been a difficult matter to determine whether the
merchant or the beggar seemed most delighted. Our conductor then
bid us adieu, with a recommendation that we should trust anybody
but those who volunteered their services; as he did not give his
countrymen the credit for a high standard of morality. He exacted a
promise that we should dine with him, and I thanked him for his
advice and attentions.
 CHAP. V.
CABOOL.

We had not been many hours in Cabool before we

Arrival of Mr. Wolff.
heard of the misfortunes of Mr. Wolff, the
missionary of the Jews, who was now detained at
a neighbouring village, and lost no time in despatching assistance to
him. He joined us the following day, and gave a long and singular
account of his escape from death and slavery. This gentleman, it
appears, had issued forth, like another Benjamin of Tudela, to
enquire after the Israelites, and entered Tartary as a Jew, which is
the best travelling character in a Mahommedan country. Mr. Wolff,
however, is a convert to Christianity, and he published his creed to
the wreck of the Hebrew people. He also gave himself out as being
in search of the lost tribes; yet he made but few enquiries among
the Afghans of Cabool, though they declare themselves to be their
descendants. The narration of Mr. Wolff’s adventures excited our
sympathy and compassion; and, if we could not coincide in many of
his speculations regarding the termination of the world, we made
the reverend gentleman most welcome, and found him an addition
to our society in Cabool. He had been in Bokhara, but had not
ventured to preach in that centre of Islam. His after misfortunes had
originated from his denominating himself a Hajee, which implies a
Mahommedan pilgrim, and for which he had been plundered and
beaten.
We had previously heard of the amiable character
Nawab Jubbar
Khan.
of our host, Nawab Jubbar Khan; and even found
him, on personal acquaintance, to be quite a
patriarch. He heals every difference among his many and turbulent
brothers: himself the eldest of his family, he has no ambitious views,
though he once held the government of Cashmeer, and other
provinces of the Dooranee empire. His brother, the present chief of
Cabool, has requited many services by confiscating his estate; but
he speaks not of his ingratitude. He tells you that God has given him
abundance for his wants, and to reward those who serve him; that
there are few pleasures equal to being able to give to those around,
and to enjoy this world without being obliged to govern. I
discovered, during my stay at Cabool, that the Nawab assumes no
false character, but expresses himself, as he feels, with sincerity.
Never was a man more modest, and more beloved: he will permit
but a single attendant to follow him; and the people on the high and
by ways stop to bless him; the politicians assail him at home to enter
into intrigues, and yet he possesses the respect of the whole
community, and has, at the present moment, a greater moral
influence than any of the Barukzye family in Afghanistan. His
manners are remarkably mild and pleasing; and from his dress one
would not imagine him to be an influential member of a warlike
family. It is delightful to be in his society, to witness his acts, and
hear his conversation. He is particularly partial to Europeans, and
makes every one of them his guest who enters Cabool. All the
French officers in the Punjab lived with him, and keep up a friendly
intercourse. Such is the patriarch of Cabool; he is now about fifty
years of age; and such the master of the house in which we were so
fortunate as to dwell.
Our first object, after arrival, was to be introduced
Introduction to the
chief of Cabool.
to the chief of Cabool, Sidar Dost Mahommed
Khan. The Nawab intimated our wishes, and we
were very politely invited to dine with the governor on the evening
of the 4th of May. Dr. Gerard was unable to attend from sickness;
but Mr. Wolff and myself were conducted, in the evening, to the Bala
Hissar, or Palace of the Kings, where the governor received us most
courteously. He rose on our entrance, saluted in the Persian fashion,
and then desired us to be seated on a velvet carpet near himself. He
assured us that we were welcome to his country; and, though he
had seen few of us, he respected our nation and character. To this I
replied as civilly as I could, praising the equity of his government,
and the protection which he extended to the traveller and the
merchant. When we sat down, we found our party consist of six or
eight native gentlemen, and three sons of the chief. We occupied a
small but neat apartment, which had no other furniture than the
carpet. The conversation of the evening was varied, and embraced
such a number of topics, that I find it difficult to detail them; such
was the knowledge, intelligence, and curiosity that the chief
displayed. He was anxious to know the state of Europe, the number
of kings, the terms on which they lived with one another; and, since
it appeared that their territories were adjacent, how they existed
without destroying each other. I named the different nations,
sketched out their relative power, and informed him, that our
advancement in civilisation did no more exempt us from war and
quarrels than his own country; that we viewed each other’s acts with
jealousy, and endeavoured to maintain a balance of power, to
prevent one king from overturning another. Of this, however, there
were, I added, various instances in European history; and the chief
himself had heard of Napoleon. He next requested me to inform him
of the revenues of England; how they were collected; how the laws
were enacted; and what were the productions of the soil. He
perfectly comprehended our constitution from a brief explanation;
and said there was nothing wonderful in our universal success, since
the only revenue which we drew from the people was to defray the
debts and expenses of the state. “Your wealth, then,” added he,
“must come from India.” I assured him that the revenues of that
country were spent in it; that the sole benefits derived from its
possession consisted in its being an outlet to our commerce; and
that the only wealth sent to the mother country consisted of a few
hundred thousand pounds, and the fortunes taken away by the
servants of the government. I never met an Asiatic who credited this
fact before. Dost Mahommed Khan observed, that “this satisfactorily
accounts for the subjection of India. You have left much of its wealth
to the native princes; you have not had to encounter their despair,
and you are just in your courts.” He enquired into the state of the
Mahommedan principalities in India, and as to the exact power of
Runjeet Sing, for sparing whose country he gave us no credit. He
wished to know if we had any designs upon Cabool. He had heard
from some Russian merchants of the manner of recruiting the armies
by conscription in that country, and wished to know if it were
general in Europe. He had also heard of their foundling hospitals,
and required an explanation of their utility and advantage. He
begged I would inform him about China; if its people were warlike,
and if their country could be invaded from India; if its soil were
productive, and its climate salubrious; and why the inhabitants
differed so much from those of other countries. The mention of
Chinese manufactures led to a notice of those in England; he
enquired about our machinery and steam engines, and then
expressed his wonder at the cheapness of our goods. He asked
about the curiosities which I had seen, and which of the cities in
Hindostan I had most admired. I replied, Delhi. He then questioned
me if I had seen the rhinoceros, and if the Indian animals differed
from those of Cabool. He had heard of our music, and was desirous
of knowing if it surpassed that of Cabool. From these matters he
turned to those which concerned myself; asked why I had left India,
and the reasons for changing my dress. I informed him that I had a
great desire to see foreign countries, and I now purposed travelling
towards Europe by Bokhara; and that I had changed my dress to
prevent my being pointed at in this land; but that I had no desire to
conceal from him and the chiefs of every country I entered, that I
was an Englishman, and that my entire adoption of the habits of the
people had added to my comfort. The chief replied in very kind
terms, applauded the design, and the propriety of changing our
dress.
Dost Mahommed Khan then turned to Mr. Wolff for
Conversations of
the chief with Mr.
an explanation of his history; and, as he was
Wolff. aware of the gentleman’s vocations, he had
assembled among the party several Mahommedan
doctors, who were prepared to dispute on points of religion. Since I
stood as Mr. Wolff’s interpreter, I might proceed to make mention of
the various arguments which were adduced on either side; but I do
not anticipate what the reverend gentleman will, no doubt, give to
the world. As is usual on such subjects, the one party failed to
convince the other; and, but for the admirable tact of the chief
himself, the consequence might have been disagreeable. The
Mahommedans seemed to think that they had gained the day, and
even referred it for my decision; but I excused myself from the
difficult task, on the grounds of being no moollah (priest). As these
reverend doctors, however, appeared to found their creed upon
reason, I thought the opportunity too favourable to let them escape,
if the argument I intended to use did not boast of being original. I
asked them to state their time of prayers; and, among others, they
named before sunrise, and after sunset. “Such are the hours,” said I,
“rigidly enjoined by the Koran?”—“Yes,” replied the priest; “and
every one is an infidel who neglects them.” These premises being
given, I begged the doctor to inform me how these prayers could be
performed in the Arctic circle, where the sun neither rose nor set for
five or six months in the year. The divine had not before heard the
argument: he stammered out various confused sentences; and at
last asserted that prayers were not required in those countries,
where it was sufficient to repeat the “Culuma,” or creed of the
Mahommedans. I immediately required the divine to name the
chapter of the Koran on which he founded his doctrine, since I did
not remember to have seen it in the book. He could not, for the
Koran does not contain it. A sharp dispute now arose among the
Afghans; nor was the subject renewed, but changed to more
intelligible matters. Before we withdrew, the chief made a very
friendly tender to assist us in our journey, and offered us letters to
the chiefs on the Oxus, and the King of Bokhara. He also requested
that we should frequently visit him while in Cabool, as he liked to
hear of other countries, and would make us welcome. We left him at
midnight, quite charmed with our reception, and the accomplished
address and manners of Dost Mahommed Khan.
I lost no time in making excursions near Cabool, and chose the
earliest opportunity to visit the tomb of the Emperor Baber, which is
 about a mile from the city, and situated in the
Tomb of the
sweetest spot of the neighbourhood. The good
Emperor Baber.
Nawab was my conductor in the pilgrimage. I have
a profound respect for the memory of Baber, which had been
increased by a late perusal of his most interesting Commentaries. He
had directed his body to be interred in this place, to him the choicest
in his wide dominions. These are his own words regarding Cabool:
—“The climate is extremely delightful, and there is no such place in
the known world.”—“Drink wine in the citadel of Cabool, and send
round the cup without stopping: for it is at once a mountain, a sea,
a town, and a desert.”[15]
The grave is marked by two erect slabs of white marble, and, as is
usual, the last words of the inscription give the date of the
Emperor’s death. The device in the present instance seems to me
happy: “When in heaven, Roozvan asked the date of his death. I told
him that heaven is the eternal abode of Baber Badshah.” He died in
the year 1530. Near the Emperor, many of his wives and children
have been interred; and the garden, which is small, has been once
surrounded by a wall of marble. A running and clear stream yet
waters the fragrant flowers of this cemetery, which is the great
holiday resort of the people of Cabool. In front of the grave, there is
a small but chaste mosque of marble; and an inscription upon it sets
forth that it was built in the year 1640, by order of the Emperor
Shah Jehan, after defeating Mahommed Nuzur Khan in Balkh, and
Budukhshan, “that poor Mahommedans might here offer up their
prayers.” It is pleasing to see the tomb of so great a man as Baber
honoured by his posterity.
There is a noble prospect from the hill which
Prospect from
Baber’s tomb.
overlooks Baber’s tomb, and a summer-house has
been erected upon it by Shah Zuman, from which
it may be admired. The Nawab and myself climbed up to it, and
seated ourselves. If my reader can imagine a plain, about twenty
miles in circumference, laid out with gardens and fields in pleasing
irregularity, intersected by three rivulets, which wind through it by a
serpentine course, and wash innumerable little forts and villages, he
will have before him one of the meadows of Cabool. To the north lie
the hills of Pughman, covered half way down with snow, and
separated from the eye by a sheet of the richest verdure. On the
other side, the mountains, which are bleak and rocky, mark the
hunting preserves of the kings; and the gardens of this city, so
celebrated for fruit, lie beneath, the water being conducted to them
with great ingenuity. I do not wonder at the hearts of the people
being captivated with the landscape, and of Baber’s admiration; for,
in his own words, “its verdure and flowers render Cabool, in spring,
a heaven.”
Our intercourse with the people was on a much
Intercourse with the
people;
better footing at Cabool than in Peshawur, for we
were no longer in the house of a chief, and not
troubled by too many visiters. The Nawab occupied one side of a
large mansion, and left the other part to us. He, however, rallied
round him many good sort of people, with whom we became
acquainted; he brought them over in person, and we passed to and
fro between each other’s apartments during the whole day. The
habits which we had adopted, now gave us many advantages in our
communications with the people. We sat along with them on the
same carpet, ate with them, and freely mingled in their society. The
Afghans are a sober, simple, steady people. They
their character.
always interrogated me closely regarding Europe,
the nations of which they divide into twelve
“koollahs,” or crowns, literally hats. It was delightful to see the
curiosity of even the oldest men. The greatest evil of
Mahommedanism consists in its keeping those who profess it within
a certain circle of civilisation. Their manners do not appear ever to
alter. They have learning, but it is of another age, and any thing like
philosophy in their history is unknown. The language of the Afghans
is Persian, but it is not the smooth and elegant tongue of Iran.
Pooshtoo is the dialect of the common people, but some of the
higher classes cannot even speak it. The Afghans are a nation of
children; in their quarrels they fight, and become friends without any
ceremony. They cannot conceal their feelings from one another, and
a person with any discrimination may at all times pierce their
designs. If they themselves are to be believed, their ruling vice is
envy, which besets even the nearest and dearest relations. No
people are more incapable of managing an intrigue. I was
particularly struck with their idleness; they seem to sit, listlessly for
the whole day, staring at each other; how they live it would be
difficult to discover, yet they dress well, and are healthy and happy. I
imbibed a very favourable impression of their national character.
Cabool is a most bustling and populous city. Such
Cabool; its bazars.
is the noise in the afternoon, that in the streets
one cannot make an attendant hear. The great
bazar, or “Chouchut,” is an elegant arcade, nearly 600 feet long, and
about 30 broad: it is divided into four equal parts. Its roof is painted;
and over the shops are the houses of some of the citizens. The plan
is judicious; but it has been left unfinished; and the fountains and
cisterns, that formed a part of it, lie neglected. Still there are few
such bazars in the East; and one wonders at the silks, cloths, and
goods, which are arrayed under its piazzas. In the evening it
presents a very interesting sight: each shop is lighted up by a lamp
suspended in front, which gives the city an appearance of being
illuminated. The number of shops for the sale of dried fruits is
remarkable, and their arrangement tasteful. In May, one may
purchase the grapes, pears, apples, quinces, and even the melons of
the by-gone season, then ten months old. There are poulterers’
shops, at which snipes, ducks, partridges, and plovers, with other
game, may be purchased. The shops of the shoemakers and
hardware retailers are also arranged with singular neatness. Every
trade has its separate bazar, and all of them seem busy. There are
booksellers and venders of paper, much of which is Russian, and of a
blue colour. The month of May is the season of the “falodeh,” which
is a white jelly strained from wheat, and drunk with sherbet and
snow. The people are very fond of it, and the shop-keepers in all
parts of the town seem constantly at work with their customers. A
pillar of snow stands on one side of them, and a fountain plays near
it, which gives these places a cool and clean appearance. Around the
bakers’ shops crowds of people may be seen, waiting for their bread.
I observed that they baked it by plastering it to the sides of the
oven. Cabool is famed for its kabobs, or cooked meats, which are in
great request: few cook at home. “Rhuwash” was the dainty of the
May season in Cabool. It is merely blanched rhubarb, which is reared
under a careful protection from the sun, and grows up rankly under
the hills in the neighbourhood. Its flavour is delicious. “Shabash
rhuwash! Bravo rhuwash!” is the cry in the streets; and every one
buys it. In the most crowded parts of the city there are story-tellers
amusing the idlers, or dervises proclaiming the glories and deeds of
the Prophets. If a baker makes his appearance before these
worthies, they demand a cake in the name of some prophet; and, to
judge by the number who follow their occupation, it must be a
profitable one. There are no wheeled carriages in Cabool: the streets
are not very narrow; they are kept in a good state during dry
weather, and are intersected by small covered aqueducts of clean
water, which is a great convenience to the people. We passed along
them without observation, and even without an attendant. To me,
the appearance of the people was more novel than the bazars. They
sauntered about, dressed in sheep-skin cloaks, and seemed huge
from the quantity of clothes they wore. All the children have chubby
red cheeks, which I at first took for an artificial colour, till I found it
to be the gay bloom of youth. The older people seem to lose it.
Cabool is a compactly built city, but its houses have no pretension to
elegance. They are constructed of sun-dried bricks and wood, and
few of them are more than two stories high. It is thickly peopled,
and has a population of about sixty thousand souls. The river of
Cabool passes through the city; and tradition says that it has three
times carried it away, or inundated it. In rain, there is not a dirtier
place than Cabool.
It is in the mouth of every one, that Cabool is a
Traditions of
Cabool.
very ancient city; they call it 6000 years old. It
formed once, with Ghuzni, the tributary cities of
Bameean. Strange has been the reverse of circumstances;—Ghuzni,
under Mahmood, in the eleventh century, became a great capital;
and Cabool is now the metropolis both over it and Bameean. It is
said that Cabool was formerly named Zabool, from a kaffir, or infidel
king, who founded it; hence the name of Zaboolistan. Some authors
have stated, that the remains of the tomb of Cabool, or Cain, the
son of Adam, are pointed out in the city; but the people have no
such traditions. It is, however, a popular belief, that when the devil
was cast out of heaven, he fell in Cabool. In Cabool itself there are
not exactly traditions of Alexander, but both Herat and Lahore are
said to have been founded by slaves of that conqueror, whom they
call a prophet. Their names were Heri (the old name of Herat) and
Lahore. Candahar is said to be an older city than either of these.
While at Cabool, I made every attempt to procure
Coins.
coins, but without success, excepting a Cufic coin
of Bokhara, which was 843 years old. Among the
rarities brought to the Cabool mint, I heard of a coin of the shape
and size of a sparrow’s egg,—a whimsical model. Triangular and
square coins are common: the latter belong to the age of Acbar.
In the number of our visiters was an Armenian, of
Armenians.
the name of Simon Mugurditch, commonly called
Sooliman, who gave us a sad account of the
dispersion of his tribe. There are but twenty-one persons now
remaining, from a colony of some hundreds introduced by Nadir and
Ahmed Shah from Joolfa and Meshid in Persia. By inscriptions in
their burying-ground, it would appear that some Armenian
merchants had settled in Cabool even before that period. During the
Dooranee monarchy, they held offices under the government, and
were respected, till the time of Timour Shah’s death. In the disputes
about the succession, they have gradually withdrawn their families
to other countries; and the present chief of Cabool, with the best
intentions, has put a finishing blow to the Armenian colony, by a
strict prohibition of wine and spirits. He has also forbidden dice, with
every description of incontinence, and likewise threatened to grill
some of the bakers in their ovens for light weights. After a life by no
means temperate, this chief has renounced wine, and, under the
severest penalties, commands that his subjects should be equally
abstemious. The Armenians and Jews of Cabool have, therefore, fled
to other lands, as they had no means of support but in distilling
spirits and wine. There are but three Jewish families in Cabool, the
wreck of a hundred which it could last year boast. If Dost
Mohammed Khan can succeed in suppressing drunkenness by the
sacrifice of a few foreign inhabitants, he is not to be blamed; since
forty bottles of wine or ten of brandy might be purchased from them
for a single rupee. As the chief in person shows so good an example
to his people, we shall not criticise his motives, nor comment with
severity on the inconsistency of a reformed drunkard. Cabool seems
to have been always famed for its revels.
The Armenians clung to us as if we had been an
Entertained by
them.
addition to their colony, and we breakfasted with
Simon Mugurditch and his family, where we met
all the members of it. The little children came running out to meet
us, kissed our hands, and then placed their foreheads upon them.
They are a very handsome people. We saw their church—a small
building, which could never have contained a hundred people. Our
host Simon gave us a very comfortable entertainment, and laid it out
on a cloth covered with sentences of the Koran. “It was an Afghan
cloth,” said he, “and Christians are not injured by these sentences,
nor eat a less hearty meal.” The Armenians have adopted all the
customs and manners of Mahommedans, and take off both shoes
and turbans on entering their church. They are a harmless
inoffensive people, but fond of money.
Since our departure, we had been travelling in a
Gardens of Cabool.
perpetual spring. The trees were blossoming as
we left Lahore, in February; and we found them
full blown in March, at Peshawur. We had now the same joyous state
of the season in Cabool, and arrived at an opportune time to see it.
This state of the spring will give a good idea of the relative height of
the different places, and of the progress of their seasons. Cabool is
more than 6000 feet above the level of the sea. I passed some
delightful days in its beautiful gardens. One evening I visited a very
fine one, in company with the Nawab, about six miles from the city.
They are well kept and laid out; the fruit trees are planted at regular
distances; and most of the gardens rise with the acclivity of the
ground in plateaus, or shelves, over one another. The ground was
covered with the fallen blossom, which had drifted into the corners,
like so much snow. The Nawab and myself seated ourselves under a
pear-tree of Samarcand, the most celebrated kind in the country,
and admired the prospect. Great was the variety and number of fruit
trees. There were peaches, plums, apricots, pears, apples, quinces,
cherries, walnuts, mulberries, pomegranates, and vines, all growing
in one garden. There were also nightingales, blackbirds, thrushes,
and doves, to raise their notes, and chattering magpies, on almost
every tree, which were not without their attraction, as reminding me
of England. I was highly pleased with the nightingale; and, on our
return home, the Nawab sent me one in a cage, which sang
throughout the night. It is called the “Boolbool i huzar dastan,” or,
the nightingale of a thousand tales; and it really seemed to imitate
the song of every bird. The cage was surrounded by cloth; and it
became so noisy a companion, that I was obliged to send it away
before I could sleep. This bird is a native of Budukhshan. The finest
garden about Cabool is that called the King’s garden, laid out by
Timour Shah, which lies north of the town, and is about half a mile
square. The road which leads to it is about three miles long, and
formed the royal race-ground. There is a spacious octagon summer-
house in the centre, with walks that run up from each of its sides,
shaded with fruit trees, having a very pretty effect. A marble seat in
front shows where the kings of Cabool sat in their prosperity, among

——“the pears
And sunniest apples that Cabool,
In all its thousand gardens, bears.”

The people are passionately fond of sauntering about these gardens,

and may be seen flocking to them every evening. The climate of
Cabool is most genial. At mid-day the sun is hotter than in England;
but the nights and evenings are cool, and only in August do the
people find it necessary to sleep on their balconies. There is no rainy
season, but constant showers fall as in England. The snow lasts for
five months in winter. During May, the thermometer stood at 64° in
the hottest time of the day; and there was generally a wind from the
north, cooled by the snow that covers the mountains. It must usually
blow from that quarter, since all the trees of Cabool bend to the
south.
Cabool is particularly celebrated for its fruit, which
Fruits and wines of
Cabool.
is exported in great abundance to India. Its vines
are so plentiful, that the grapes are given, for
three months of the year, to cattle. There are ten different kinds of
these: the best grow on frame-works; for those which are allowed to
creep on the ground are inferior. They are pruned in the beginning
of May. The wine of Cabool has a flavour not unlike Madeira; and it
cannot be doubted, that a very superior description might be
produced in this country with a little care. The people of Cabool
convert the grape into more uses than in most other countries. They
use its juice in roasting meat; and, during meals, have grape powder
as a pickle. This is procured by pounding the grapes before they get
ripe, after drying them. It looks like Cayenne pepper, and has a
pleasant acid taste. They also dry many of them as raisins, and use
much grape syrup. A pound of grapes sells for a halfpenny. I have
already mentioned the “rhuwash,” or rhubarb of Cabool: it grows
spontaneously under the snowy hills of Pughman; and Cabool has a
great celebrity from producing it. The natives believe it exceedingly
wholesome, and use it both raw, and cooked as vegetables. They tell
an anecdote of some Indian doctors, who practised for a short time
at Cabool, and waited for the fruit season, when the people would
probably be unhealthy. Seeing this rhubarb in May and June, these
members of the faculty abruptly left the country, pronouncing it a
specific for the catalogue of Cabool diseases. This, at all events,
proves it to be considered a healthy article of food. When the
rhubarb is brought to market, the stalks are about a foot long, and
the leaves are just budding. They are red; the stalk is white: when it