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vi Contents

3.8 Research Study: Controlling for Student Background

in the Assessment of Teaching   119
3. 9 R Instructions  124
3.10 Summary and Key Formulas   124
3.11 Exercises  125

CHAPTER 4 Probability and Probability Distributions 149

4.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study­­   149
4.2 Finding the Probability of an Event   153
4.3 Basic Event Relations and Probability Laws   155
4.4 Conditional Probability and Independence   158
4.5 Bayes’ Formula  161
4.6 Variables: Discrete and Continuous   164
4.7 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables   166
4.8 Two Discrete Random Variables: The Binomial and the Poisson   167
4.9 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables   177
4.10 A Continuous Probability Distribution: The Normal Distribution   180
4.11 Random Sampling  187
4.12 Sampling Distributions  190
4.13 Normal Approximation to the Binomial   200
4.14 Evaluating Whether or Not a Population Distribution Is Normal   203
4.15 Research Study: Inferences About Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Among Athletes  208
4.16 R Instructions  211
4.17 Summary and Key Formulas   212
4.18 Exercises  214

PART 4  nalyzing THE Data, Interpreting the

A
Analyses, and Communicating THE Results 231

CHAPTER 5 Inferences About Population Central Values 232

5.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   232
5.2 Estimation of m  235
5.3 Choosing the Sample Size for Estimating m  240
5.4 A Statistical Test for m  242
5.5 Choosing the Sample Size for Testing m  255
5.6 The Level of Significance of a Statistical Test   257
5.7 Inferences About m for a Normal Population, s Unknown  260
5.8 Inferences About m When the Population Is ­Nonnormal and n Is Small:
Bootstrap Methods  269
5.9 Inferences About the Median   275
5.10 Research Study: Percentage of Calories from Fat   280
5.11 Summary and Key Formulas   283
5.12 Exercises  285

CHAPTER 6 Inferences Comparing Two Population Central

Values 300
6.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   300
6.2 Inferences About m1 2 m2: Independent Samples   303

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 Contents vii

6.3 A Nonparametric Alternative:

The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test   315
6.4 Inferences About m1 2 m2: Paired Data   325
6.5 A Nonparametric Alternative:
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test   329
6.6 Choosing Sample Sizes for Inferences About m1 2 m2  334
6.7 Research Study: Effects of an Oil Spill on Plant Growth   336
6.8 Summary and Key Formulas   341
6.9 Exercises  344

CHAPTER 7 Inferences About Population Variances 366

7.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   366
7.2 Estimation and Tests for a Population Variance   368
7.3 Estimation and Tests for Comparing Two Population Variances   376
7.4 Tests for Comparing t . 2 Population Variances    382
7.5 Research Study: Evaluation of Methods for Detecting E. coli   385
7.6 Summary and Key Formulas   390
7.7 Exercises  391

CHAPTER 8 Inferences About More Than Two Population Central

Values 400
8.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   400
8.2 A Statistical Test About More Than Two Population Means:
An Analysis of Variance    403
8.3 The Model for Observations in a Completely Randomized Design    412
8.4 Checking on the AOV Conditions    414
8.5 An Alternative Analysis: Transformations of the Data    418
8.6 A Nonparametric Alternative: The Kruskal–Wallis Test   425
8.7 Research Study: Effect of Timing on the Treatment
of Port-Wine Stains with Lasers   428
8.8 Summary and Key Formulas   433
8.9 Exercises  435

CHAPTER 9 Multiple Comparisons 445

9.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   445
9.2 Linear Contrasts    447
9.3 Which Error Rate Is Controlled?    454
9.4 Scheffé’s S Method  456
9.5 Tukey’s W Procedure  458
9.6 Dunnett’s Procedure: Comparison of Treatments to a Control   462
9.7 A Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Procedure   464
9.8 Research Study: Are Interviewers’ Decisions ­Affected by Different
Handicap Types?  467
9.9 Summary and Key Formulas   474
9.10 Exercises  475

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viii Contents

CHAPTER 10 Categorical Data 482

10.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   482
10.2 Inferences About a Population Proportion p  483
10.3 Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Proportions, p1 2 p2  491
10.4 Inferences About Several Proportions:
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test    501
10.5 Contingency Tables: Tests for Independence
and Homogeneity  508
10.6 Measuring Strength of Relation    515
10.7 Odds and Odds Ratios    517
10.8 Combining Sets of 2 3 2 Contingency Tables  522
10.9 Research Study: Does Gender Bias Exist in the Selection of Students
for Vocational Education?  525
10.10 Summary and Key Formulas   531
10.11 Exercises  533

CHAPTER 11 Linear Regression and Correlation 555

11.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   555
11.2 Estimating Model Parameters    564
11.3 Inferences About Regression Parameters    574
11.4 Predicting New y-Values Using Regression   577
11.5 Examining Lack of Fit in Linear Regression    581
11.6 Correlation  587
11.7 Research Study: Two Methods for Detecting E. coli  598
11.8 Summary and Key Formulas   602
11.9 Exercises  604

CHAPTER 12 Multiple Regression and the General Linear Model 625

12.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study    625
12.2 The General Linear Model   635
12.3 Estimating Multiple Regression Coefficients    636
12.4 Inferences in Multiple Regression   644
12.5 Testing a Subset of Regression Coefficients   652
12.6 Forecasting Using Multiple Regression    656
12.7 Comparing the Slopes of Several Regression Lines   658
12.8 Logistic Regression  662
12.9 Some Multiple Regression Theory (Optional)   669
12.10 Research Study: Evaluation of the Performance of an Electric Drill   676
12.11 Summary and Key Formulas   683
12.12 Exercises  685

CHAPTER 13 Further Regression Topics 711

13.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   711
13.2 Selecting the Variables (Step 1)   712
13.3 Formulating the Model (Step 2)   729
13.4 Checking Model Assumptions (Step 3)   745

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 Contents ix

13.5 Research Study: Construction Costs for Nuclear Power Plants   765
13.6 Summary and Key Formulas   772
13.7 Exercises  773

CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Variance for Completely

Randomized Designs 798
14.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   798
14.2 Completely Randomized Design with a Single Factor   800
14.3 Factorial Treatment Structure  805
14.4 Factorial Treatment Structures with an Unequal Number
of Replications  830
14.5 Estimation of Treatment Differences and Comparisons
of Treatment Means  837
14.6 Determining the Number of Replications    841
14.7 Research Study: Development of a Low-Fat Processed Meat   846
14.8 Summary and Key Formulas   851
14.9 Exercises  852

CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Variance for Blocked Designs 865

15.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   865
15.2 Randomized Complete Block Design   866
15.3 Latin Square Design   878
15.4 Factorial Treatment Structure in a Randomized Complete
Block Design  889
15.5 A Nonparametric Alternative—Friedman’s Test   893
15.6 Research Study: Control of Leatherjackets   897
15.7 Summary and Key Formulas   902
15.8 Exercises  904

CHAPTER 16 The Analysis of Covariance 917

16.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   917
16.2 A Completely Randomized Design with One Covariate   920
16.3 The Extrapolation Problem   931
16.4 Multiple Covariates and More Complicated Designs   934
16.5 Research Study: Evaluation of Cool-Season Grasses for Putting
Greens  936
16.6 Summary  942
16.7 Exercises  942

CHAPTER 17 Analysis of Variance for Some Fixed-, Random-,

and Mixed-Effects Models 952
17.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   952
17.2 A One-Factor Experiment with Random Treatment Effects   955
17.3 Extensions of Random-Effects Models   959
17.4 Mixed-Effects Models  967
17.5 Rules for Obtaining Expected Mean Squares   971

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x Contents

17.6 Nested Factors  981

17.7 Research Study: Factors Affecting Pressure Drops
Across Expansion Joints   986
17.8 Summary  991
17.9 Exercises  992

CHAPTER 18 Split-Plot, Repeated Measures,

and Crossover Designs 1004
18.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   1004
18.2 Split-Plot Designed Experiments   1008
18.3 Single-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures   1014
18.4 Two-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on
One of the Factors   1018
18.5 Crossover Designs  1025
18.6 Research Study: Effects of an Oil Spill on Plant Growth   1033
18.7 Summary  1035
18.8 Exercises  1035

CHAPTER 19 Analysis of Variance for Some Unbalanced

Designs 1050
19.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study   1050
19.2 A Randomized Block Design with One or More
Missing Observations  1052
19.3 A Latin Square Design with Missing Data   1058
19.4 Balanced Incomplete Block (BIB) Designs   1063
19.5 Research Study: Evaluation of the Consistency
of Property Assessors  1070
19.6 Summary and Key Formulas   1074
19.7 Exercises  1075

Appendix: Statistical Tables 1085

Answers to Selected Exercises 1125
References 1151
Index 1157

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 PREFACE
INDEX

Intended Audience
An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis, Seventh Edition, provides
a broad overview of statistical methods for advanced undergraduate and graduate
students from a variety of disciplines. This book is intended to prepare students to
solve problems encountered in research projects, to make decisions based on data
in general settings both within and beyond the university setting, and finally to
become critical readers of statistical analyses in research papers and in news reports.
The book presumes that the students have a minimal mathematical background
(high school algebra) and no prior course work in statistics. The first 11 chapters
of the textbook present the material typically covered in an introductory statistics
course. However, this book provides research studies and examples that connect
the statistical concepts to data analysis problems that are often encountered in
undergraduate capstone courses. The remaining chapters of the book cover regres-
sion modeling and design of experiments. We develop and illustrate the statistical
techniques and thought processes needed to design a research study or experiment
and then analyze the data collected using an intuitive and proven four-step approach.
This should be especially helpful to graduate students conducting their MS thesis
and PhD dissertation research.

Major Features of Textbook

Learning from Data
In this text, we approach the study of statistics by considering a four-step process
by which we can learn from data:
1. Defining the Problem
2. Collecting the Data
3. Summarizing the Data
4. Analyzing the Data, Interpreting the Analyses, and Communicating
the ­Results

Case Studies
In order to demonstrate the relevance and critical nature of statistics in solving real-
world problems, we introduce the major topic of each chapter using a case study.
The case studies were selected from many sources to illustrate the broad applica-
bility of statistical methodology. The four-step learning from data process is illus-
trated through the case studies. This approach will hopefully assist in overcoming

 xi

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xii Preface

the natural initial perception held by many people that statistics is just another
“math course.’’ The introduction of major topics through the use of case studies
provides a focus on the central nature of applied statistics in a wide variety of
research and business-related studies. These case studies will hopefully provide the
reader with an enthusiasm for the broad applicability of statistics and the statistical
thought process that the authors have found and used through their many years
of teaching, consulting, and R & D management. The following research studies
­illustrate the types of studies we have used throughout the text.
●● Exit Polls Versus Election Results: A study of why the exit polls
from 9 of 11 states in the 2004 presidential election predicted John
Kerry as the winner when in fact President Bush won 6 of the 11
states.
●● Evaluation of the Consistency of Property Assessors:   A study to
determine if county property assessors differ systematically in their
determination of property values.
●● Effect of Timing of the Treatment of Port-Wine Stains with Lasers:  
A prospective study that investigated whether treatment at a younger
age would yield better results than treatment at an older age.
●● Controlling for Student Background in the Assessment of Teaching:  
An examination of data used to support possible improvements to
the No Child Left Behind program while maintaining the important
concepts of performance standards and accountability.
Each of the research studies includes a discussion of the whys and hows of the
study. We illustrate the use of the four-step learning from data process with each
case study. A discussion of sample size determination, graphical displays of the
data, and a summary of the necessary ingredients for a complete report of the sta-
tistical findings of the study are provided with many of the case studies.

Examples and Exercises

We have further enhanced the practical nature of statistics by using examples and
exercises from journal articles, newspapers, and the authors’ many consulting
experiences. These will provide the students with further evidence of the practical
usages of statistics in solving problems that are relevant to their everyday lives.
Many new exercises and examples have been included in this edition of the book.
The number and variety of exercises will be a great asset to both the instructor and
students in their study of statistics.

Topics Covered
This book can be used for either a one-semester or a two-semester course. Chapters
1 through 11 would constitute a one-semester course. The topics covered would
­include
Chapter 1—Statistics and the scientific method
Chapter 2—Using surveys and experimental studies to gather data
Chapters 3 & 4—Summarizing data and probability distributions
Chapters 5–7—Analyzing data: inferences about central values and
­variances
Chapters 8 & 9—One-way analysis of variance and multiple
comparisons

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 Preface xiii

Chapter 10—Analyzing data involving proportions

Chapter 11—Linear regression and correlation
The second semester of a two-semester course would then include model building
and inferences in multiple regression analysis, logistic regression, design of experi-
ments, and analysis of variance:
Chapters 11–13—Regression methods and model building: multiple re-
gression and the general linear model, logistic regression, and building
­regression models with diagnostics
Chapters 14–19—Design of experiments and analysis of variance: design
concepts, analysis of variance for standard designs, analysis of covari-
ance, random and mixed effects models, split-plot designs, repeated
measures ­designs, crossover designs, and unbalanced designs

Emphasis on Interpretation, not Computation

In the book are examples and exercises that allow the student to study how to
­calculate the value of statistical estimators and test statistics using the definitional
form of the procedure. After the student becomes comfortable with the aspects of
the data the statistical procedure is reflecting, we then emphasize the use of com-
puter software in making computations in the analysis of larger data sets. We provide
output from three major statistical packages: SAS, Minitab, and SPSS. We find that
this approach provides the student with the experience of computing the value of the
procedure using the definition; hence, the student learns the basics b­ ehind each pro-
cedure. In most situations beyond the statistics course, the student should be using
computer software in making the computations for both e­ xpedience and quality of
calculation. In many exercises and examples, the use of the computer allows for more
time to emphasize the interpretation of the ­results of the computations without hav-
ing to expend enormous amounts of time and effort in the ­actual computations.
In numerous examples and exercises, the importance of the following aspects
of hypothesis testing are demonstrated:
1. The statement of the research hypothesis through the summarization
of the researcher’s goals into a statement about population
parameters.
2. The selection of the most appropriate test statistic, including sample
size computations for many procedures.
3. The necessity of considering both Type I and Type II error
rates (a and b) when discussing the results of a statistical test of
hypotheses.
4. The importance of considering both the statistical significance and
the practical significance of a test result. Thus, we illustrate the
importance of estimating effect sizes and the construction of confi-
dence intervals for population parameters.
5. The statement of the results of the statistical test in nonstatistical
jargon that goes beyond the statement ‘‘reject H0’’ or ‘‘fail to
reject H0.’’

New to the Seventh Edition

●● There are instructions on the use of R code. R is a free software package
that can be downloaded from http:/ /lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN.

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xiv Preface

Click your choice of platform (Linux, MacOS X, or Windows) for the

precompiled binary distribution. Note the FAQs link to the left for
additional information. Follow the instructions for installing the base
system software (which is all you will need).
●● New examples illustrate the breadth of applications of statistics to
real-world problems.
●● An alternative to the standard deviation, MAD, is provided as a
measure of dispersion in a population/sample.
●● The use of bootstrapping in obtaining confidence intervals and
p-values is discussed.
●● Instructions are included on how to use R code to obtain percentiles
and probabilities from the following distributions: normal, binomial,
Poisson, chi-squared, F, and t.
●● A nonparametric alternative to the Pearson correlation coefficient:
Spearman’s rank correlation, is provided.
●● The binomial test for small sample tests of proportions is presented.
●● The McNemar test for paired count data has been added.
●● The Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion
for variable selection are discussed.

Additional Features Retained from Previous Editions

●● Many practical applications of statistical methods and data analysis
from agriculture, business, economics, education, engineering, medi-
cine, law, political science, psychology, environmental studies, and
sociology have been included.
●● The seventh edition contains over 1,000 exercises, with nearly 400 of
the exercises new.
●● Computer output from Minitab, SAS, and SPSS is provided in
numerous examples. The use of computers greatly facilitates the use
of more sophisticated graphical illustrations of statistical results.
●● Attention is paid to the underlying assumptions. Graphical
procedures and test procedures are provided to determine if assump-
tions have been violated. Furthermore, in many settings, we provide
alternative procedures when the conditions are not met.
●● The first chapter provides a discussion of “What Is Statistics?” We
provide a discussion of why students should study statistics along with
a discussion of several major studies that illustrate the use of statistics
in the solution of real-life problems.

Ancillaries
l Student Solutions Manual (ISBN-10: 1-305-26948-9;
ISBN-13: 978-1-305-26948-4), containing select worked solutions
for problems in the textbook.
l A Companion Website at www.cengage.com/statistics/ott, containing
downloadable data sets for Excel, Minitab, SAS, SPSS, and others,
plus additional resources for students and faculty.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xv

Acknowledgments
There are many people who have made valuable, constructive suggestions for
the development of the original manuscript and during the preparation of the
subsequent editions. We are very appreciative of the insightful and constructive
comments from the following reviewers:
Naveen Bansal, Marquette University
Kameryn Denaro, San Diego State University
Mary Gray, American University
Craig Leth-Steensen, Carleton University
Jing Qian, University of Massachusetts
Mark Riggs, Abilene Christian University
Elaine Spiller, Marquette University
We are also appreciate of the preparation assistance received from Molly Taylor
and Jay Campbell; the scheduling of the revisions by Mary Tindle, the Senior
Project Manager at Cenveo Publisher Services, who made sure that the book
was completed in a timely manner. The authors of the solutions manual, Soma
Roy, California Polytechnic State University, and John Draper, The Ohio State
University, provided me with excellent input which resulted in an improved set of
exercises for the seventh edition. The person who assisted me the greatest degree
in the preparation of the seventh edition, was Sherry Goldbecker, the copy editor.
Sherry not only corrected my many grammatical errors but also provided rephras-
ing of many sentences which made for a more straight forward explanation of sta-
tistical concepts. The students, who use this book in their statistics classes, will be
most appreciative of Sherry’s many contributions.

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 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 PART 1

Introduction

Chapter 1 St atistic s a nd the Sc ientific Method

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 1.1 Introduction

CHAPTER 1 1.2
1.3
Why Study Statistics?
Some Current
Applications of Statistics
1.4 A Note to the Student

Statistics and
1.5 Summary
1.6 Exercises

the Scientific
Method

1.1 Introduction
Statistics is the science of designing studies or experiments, collecting data, and
modeling/analyzing data for the purpose of decision making and scientific discov-
ery when the available information is both limited and variable. That is, statistics is
the science of Learning from Data.
Almost everyone, including social scientists, medical researchers, superin-
tendents of public schools, corporate executives, market researchers, engineers,
government employees, and consumers, deals with data. These data could be in the
form of quarterly sales figures, percent increase in juvenile crime, contamination
levels in water samples, survival rates for patients undergoing medical therapy,
census figures, or information that helps determine which brand of car to purchase.
In this text, we approach the study of statistics by considering the four-step process
in Learning from Data: (1) defining the problem, (2) collecting the data, (3) sum-
marizing the data, and (4) analyzing the data, interpreting the analyses, and com-
municating the results. Through the use of these four steps in Learning from Data,
our study of statistics closely parallels the Scientific Method, which is a set of prin-
ciples and procedures used by successful scientists in their p ­ ursuit of knowledge.
The method involves the formulation of research goals, the design of observational
studies and/or experiments, the collection of data, the modeling/analysis of the
data in the context of research goals, and the testing of hypotheses. The conclusion
of these steps is often the formulation of new research goals for a­ nother study.
These steps are illustrated in the schematic given in Figure 1.1.
This book is divided into sections corresponding to the four-step process in
Learning from Data. The relationship among these steps and the chapters of the
book is shown in Table 1.1. As you can see from this table, much time is spent dis-
cussing how to analyze data using the basic methods presented in Chapters 5–19.

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 1.1 Introduction 3

FIGURE 1.1
Scientific Method
Formulate research goal:
Schematic
research hypotheses, models

Formulate new
Make decisions:
research goals:
written conclusions,
new models,
oral presentations
new hypotheses

Design study: Draw inferences:

sample size, variables, Collect data: graphs, estimation,
experimental units, data management hypotheses testing,
sampling mechanism model assessment

TABLE 1.1
Organization of the text The Four-Step Process Chapters

1 Defining the Problem 1 Statistics and the Scientific Method

2 Collecting the Data 2 Using Surveys and Experimental Studies to Gather Data
3 Summarizing the Data 3 Data Description
4 Probability and Probability Distributions
4 Analyzing the Data, 5 Inferences about Population Central Values
Interpreting the Analyses, 6 Inferences Comparing Two Population Central Values
and Communicating 7 Inferences about Population Variances
the Results 8 Inferences about More Than Two Population Central Values
9 Multiple Comparisons
10 Categorical Data
11 Linear Regression and Correlation
12 Multiple Regression and the General Linear Model
13 Further Regression Topics
14 Analysis of Variance for Completely Randomized Designs
15 Analysis of Variance for Blocked Designs
16 The Analysis of Covariance
17 Analysis of Variance for Some Fixed-, Random-, and
Mixed-Effects Models
18 Split-Plot, Repeated Measures, and Crossover Designs
19 Analysis of Variance for Some Unbalanced Designs

However, you must remember that for each data set requiring analysis, someone
has defined the problem to be examined (Step 1), developed a plan for collecting
data to address the problem (Step 2), and summarized the data and prepared the
data for analysis (Step 3). Then following the analysis of the data, the results of the
analysis must be interpreted and communicated either verbally or in written form
to the intended audience (Step 4).
All four steps are important in Learning from Data; in fact, unless the prob-
lem to be addressed is clearly defined and the data collection carried out properly,
the interpretation of the results of the analyses may convey misleading informa-
tion because the analyses were based on a data set that did not address the problem
or that was incomplete and contained improper information. Throughout the text,

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
to chariots of mother-of-pearl, adorned with an infinite number of
shells of all sorts, of the liveliest colours in the world. These chariots
are open; and in the middle there is a throne on which the king sits,
and exposes himself to the public view of his subjects. The horses
are trained up to draw by themselves, so that there is no occasion
for a coachman to guide them. I pass over a thousand other
particulars relating to these sea-countries, full of wonder and
curiosity, which would be very entertaining to your majesty; but I
believe, sir, you will be pleased I should defer it, to speak of
something of much greater consequence; which is, that the method
of delivering, and the way of managing the women of the sea in
their lying-in, is quite different from those of the women of the
earth; and I am afraid to trust myself in the hands of the midwives
of this country. Therefore, sir, since my safe delivery is a thing which
equally concerns us both, with your majesty’s permission, I think it
proper to send for my mother and my cousins to assist at my labour;
at the same time to desire my brother’s company, to whom I have a
great desire to be reconciled. They will be very glad to see me
again, after I have related my story to them, and when they
understand that I am wife to the mighty king of Persia. I beseech
your majesty to give me leave to send for them: I am sure they will
be proud to pay their respects to you; and I dare say you will be
extremely pleased to see them.

Madam, said the king of Persia, you are mistress, and so do

whatever you please; I will endeavour to receive them with all the
honours they deserve. But I would fain know how you would
acquaint them with what you desire, and when they will [89]
arrive; that I may make some preparation for their reception,
and go myself in person to meet them.

Sir, replied the queen Gulnare, there is no need of any of these

ceremonies; they will be here in a moment: and if your majesty will
be pleased but to step into the closet and look through the lattice,
you shall see the manner of their arrival.
As soon as the king of Persia was gone into the closet, the queen
Gulnare ordered one of her women to bring her a perfuming-pan,
with a little fire in it. After that, she bade her retire, and shut the
door. When she was alone, she took a little piece of aloes out of a
box, and put it into the perfuming-pan. As soon as she saw the
smoke arise, she repeated some mystical words, utterly unknown to
the king of Persia, who observed with great attention what she was
doing. She had no sooner ended her charm, than the sea began to
be disturbed. The closet that the king was in was so contrived, that
looking through the lattice, on the same side with the windows that
faced the sea, he could plainly perceive it.

In short, the sea opened at some distance; presently there appeared

a tall handsome young man, with whiskers of a sea-green colour; a
little behind him, a lady well in years, but of a stately majestic air,
attended by five young ladies, nothing inferior in beauty to queen
Gulnare.

The queen Gulnare immediately came to one of the windows, and

saw the king her brother, the queen her mother, and the rest of her
relations, who at the same time perceived her also. The company
came forward, not walking, but carried, as it were, upon the surface
of the waves. When they came to the brink of the sea, they nimbly,
one after another, leaped in at the window, from whence the queen
Gulnare was retired, to make room for them. The king Saleh, the
queen her mother, and the rest of her relations, embraced her [90]
tenderly, with tears in their eyes, upon their first entrance.

After the queen Gulnare had received them with all the honour
imaginable, and placed them upon a sofa, the queen her mother
addressed herself to her after a very tender manner. Daughter, said
she, I am overjoyed to see you again, after so long an absence; and
I am confident that your brother and your relations are no less so
than I. Your leaving us, without acquainting any body with it, put us
into an inexpressible concern; and it is impossible to tell you how
many tears we have shed upon that account. We know of no other
reason that could induce you to take such a surprising resolution,
but the discourse that passed between your brother and you, of
which he afterwards informed me. The advice he gave you seemed
very advantageous to him at that time, for settling you handsomely
in the world; and was then very suitable to the posture of our
affairs. However, if you had not approved of his proposals, you ought
not to have been so much alarmed; and give me leave to tell you,
you took the thing quite otherwise than you ought to have done. But
no more of this discourse, which serves only to renew the occasion
of our sorrows and complaints, that we and you ought to bury for
ever in oblivion. Give us now a relation of all that has happened to
you since you left us, and also an account of the present
circumstances you are in; but especially let us know if you are
pleased and contented.

The queen Gulnare immediately threw herself at her mother’s feet,

and after rising up and kissing her hand, said, Madam, I own I have
been guilty of a very great crime, and I shall be indebted to your
goodness for the pardon which I hope you will be pleased to grant
me. What I am going to say, in obedience to your commands, will
soon convince you, that it is very often in vain for us to have [91]
an aversion for some certain things: I have experienced it
myself; and the only thing I had an abhorrence to, either justly, or
by the malice of my stars, has happened to me here. She began to
relate the whole story of what had befallen her since her quitting the
sea, in a violent passion, for the earth. As soon as she had made an
end, and had acquainted them with her having been sold to the king
of Persia, in whose palace she was at present; Sister, cried the king
her brother, you have been mightily wronged in having so many
affronts offered you; but you can blame nobody but yourself: you
have it in your power now to free yourself; and I cannot but admire
your patience, that you could endure so long a slavery. Rise, and
return with us into my kingdom, that I have reconquered, and taken
from the proud usurper that was once master of it.
The king of Persia, who heard these killing words from the closet
where he stood, was in the utmost confusion imaginable. Ah! said he
to himself, I am ruined and undone; and if my queen, my angel,
leaves me, I shall surely die, for it is impossible for me to live
without her: and will they be so barbarous as to deprive me of her?
But the queen Gulnare soon put him out of his fears, and eased the
sorrow of his heart.

Brother, said she, and smiled, what I have just now heard, gives me
a greater proof than ever I had of the sincerity of your friendship for
me; but as heretofore I could not brook your proposing a match
between me and a prince of the earth, so now I can scarce forbear
being angry with you, for advising me to break the engagement I
have made with the most puissant and most renowned monarch in
the world. I do not speak here of an engagement between a slave
and her master; if that were all, it would be easy to return [92]
the ten thousand pieces of gold that I cost him; but I speak
now of a contract between a woman and her husband, who has
never given her the least reason to complain or be discontented:
besides, he is a king, wise, temperate, religious, and just, and has
given me the most essential demonstrations of his love that possibly
he could. What can be a greater instance of the violence of his
passion, than sending away all his women (of which he had a great
number) immediately upon my arrival, and confining himself only to
me? I am now his wife, and he has lately declared me queen of
Persia; and I am to sit with him in the council: besides, I am
breeding; and if Heaven shall be pleased to favour me with a son,
that shall be another motive to engage my affections to him the
more. So, brother, continued the queen Gulnare, instead of following
your advice, you see I have all the reason in the world, not only to
love the king of Persia as passionately as I do, but also to live and
die with him, more out of gratitude than duty. I hope, then, neither
my mother, nor you, nor any of my cousins, will disapprove of the
resolution and alliance I have made, which will be an equal honour
to the kings of both the sea and earth. I ask a thousand pardons for
giving you the trouble of coming hither from the bottom of the deep
to partake of it; and I return you thanks for the pleasure of seeing
you after so long a separation.

Sister, replied king Saleh, the proposition I made you of going back
with us into my kingdom, upon the recital of your adventures,
(which I could not hear without concern,) was to let you see what a
particular love and honour I had for you, and that nothing in the
world was so dear to me as your welfare and happiness. Upon the
same account, then, for my own part, I cannot condemn a resolution
so reasonable, and so worthy of yourself, after what you have told
me of the king of Persia your husband, and the many [93]
obligations you have to him; and I am persuaded that the
queen our mother will be of the same opinion.

The queen confirmed what her son had just spoken, and addressing
herself immediately to her daughter, said, My dear, I am very glad to
hear you are pleased; and I have nothing else to add to what your
brother has already said to you. I should have been the first that
would have condemned you, if you had not expressed all the
gratitude you were capable of for a monarch that loves you so
passionately, and has done such mighty things to oblige you.

As the king of Persia, who was still in the closet, had been extremely
concerned for fear of losing his beloved queen, so now he was
transported with joy at her resolution never to forsake him; and
having no room to doubt of her love, after so open a declaration, he
began to love her more than ever, and was resolved within himself
to give her all the outward proofs of it, after the most sensible
manner he possibly could.

While the king was entertaining himself with a pleasure that cannot
easily be imagined, the queen Gulnare clapped her hands aloud, and
presently in came some of her slaves, whom she had ordered to
bring in a collation. As soon as it was served up, she invited the
queen her mother, the king her brother, and her cousins, to sit down
and take part of it. They began to consider, that, without ever asking
leave, they were got into the palace of a mighty king, who had never
seen or heard of them, and were all of the same opinion, that it
would be a great piece of rudeness and incivility to eat at his table
without him. This reflection raised a blush in their faces, and their
eyes glowing with the concern they were in, they breathed nothing
but flames at their mouths and nostrils.

This unexpected sight put the king of Persia, who was [94]
perfectly ignorant of the cause of it, into a most dreadful
consternation. The queen Gulnare fancying that his majesty might
be a little surprised at it, and finding her relations desirous of the
honour of seeing him, rose from her seat, and told them she would
be back in a moment. She went directly to the closet, and by her
presence recovered the king of Persia from his surprise: Sir, said she,
I doubt not but that your majesty is well pleased with the
acknowledgment I have lately made of the many favours that I am
still indebted to your goodness for. It was wholly in my power to
have complied with my relations, who would fain have persuaded
me to have forsaken you, and gone back with them into their
dominions; but alas! I am not capable of being guilty of such
ingratitude as I should have condemned in another. Ah! my queen,
cried the king of Persia, speak no more of your obligations to me, for
indeed you have none; it is I that am your debtor so much, that I
am afraid I shall never be able to repay, or return you thanks equal
to the favour you have done me; for I never thought it possible you
could have loved me so tenderly as you do, and as you have made it
appear to me, after the most signal manner in the world. Ah! sir,
replied the queen Gulnare, could I do less than I have done? I rather
fear I have not done enough, considering all the honours and
favours that your majesty has heaped upon me; and it is impossible
for me to remain insensible of your passion, after so many
convincing proofs as you have given me. But let us drop this, and
give me leave to assure you of the sincere friendship that the queen
my mother, and the king my brother, are pleased to honour you
with; they earnestly desire to see you, and tell you themselves. I
intended to have discoursed with them a little before I introduced
them to your majesty, and accordingly I have ordered a banquet for
them; but they are very impatient to pay their respects to [95]
you, and therefore I desire your majesty would be pleased to
walk in, and honour them with your presence.

Madam, said the king of Persia, I should be very glad to salute

persons that have the honour to be so nearly related to you; but I
am afraid of the flames that they breathe at their mouths and
nostrils. Sir, replied the queen, laughing, you need not in the least be
afraid of those flames, which are nothing but a sign of their
unwillingness to eat in your palace without your honouring them
with your presence, and eating with them.

The king of Persia taking heart at these words, went into his
chamber with his queen Gulnare. She presented him to the queen
her mother, to the king her brother, and to her other relations, who
instantly threw themselves at his feet, with their faces to the ground.
The king of Persia ran to them, and lifting them up, embraced them
one after another after a very tender manner. After they were all
seated, king Saleh began his speech: Sir, said he to the king of
Persia, we are at a loss for words to express our joy, to think that
the queen my sister, after all her hardships and affronts, should have
the happiness of falling under the protection of so powerful a
monarch as your majesty. We can assure you, sir, she is not
unworthy of the high honour that you have been pleased to raise her
to; and we have always had so much love and tenderness for her,
that we could never think of parting with her, even to the most
puissant princes of the sea, who have often demanded her in
marriage before she came of age: but Heaven has reserved her for
you, sir; and we have no better way of returning thanks for the
favour it has done her, than beseeching it to grant your majesty a
long and happy life with her, and to crown your days with content
and satisfaction.
Certainly, replied the king of Persia, Heaven reserved her [96]
purely for me, as you were pleased to observe; and I
love her with so tender and violent a passion, that it is plain I never
loved any woman till I saw her. Oh! how I am blessed and
transported with her charms! and I cannot sufficiently thank either
the queen her mother, or you, prince, or your whole family, for the
matchless generosity with which you have consented to receive me
into so glorious an alliance as yours. At the end of these words, he
invited them to take part of the collation, and he and his queen sat
down at his table with them. After the collation was over, the king of
Persia entertained them with discourse till it was very late; and when
they thought it convenient to retire, he waited upon them himself to
the several apartments he had ordered to be prepared for them.

The king of Persia treated his illustrious guests for a great many
days together; during which time, he omitted nothing that might
show his court in its greatest splendour and magnificence, and
insensibly prevailed with them to stay there till the queen was
brought to bed. When the time of her lying-in drew near, he gave
particular orders to get every thing in readiness that was necessary
upon such an occasion. At last there was a son born, to the great joy
of the queen his mother, who, as soon as he was dressed in
swaddling-clothes, which were very rich and costly, went and
presented him to the king.

The king of Persia received the present with a joy easier to be

imagined than expressed. The young prince being of a beautiful
countenance, and all over charms, he thought no name so proper
for him as that of Beder, which, in the Arabian language, signifies
the Full Moon. By way of thanks to Heaven, he was very liberal in his
alms to the poor, and caused the prison-doors to be set open, and
gave all the prisoners of both sexes their liberty. He [97]
distributed vast sums among the priests and the holy men of
his religion. He also gave large donatives to his courtiers, besides a
great deal that was thrown amongst the people; and, by a
proclamation, ordered several rejoicing days to be kept publicly
through the whole city.

One day after the queen’s up-sitting, as the king of Persia, queen
Gulnare herself, the queen her mother, king Saleh her brother, and
the princesses their relations, were discoursing together in her
majesty’s bed-chamber, the nurse chanced to come in with the
young prince Beder in her arms. King Saleh no sooner saw him, than
he ran to embrace him, and taking him in his arms, fell a kissing and
caressing him after a mighty rate. He took several turns with him
about the room, dancing and dandling him about, when all of a
sudden, through a transport of joy, the window being open, he
leaped out, and plunged with him into the sea.

The king of Persia, who expected no such sight, set up a hideous

cry, verily believing he should either see the dear prince his son no
more, or that he should see him drowned; nay, he was like to give
up the ghost amidst his so great grief and affliction. Sir, quoth queen
Gulnare, with a quiet and undisturbed countenance, (the better to
comfort him,) let your majesty fear nothing; the young prince is my
son as well as yours, and I do not love him less than you do. You
see I am not alarmed at the loss of him; neither in truth ought I to
be so. In short, he runs no risk, and you will soon see the king his
uncle appear with him again, who will return him to you safe and
sound. Although he be born of your blood as well as mine, he will
not fail to have the same advantage his uncle and I have, of living
equally in the sea and upon the land. The queen his mother, and the
princesses his relations, confirmed the same thing: yet all was no
great consolation to the king; he could not possibly recover [98]
from his fright till he saw prince Beder appear again as
before.

The sea at length became troubled, when immediately king Saleh

arose, with the young prince in his arms, and dancing and dandling
him about, re-entered at the same window he went out at. The king
of Persia, overjoyed to see prince Beder again, became as calm as
before he lost sight of him. Then king Saleh said, Sir, was not your
majesty in a great fright, when you first saw me plunge into the sea
with the prince my nephew? Alas! prince, answered the king of
Persia, I cannot express my concern: I thought him lost from that
very moment, and you now restore life to me by bringing him again.
I thought as much, replied king Saleh, though you had not the least
reason to apprehend any danger; for before I plunged into the sea
with him, I pronounced certain mysterious words over him, which
were engraven on the seal of the great Solomon the Son of David.
We practise the like in relation to all those children that are born in
the regions at the bottom of the sea, by virtue whereof they receive
the same privileges that we have over those people who inhabit the
earth. Now, from what your majesty has observed, you may easily
see what advantage your son prince Beder has acquired on the part
of his mother queen Gulnare my sister; for as long as he lives, and
as often as he pleases, it shall be free for him to plunge into the sea,
and traverse the vast empires it contains at its bottom.

Having so spoken, king Saleh, who had restored prince Beder to his
nurse’s arms, opened a box he had fetched from his palace in that
little time he had disappeared, which was filled with three hundred
diamonds, as large as pigeons’ eggs; a like number of rubies, of
extraordinary size; as many emerald wands, of half a foot [99]
long; and with thirty strings of necklaces of pearl, consisting
each of ten pieces. Sir, said he to the king of Persia, presenting him
with this box, when I was first summoned by the queen my sister, I
knew not what part of the earth she was in, or that she had the
honour to be married to so great a monarch as I now find;
wherefore I came empty-handed: but now I understand how much
we have been both obliged to your majesty, I beg you therefore to
accept of this small token of gratitude, in acknowledgment of the
many particular favours you have been pleased to do us, and
whereof I am not less sensible than she.

It cannot be imagined how greatly the king of Persia was surprised

at the sight of so much riches enclosed in so little compass. What!
prince, cried he, do you call so inestimable a present a small token
of your gratitude, when you never have been indebted to me? I
declare you have never been in the least obliged to me, neither you
nor the queen your mother; I esteem myself but too happy in the
consent you have been pleased to give to the alliance I have
contracted with you. Madam, continued he, turning to Gulnare, the
king your brother has put me into the greatest confusion in the
world; and I would beg of him to retain his present, were it not that
I fear to disoblige him. Do you therefore endeavour to obtain his
leave, that I may be dispensed with on this occasion.

Sir, replied king Saleh, I am not at all surprised that your majesty
thinks this present so extraordinary: I know you are not accustomed
upon earth to see such and so many fine stones; but if you knew, as
I do, the mines from whence these jewels were taken, and that it is
in my power to heap up a treasure, much larger than those, of all
the things of the earth, you would, it may be, wonder I should have
the boldness to make you a present of so small a value. I beseech
you therefore not to regard it in that respect, but on account [100]
of the sincere friendship I am obliged to offer to you, which
I hope you will not give me the mortification to refuse. These
engaging expressions obliged the king of Persia to accept the
present, for which he returned many thanks, both to king Saleh and
the queen his mother.

A few days after, king Saleh gave the king of Persia to understand
that the queen his mother, the princesses his relations, and himself
could have no greater pleasure than to spend their whole lives at his
court; but that having been absent from their own kingdom for some
time, where their presence was absolutely necessary, they begged of
him not to take it ill, if they took leave of him and queen Gulnare.
The king of Persia assured them he was very sorry that it was not in
his power to come and visit them in their dominions; but added, As I
am verily persuaded you will not forget queen Gulnare, but come
and see her now and then, I hope I shall have the honour to kiss
your hands again many times before I die.
Many tears were shed on both sides upon their separation. King
Saleh departed first; but the queen his mother, and the princesses
his relations, were fain to force themselves, in a manner, from the
embraces of queen Gulnare, who could not prevail with herself to let
them go. This royal company were no sooner out of sight, than the
king of Persia said to queen Gulnare, Madam, I should have looked
upon that person as one who would have imposed on my credulity in
the grossest manner, that had pretended to palm those wonders
upon me for true, which I myself have been an eye-witness of from
the time I have been honoured with your illustrious family at my
court: but I cannot escape conviction of this kind; and shall
remember it as long as I live, and be always ready to bless Heaven
for directing you to me, rather than to any other prince.

Young prince Beder was brought up and educated in [101]

the palace, under the care of the king and queen of
Persia, who both saw him grow and increase in beauty, to their great
satisfaction. He gave them yet greater pleasure as he advanced in
years, by his continued sprightliness, by his agreeable ways in
whatever he did, and by the justness and vivacity of his wit in
whatever he said; and they were the more sensible of this
satisfaction, by reason king Saleh his uncle, the queen his
grandmother, and the princesses his relations, came from time to
time to take part of it.

He was easily taught to read and write, and was instructed with the
same facility in all the sciences that became a prince of his rank.

When he arrived at fifteen, he acquitted himself of all his exercises

with infinitely better address, and good grace, than any of his
masters. He was withal very wise and prudent. The king, who had
almost from his cradle discovered in him virtues so necessary for a
monarch, and who moreover began to perceive the infirmities of old
age coming upon himself, would not stay till death gave him the
possession of his throne, but purposed to resign it to him
immediately. He had no great difficulty to make his council consent
to it; and the people heard this resolution with so much the more
joy, as they conceived prince Beder worthy to govern them. In a
word, as the king had not for a long time appeared in public, they
had all the opportunity in the world to observe he had not that
disdainful, proud, and crabbed air, which most princes, who look
upon all below them with scorn and contempt, have. They saw, on
the contrary, he treated all mankind with that goodness which
invited them to approach him, that he heard favourably all who had
any thing to say to him; that he answered every body with a
goodness that was peculiar to him; and that he refused [102]
nobody any thing that had the least appearance of
reasonableness.

The day for the ceremony was appointed, when in the midst of the
whole assembly, which was then more numerous than ordinary, the
king of Persia, then sitting on his throne, came down from it, took
the crown off his head, put it on that of prince Beder; and having
seated him in his place, kissed his hand, as a token that he resigned
his authority to him: after which, he ranged himself among the
crowd of viziers and emirs.

Hereupon the viziers, emirs, and other principal officers, came

immediately and threw themselves at the new king’s feet, taking
each the oath of fidelity, according to their degrees. Then the grand
vizier made a report of divers important matters; on which the
young king gave judgment with that admirable prudence and
sagacity that surprised all the council. He next turned out divers
governors convicted of mal-administration, and put others in their
room; which he did with that wonderful and just discernment as
excited the acclamations of every body, which were so much the
more honourable, as flattery had no share in them. He at length left
the council, accompanied by the late king his father, and went to
wait on his mother queen Gulnare, at her apartment. The queen no
sooner saw him coming with the crown upon his head, than she ran
to embrace him with a great deal of tenderness, wishing him a long
and prosperous reign.
The first year of his reign, king Beder acquitted himself of all his
royal functions with great assiduity. Above all, he took care to
instruct himself in affairs of state, and all that might any way
contribute towards the happiness of his people. Next year, having
left the administration to his council, under the direction of [103]
the old king his father, he went out of his capital city, under
pretence of diverting himself with hunting; but his real intention was
to visit all the provinces of his kingdom, that he might reform all
abuses there, establish good order and discipline every where, and
deprive all ill-minded princes, his neighbours, of any opportunities of
attempting any thing against the security and tranquillity of his
subjects, by appearing and showing himself seasonably on his
frontiers.

No less than a whole year sufficed this young king to put in practice
a purpose so worthy of him. Soon after his return, the old king his
father fell so dangerously ill, that he knew at first he should never
recover. He waited for his last moment with great tranquillity, and his
only care was to recommend to the ministers and other lords of his
son’s court to persist in the fidelity they had sworn to him; insomuch
that there was not one but willingly renewed his oath as freely as at
first. He died at length, to the great grief of king Beder and queen
Gulnare, who caused his corpse to be carried to a stately
mausoleum, worthy of his rank and dignity.

When the funeral obsequies were ended, king Beder found no

difficulty to comply with that ancient custom in Persia to mourn for
the dead a whole month, and not to be seen by any body during all
that time. He had mourned the death of his father his whole life, had
he hearkened to his excessive affliction, and had it been permitted
to so great a prince as he was to amuse himself after that manner.
During this interval, the queen, mother to queen Gulnare, and king
Saleh, together with the princesses their relations, arrived at the
Persian court, and shared in great part of their affliction, before they
proposed any consolation.
Though the month was expired, the king could not prevail [104]
on himself to give admittance to the grand vizier and the
other lords of his court, who all besought him to lay aside his
mourning habit, to show himself to his subjects, and take upon him
the administration of affairs as before.

He showed so great unwillingness to their request, that the grand

vizier took upon him to speak in the following manner: Sir, it would
be needless to represent to your majesty that it belongs only to
women to persist in perpetual mourning. We doubt not but you are
sufficiently convinced of that, and that it is not your intention to
follow their example. Neither our tears nor yours are capable of
restoring life to the good king your father, though we should lament
all our days. He has undergone the common fate of all men, which
nobody can resist. Yet we cannot say absolutely that he is dead,
since we see him reviving in the person of your sacred majesty. He
did not himself doubt, when he was dying, but he should revive in
you, and to your majesty it belongs to show that he was not
deceived.

King Beder could no longer oppose such pressing instances. He laid

aside his mourning habit that very moment; and after he had
resumed the royal ornaments, he began to provide for the
necessities of his subjects with the same assiduity as before his
father’s death. He acquitted himself with universal approbation; and,
as he was exact in maintaining his predecessor’s ordinances, the
people perceived no alteration in their sovereign.

King Saleh, who was returned to his dominions in the sea, with the
queen his mother and the princesses, no sooner saw that king Beder
had resumed the government, than he came alone to visit him; and
king Beder and queen Gulnare were overjoyed to see him. One day,
as they rose from table, they fell to discoursing of several matters.
King Saleh fell insensibly on the praises of the king his [105]
nephew, and the queen his sister, how glad he was to see
him govern so prudently, which had acquired him so great
reputation, not only among his neighbours, but more remote
princes. King Beder, who could not bear to hear himself so well
spoken of, and not being willing to interrupt the king his uncle,
through good manners turned on one side, and seemed to be
asleep, leaning his head against a cushion that was behind him.

From these commendations, which regarded only the wonderful

conduct and surprising wit of king Beder, king Saleh came to speak
of the perfections of his body, which he extolled after a mighty rate,
as having nothing equal to them, either upon the earth, or the
kingdoms under the waters, which he was well acquainted with.

Sister, said he in an ecstasy, so beautiful as he is, and of such

excellent endowments, I wonder you have not thought of marrying
him ere this: if I mistake not, he is at present in his twentieth year,
and at that age no prince ought to be suffered to be without a wife.
I will think of a match for him myself, since you will not, and marry
him to some princess of our lower world, that may be worthy of him.

Brother, replied queen Gulnare, you call to my remembrance a thing,

I must own, I have never thought of to this very moment. As he
never discovered any inclination for marriage, I never thought of
mentioning it to him; and I am glad you have now spoken of it to
me. I like your proposing one of your princesses; and I desire you to
name one who may be beautiful and well accomplished, that the
king my son may be obliged to love her.

I know one that will be proper, replied king Saleh, softly; but before
I will tell you who she is, let us see if the king my nephew [106]
sleeps or not, and I will tell you afterwards why it is
necessary we should take that precaution. Queen Gulnare then
looked upon her son, and thought she had no reason to doubt but
he was profoundly asleep, (king Beder nevertheless, very far from
sleeping, redoubled his attention, as being unwilling to lose any
thing the king his uncle said upon that subject.) There is no
necessity for your speaking so low, said the queen to the king her
brother; you may speak out with all freedom, without fear of being
heard.

It is by no means proper, replied king Saleh, that the king my

nephew should as yet have any knowledge of what I am going to
say. Love, you know, sometimes enters the ear; and it is not
necessary he should love this lady I am about to name, after that
sort: in short, I see many difficulties to surmount in this case, not on
the lady’s part, as I hope, but on that of her father. I need only
[2]
mention to you the princess Giahaure , and the king of Samarcand.

How, brother, replied queen Gulnare, is not the princess Giahaure

yet married? I remember to have seen her a little before I left your
palace; she was then about eighteen months old, and surprisingly
beautiful, and must needs be the wonder of the world, if her charms
have increased equal with her years. The few years she is older than
the king my son, ought not to hinder our doing our utmost to bring
the match about. Let me know but the difficulties that are to be
surmounted, and I will warrant we will do well enough.

Sister, replied king Saleh, the greatest difficulty is, that the king of
Samarcand is insupportably vain, looking upon all others as his
inferiors: it is not likely we shall easily get him to enter into this
alliance. For my part, I will go to him in person, and demand [107]
the princess his daughter of him; and in case he refuses her,
will address ourselves elsewhere, where we shall be like to be more
favourably heard. For this reason, as you may perceive, added he, it
is not proper for the king my nephew to know any thing of our
design, lest he should fall in love with the princess Giahaure, and we
afterwards not be able to obtain her for him. They discoursed a little
longer upon this point, and before they parted, agreed that king
Saleh should forthwith return to his own dominions, and demand the
princess Giahaure of the king of Samarcand, her father, for the king
of Persia, his nephew.
This done, queen Gulnare and king Saleh, who verily believed king
Beder asleep, agreed to wake him; and he dissembled the matter so
well, that he seemed to wake from a profound sleep. He had
nevertheless heard every word they said; and the character they
gave of the princess Giahaure had inflamed his heart with an
unknown passion. He had conceived so bright an idea of her beauty,
that he could not sleep a wink all night, but remained under
continual inquietudes.

Next day king Saleh would needs take leave of queen Gulnare and
the king his nephew. The young king, who knew the king his uncle
would not have departed so soon, but to go and promote his
happiness, blushed when he heard him mention his departure. His
passion was become so violent, it would not suffer him to wait so
long for the sight of his mistress as would suffice to accomplish the
marriage. He more than once resolved to desire his uncle to bring
her away with him; but as he did not care to let the queen his
mother understand he knew any thing of what had passed, he
desired him only to stay with him a day or two, that they might hunt
together, intending to make use of that occasion to discover [108]
his mind to him.

The day for hunting was set, and king Beder had many opportunities
to declare his mind to his uncle; but he had not the courage so
much as once to open his mouth to acquaint him with what he
designed.

In the midst of the chase, when not only king Saleh but all his
attendants had left him, he alighted near a spring; and, having tied
his horse to a tree that afforded a very plentiful shade, as did several
others along the banks of the rivulet, he laid himself down on the
grass, and gave a free course to his tears, which issued forth in
great abundance, accompanied with many sobs and sighs. He
remained in this condition, overwhelmed with thought, and not
speaking so much as one word. King Saleh, in the mean time,
missing the king his nephew, and not meeting with any one who
could tell tidings of him, began to be much concerned to know what
was become of him. He therefore left his company to go in search of
him, and at length perceived him at a distance. He had observed the
day before, and even more evidently that day, that he was not so
merry as he used to be, that he was more pensive than ordinary,
and that if he was asked a question, he either answered not at all,
or nothing to the purpose: but he never so much as in the least
suspected the cause of all this alteration, till he saw him lying in that
disconsolate posture; when he immediately guessed he had not only
heard what passed between him and the queen Gulnare, but was
become passionately in love. He hereupon alighted, at some
distance from him, and having tied his horse to a tree, took a
compass, and came upon him so softly, that he heard him
pronounce the following words:

Adorable princess of the kingdom of Samarcand, cried [109]

he out, I have no doubt had but an imperfect sketch of
your incomparable beauty; yet I hold you to be preferable to all the
princesses in the world in charms, and to excel them as much as the
sun does the moon and stars. I would this moment go and offer you
my heart, if I but knew where to find you: it belongs to you, dear
princess, and nobody shall be the possessor of it but you.

King Saleh would hear no more: he advanced immediately, and

discovered himself to king Beder. From what I have understood,
nephew, said he, you heard that which the queen your mother and I
discoursed the other day of the princess Giahaure. It was not our
intention you should have known any thing, and we verily thought
you were asleep. My dear uncle, replied king Beder, I heard every
word you said, and have sufficiently experienced the effect you
foretold; which it was not in your power to prevent. I detained you
on purpose to acquaint you with my love before your departure; but
the confusion I had to let you know my weakness, if it be any to
love so worthy a princess as this seems to be, altogether sealed my
mouth. I beseech you then, by the friendship you profess for a
prince that has the honour to be so nearly allied to you, that you
would pity me, and not delay to procure me the consent of the king
of Samarcand, that I may marry his daughter, the adorable
Giahaure, with all speed, unless you have a mind to see me die with
love before I have the sight of her.

These words of the king of Persia troubled king Saleh very much: he
gave him to understand how difficult it was to give him the
satisfaction he desired, and that he could not well do it without
carrying him along with him; which might be of dangerous [110]
consequences, since his presence was so absolutely
necessary in his kingdom, that the least absence might occasion his
subjects to revolt. He conjured him, therefore, to moderate his
passion till such time as he had put things into a better posture;
assuring him he would use his utmost diligence to content him, and,
when he had brought matters to bear, he would come to acquaint
him. But these reasons were not sufficient to satisfy the king of
Persia. Cruel uncle, said he, I find you do not love me so much as
you pretended, and that you had rather see me die than grant the
first request that ever I made you.

I am ready to convince your majesty, replied king Saleh, that I would

do any thing to serve you in reason; but as for carrying you along
with me, I cannot do that till I have spoken to the queen your
mother. What would she say if I should do this? If she consents, I
am ready to do all you would have me. You cannot be ignorant,
replied the king of Persia, that the queen my mother would never
willingly part with me; and therefore this excuse of yours does but
yet farther convince me of the hardness of your heart. If you do
really love me, as you would have me to believe you do, you must
return to your kingdom immediately, and carry me along with you.

King Saleh, finding himself in a manner obliged to yield to his

nephew’s importunity, drew a ring off his finger, which was engraved
with the same mysterious names of God that were upon Solomon’s
seal, that had wrought so many wonders by their virtue. Here, take
this ring, said he, put it upon your finger, and fear neither the waters
of the sea, nor their depth. The king of Persia took the ring, and
when he had put it on his finger, king Saleh said unto him, [111]
Follow me; when, at the same time, they both mounted
leisurely up into the air, and made towards the sea, which was not
far off, whereinto they jointly plunged.

The sea-king was not long in going to his palace with the king of
Persia, whom he immediately carried to the queen’s apartment, and
presented him to her. The king of Persia kissed the queen his
grandmother’s hands, and she embraced him with great
demonstrations of joy. I do not ask you how you do, said she to him,
I see you are well enough, and I am rejoiced at it; but I desire to
know how my daughter and your mother queen Gulnare does. The
king of Persia took great care not to let her know he came without
her consent; and therefore told her the queen his mother was in
perfect health, and had enjoined him to pay her duty to her. Then
the queen presented him to the princesses; and while he was in
conversation with them, she left him, and went with king Saleh into
a closet. He there told her how the king of Persia was fallen in love
with the princess Giahaure, upon the bare relation of her beauty;
and, contrary to his intention, that he had brought him along with
him, without being able to hinder it, and that he was going to
concert measures to procure the princess for him in marriage.

Although king Saleh was, to do him justice, perfectly innocent of the

king of Persia’s passion, yet the queen could hardly forgive his
indiscretion, in mentioning the princess Giahaure before him. Your
imprudence is beyond parallel, said she to him: can you think that
the king of Samarcand, whose character is so well known, will have
greater consideration for you than the many other kings he has
refused his daughter to with scorn and contempt? Would you have
him send you away with the same confusion he has done [112]
them?

Madam, replied king Saleh, I have told you it was contrary to my

intention that the king my nephew heard what I related of the
beauty of the princess Giahaure to the queen my sister. The fault, if
it be one, is already committed; and we must consider what a
violent passion he has for this princess, and that he will die with
grief and affliction if we do not speedily obtain her for him, with
whatever trouble we are to do it. For my part, I shall omit nothing
that may contribute to it, since I was, though innocently, the cause
of the malady: I will therefore do all that I can to remedy it. I hope,
madam, you will approve of my resolution, to go and wait upon the
king of Samarcand, with a rich present of precious stones, and
demand the princess his daughter of him for the king of Persia, your
grandson and my nephew. I have some reason to believe he will not
refuse me, nor neglect to ally himself with one of the greatest
potentates of the earth.

It were to have been wished, replied the queen, that we had not
been under a necessity of making this demand, since the success of
our attempt is not so certain as we could desire; but since my
grandson’s quiet and content totally depend upon it, I freely give my
consent to it. But, above all, I charge you, since you sufficiently
know the humour of the king of Samarcand, that you take care to
show him due respect, and not in any wise offend him by too
presuming a behaviour.

The queen prepared the present herself, composing it of diamonds,

rubies, emeralds, and strings of pearl; all which she put into a box,
very neat and very rich. Next morning, king Saleh took his leave of
her majesty and the king of Persia, and departed with a [113]
chosen but small troop of officers and other attendants. He
soon arrived at the capital and palace of the king of Samarcand, who
did not scruple to afford him audience immediately upon his arrival.
He rose from his throne as soon as he perceived king Saleh; who,
being willing to forget his character for some moments, knowing
whom he had to deal with, prostrated himself at his feet, wishing
him an accomplishment of whatever he desired. The king of
Samarcand immediately stooped to take him up; and, after he had
placed him by him on his left-hand, he told him he was welcome,
and asked him if there was any thing he could do to serve him.

Sir, answered king Saleh, though I should have no other motive than
that of rendering my respects to the most potent and most prudent
prince in the world, yet would I endeavour to convince your majesty,
though poorly, how much I honour and adore you. Were it possible
you could penetrate into my inmost soul, you would soon be
convinced of the great veneration I have had for you, and the ardent
desire I entertain to pay you my most humble acknowledgments.
Having spoken these words, he took the box of jewels from one of
his servants, and having opened it, presented it to the king,
imploring him to accept of it for his sake.

Prince, replied the king of Samarcand, I hope you do not make me

this present without requiring a proportional benefit from me. If
there be any thing within the compass of my capacity, you may
freely command it, and will do me signal honour in accepting it.
Speak, and tell me frankly wherein I can serve you.

I must own ingenuously, replied king Saleh, I have a boon to ask of

your majesty; but I shall take care to ask nothing but what is within
your power to grant. The thing depends so absolutely on [114]
yourself, that it would be to no purpose to require it of any
other. I ask it then with all possible earnestness, and I beg of you
not to refuse it me. If it be so, replied the king of Samarcand, you
have nothing to do but to acquaint me what it is, and you shall see
after what manner I can oblige people of desert.

Sir, then said king Saleh, after the confidence your majesty has been
pleased to think I have put in your good-will, I will not dissemble
any longer, that I came to beg of you to honour our house with your
alliance by marriage, and by that means to fortify the good
understanding that has always hitherto been between our two
crowns.
At these words, the king of Samarcand began to laugh heartily,
falling back in his throne against a cushion that supported him; and
soon after said, with an injurious and scornful air, to king Saleh; King
Saleh, I have always hitherto thought you were a prince of great
sense and wisdom; but now I find you just the contrary. Tell me, I
beseech you, where was your wit or discretion, when you formed to
yourself so great a chimera as you have just now proposed to me?
Could you conceive a thought only of aspiring in marriage to so
great a princess as my daughter? You ought to have considered
better the great distance between us, and not to run the risk of
losing in a moment the esteem I always had for your person.

King Saleh was extremely nettled at this affronting answer, and had
much ado to restrain his just resentment: however he replied, with
greater moderation than could be expected, God reward your
majesty according as you deserve. I beg the honour to inform you, I
do not demand the princess in marriage for myself: had I [115]
done so, your majesty, or the princess, ought to have been
so far from being offended, that you might rather have taken it for
an honour done to both. Your majesty knows well I am a king of the
sea as well as yourself; that the kings my ancestors have no reason
to yield in antiquity to any other royal families; and that the kingdom
I inherit from them is no less potent and flourishing than it has ever
been. If your majesty had not interrupted me, you had soon
understood, that the favour I asked of you was not for myself, but
for the young king of Persia, my nephew, whose power and
grandeur, no less than his personal good qualities, cannot be
unknown to you. Every body acknowledges the princess Giahaure to
be one of the finest ladies under the heavens; but it is at the same
time acknowledged by all, that the young king of Persia, my nephew,
is as accomplished as any prince, either upon land or under the
water. Thus the favour that is asked being likely to redound both to
the honour of your majesty and the princess your daughter, you
ought not to delay your consent to an alliance so equal, and which
no doubt will be approved by the generality of people. The princess
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