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Lesson_1_General_Botany

This document provides an introduction to botany, covering the scientific study of plants, including their structures, growth factors, and development. It outlines various subdisciplines such as plant taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and pathology. Additionally, it discusses the gross structure of plants, their characteristics, life cycles, and economic importance.

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4 views

Lesson_1_General_Botany

This document provides an introduction to botany, covering the scientific study of plants, including their structures, growth factors, and development. It outlines various subdisciplines such as plant taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and pathology. Additionally, it discusses the gross structure of plants, their characteristics, life cycles, and economic importance.

Uploaded by

henzutae
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 1 - General Botany

GENERAL BOTANY (LEC)

LESSON 1 (INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY)

Botany - scientific study of plants':

- Structures (internal [anatomical] & external [morphological])

- Factors that affect plant growth (temperature, amt of light/gas, type of soil, etc.)

- Development (from seeds, as well as physical & chemical factors that affect development)

Subsciences of Botany

Plant Taxonomy

- Taxis - arrangement/order

- Naming, nomenclature

- One of the oldest sciences

- Important because it's hard to study organisms without knowing their names

Plant Anatomy

- More on internal

- Microscope is required

- Study of plants' vessels, vascular system (xylem, phloem, stomata)

Plant Morphology

- More on external

- Plant organs, types of fruit system, leaves (apex margins, etc.)


Plant Physiology

- Functions of plants (photosynthesis, cellular respiration)

Plant Genetics

- Study of plants' heredity, inheritance of characteristics, variation.

- (Offsprings will have variations from parents)

- Application is important because of the Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), Cultivars were

improved

Plant Cytology

- Study of plant cells

- (Chromosome composition)

- Plants are often polyploids (multiple sets of chromosomes)

Plant Ecology

- Relationships of plants and environment

- Reaction of plants with certain conditions

- Parasitic plants - get their food from host

Plant Pathology

- Study of plant diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal)

Paleobotany

- Plant fossils and their importance

- Obtain great info among plants that existed a long time ago
Gross Structure of Plants

Root System

- Dicot: Tap root (main) & Lateral root

- Monocot: Fibrous root (no primary root)

Shoot System

- Leaves - site of photosynthesis

- Petiole - attaches leaf to the stem

- Blade

- Apical bud - arises apex

- Axillary bud - develops between a leaf and stem

- Internode - space between ft nodes

Reproductive Shoot

- Modified leaves

- Petals - for attraction

- Carpels - pistils

Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms

Gymno

- Cones - made of scales, green -> brown, woody

- Pistillate - ovulate cone (female)

- Staminate - pollinate (male)

- Leaves - needle-like
Angio

- Flower

Parts of the Flower

1. Sepals - group: calyx

2. Petals - group: corolla

3. Stamens - anther & filament (male)

4. Carpels/Pistil - stigma, style, ovary (female)

- Female gametophyte - embryo sac

- Ovule - becomes seeds

Characteristics of Plants

- Eukaryotic - nucleus enclosed w/ nuclear membrane

- Autotrophic - make their own food

- Multicellular

- Cell walls are made of cellulose

- Contain chloroplasts (chlorophyll a & b; carotenoids)

- Gives off oxygen

- Sessile - can't move from one place to another (however, can perform tropism)

- Has stomata for gas exchange (mostly on leaves)

- Cell specialization

- Alternation of generation - sporophyte gen., gametophyte gen.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

- Cytoplasm - where cellular respiration takes place (prokaryotic)

- Flagellum - 9+ft structure (universal to eukaryotes) - ft pairs of microtubules [center], 9 pairs of

microtubules [outer]
- Glycocalyx - capsule/slime

- Present in animal cell

- Important for cell recognition (serves as protection)

Cell Specialization

- Guard cells - use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata

- Brachysclereids - stone cells

- Specialized cells

- Schlerenchyma (thick secondary cell wall) (e.g. pear)

- Astrosclereids - star-shaped (found in nymphaeae)

- Bulliform cells - very large compared to other cells

- Usually found in monocot leaves

- Sensitive to humidity change, makes leaves roll in adaptation or protection from heat

Life Cycle of a Moss

- Gametophyte - mature female plant - reproductive organs can be seen

- Archegonium - the female reproductive organ in ferns, mosses & angiosperms (one egg only)

- Venther - expanded part (contains the egg)

- Water - is required (mosses thrive in wet areas)

Economic Importance of Plants

- Basic needs - food

- Habitat - for birds, insects, etc.

- Medicines - those that have been studied

- Soil Integrity - monocots (grass) prevent erosion as well as dicots.

- Decomposing of organic matter from plants also improve soil

- Air quality & Humidity Levels - absorbs CO2 which is a greenhouse gas and releases oxygen
- Aesthetic Values

- Regulates water cycle - through condensation of water vapor and regulation of groundwater by

preventing erosion

DEANG, Yoko

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