Formulario de álgebra

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PROPIEDADES ARITMÉTICAS LEYES DE EXPONENTES

ASOCIATIVA 𝑎(𝑏𝑐) = (𝑎𝑏)𝑐
CONMUTATIVA 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
DISTRIBUTIVA 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
LEY DE SIGNOS
MULTIPLICACIÓN DIVISIÓN 1
𝑎0 = 1; 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑎−𝑚 = ; 𝑎≠0
(+) × (+) = (+) (+) ÷ (+) = (+) 𝑎𝑚
(−) × (−) = (+) (−) ÷ (−) = (+) 𝑎𝑚
𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
(+) × (−) = (−) (+) ÷ (−) = (−) 𝑎𝑛
𝑚
(−) × (+) = (−) (−) ÷ (+) = (−) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚⋅𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛⋅𝑚 = (𝑎𝑛 )𝑚 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚
EJEMPLOS DE OPERACIONES ARITMÉTICAS (𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝 )𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑥 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑛𝑥 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝𝑥
𝑥
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚⋅𝑥 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ( 𝑛 ) = 𝑛⋅𝑥 ( ) =( )
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) − = 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 PRODUCTOS NOTABLES
𝑎( ) = = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐−𝑑 𝑑−𝑐
𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
3 3 2
( ) 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑏 = 𝑎 = +
𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3
𝑎 𝑎𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0
(𝑐 ) 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 ( ) 𝑎𝑑
𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 4𝑎𝑏
+ = 𝑐
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 ( ) 𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3
𝑑
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3
ECUACIÓN CUADRÁTICA (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐
(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎4 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎4
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 + 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑐)(𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 → 𝑥 =
2𝑎
FACTORIZACIÓN
CURSO DE ÁLGEBRA 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑏 2𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏 𝑛 )2
2𝑚
Si quieres aprender un poco más de 𝑎2𝑚 − 2𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑏 2𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑛 )2
álgebra, dale un vistazo a nuestro 𝑎2𝑚 − 𝑏 2𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏 𝑛 )(𝑎𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑛 )
curso gratuito en YouTube, con 𝑎 + 𝑏 3𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏 𝑛 )(𝑎2𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 + 𝑏 2𝑛 )
3𝑚
cientos de ejercicios resueltos. 𝑎3𝑚 − 𝑏 3𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑛 )(𝑎2𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 + 𝑏 2𝑛 )
RADICALES 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑛 1 𝑎𝑥 2𝑚 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑐𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑎1 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑐1 𝑦 𝑛 )(𝑎2 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑐2 𝑦 𝑛 )
√𝑎 = 𝑏 ↔ 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
√𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑚 𝑐1 𝑦 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑎2 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛
(+)
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑚 𝑐2 𝑦 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛
𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚𝑛
√ √𝑎 = √𝑎 √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 ⋅ √𝑏 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛

𝑎 √𝑎
𝑛 𝑚 DESIGUALDADES
𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 √𝑎 𝑥
√ =𝑛 √ 𝑦=𝑚 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 < 𝑏 → 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑦 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐
𝑏 √𝑏 𝑏 √𝑏 𝑦
𝑆𝑖 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑦 𝑐 > 0 → 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 𝑦 𝑎/𝑐 < 𝑏/𝑐
𝑛 𝑛
√𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟 √𝑎𝑛 = |𝑎|, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑦 𝑐 < 0 → 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐 𝑦 𝑎/𝑐 > 𝑏/𝑐

1
 Formulario de álgebra
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FACTORIAL Y NÚMERO COMBINATORIO

𝑛! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × ⋯ × (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑛 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ; 𝑛 > 1
1! = 1 0! = 1
𝑛 𝑛!
𝐶𝑘𝑛 = ( ) =
𝑘 (𝑛 − 𝑘)! 𝑘!
𝑛 𝑛
𝐶0 = 1 𝐶1 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑛𝑛 = 1
NÚMEROS COMPLEJOS
𝑖 = √−1 𝑖 2 = −1 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 𝑖4 = 1
√−𝑎 = 𝑖 √𝑎, 𝑎 ≥ 0
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = |𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖|2
1 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
= = 2
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖) 𝑎 + 𝑏 2
VALOR ABSOLUTO
𝑎; 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0
|𝑎| = { |𝑎| = |−𝑎|
−𝑎; 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 < 0
|𝑎| ≥ 0 |𝑎𝑏| = |𝑎||𝑏|
𝑎 |𝑎|
| |= |𝑎 + 𝑏| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏|
𝑏 |𝑏|
PROPIEDADES DE LOS LOGARITMOS
𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑥 → 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 0; 𝑏 > 0; 𝑏 ≠ 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥 𝑟 ) = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑑 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑑

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
𝑦
1
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑥

Versión 1.00
Fórmulas: Jorge.
Diseño: Pedro.