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100% found this document useful (5 votes)
197 views70 pages

Solution Manual For Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System 4th Edition by Philpotdownload

The document provides links to various solution manuals and test banks for engineering and business textbooks, including 'Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System' by Philpot. It includes sample problems and solutions related to normal stress calculations in different structural scenarios. Additionally, it emphasizes the legal restrictions on reproducing the material without permission.

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System


4th Ed
Full chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-mechanics-of-materials-an-
integrated-learning-system-4th-edition-by-philpot/

P1.1 A steel bar of rectangular cross section, 15 mm by 60 mm, is loaded by a compressive force of 110
kN that acts in the longitudinal direction of the bar. Compute the average normal stress in the bar.

Solution
The cross-sectional area of the steel bar is
A  15 mm  60 mm   900 mm2
The normal stress in the bar is
F 110 kN 1,000 N/kN 
   122.222 MPa  122.2 MPa Ans.
A 900 mm2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.2 A circular pipe with outside diameter of 4.5 in. and wall thickness of 0.375 in. is subjected to an
axial tensile force of 42,000 lb. Compute the average normal stress in the pipe.

Solution
The outside diameter D, the inside diameter d, and the wall thickness t are related by
D  d  2t
Therefore, the inside diameter of the pipe is
d  D  2t  4.5 in.  2  0.375 in.  3.75 in.
The cross-sectional area of the pipe is
 
A
4
D 2
 d2 
4
 4.5 in.   3.75 in.   4.8597 in.2
2

2

The average normal stress in the pipe is


F 42,000 lb
   8,642.6 psi  8,640 psi Ans.
A 4.8597 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.3 A circular pipe with an outside diameter of 80 mm is subjected to an axial compressive force of
420 kN. The average normal stress may not exceed 130 MPa. Compute the minimum wall thickness
required for the pipe.

Solution
From the definition of normal stress, solve for the minimum area required to support a 420 kN load
without exceeding a normal stress of 130 MPa
F F  420 kN 1,000 N/kN 
  Amin    3,230.77 mm2
A  130 N/mm 2

The cross-sectional area of the pipe is given by



A (D2  d 2 )
4
Set this expression equal to the minimum area and solve for the maximum inside diameter d

80 mm   d 2   3, 230.77 mm 2
2

4 

80 mm 
2
 d2 
4

 3, 230.77 mm  2

 d max  47.8169 mm

The outside diameter D, the inside diameter d, and the wall thickness t are related by
D  d  2t
Therefore, the minimum wall thickness required for the aluminum tube is
D  d 80 mm  47.8169 mm
tmin    16.092 mm  16.09 mm Ans.
2 2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.4 Three solid bars, each with square cross sections, make up the axial assembly shown in Figure
P1.4/5. Two loads of P = 30 kN are applied to the assembly at flange B, two loads of Q = 18 kN are
applied at C, and one load of R = 42 kN is applied at end D. The bar dimensions are b1 = 60 mm, b2 =
20 mm, and b3 = 40 mm. Determine the normal stress in each bar.

FIGURE P1.4/5

Solution
Cut an FBD through bar (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (1) is
Fx   F1  2 P  2Q  R  0
 F1  2 P  2Q  R  2  30 kN   2 18 kN   42 kN  66 kN  66 kN (C)

From the given width of bar (1), the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is
A1  b12   60 mm   3,600 mm 2
2

and thus, the normal stress in bar (1) is


F  66 kN 1,000 N/kN 
1  1   18.333 MPa  18.33 MPa (C) Ans.
A1 3,600 mm 2

Cut an FBD through bar (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (2) is
Fx   F2  2Q  R  0
 F2  2Q  R  2 18 kN   42 kN  6 kN  6 kN (C)

From the given width of bar (2), the cross-sectional area of bar (2) is
A2  b22   20 mm   400 mm 2
2

The normal stress in bar (2) is

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

F2  6 kN 1,000 N/kN 
2    15.000 MPa  15.00 MPa (C) Ans.
A2 400 mm 2

Cut an FBD through bar (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (3) is
Fx   F3  R  0
 F3   R  42 kN  42 kN (C)

The cross-sectional area of bar (3) is


A3  b32   40 mm   1, 600 mm 2
2

The normal stress in bar (3) is


F  42 kN 1, 000 N/kN 
2  2   26.250 MPa  26.3 MPa (C) Ans.
A2 1, 600 mm 2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.5 Three solid bars, each with square cross sections, make up the axial assembly shown in Figure
P1.4/5. Two loads of P = 25 kN are applied to the assembly at flange B, two loads of Q = 15 kN are
applied at C, and one load of R = 35 kN is applied at end D. Bar (1) has a width of b1 = 90 mm.
Calculate the width b2 required for bar (2) if the normal stress magnitude in bar (2) must equal the
normal stress magnitude in bar (1).

FIGURE P1.4/5

Solution
Cut an FBD through bar (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (1) is
Fx   F1  2 P  2Q  R  0
 F1  2 P  2Q  R  2  25 kN   2 15 kN   35 kN  55 kN  55 kN (C)

From the given width of bar (1), the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is
A1  b12   90 mm   8,100 mm 2
2

and thus, the normal stress in bar (1) is


F  55 kN 1, 000 N/kN 
1  1   6.7901 MPa
A1 8,100 mm 2

Cut an FBD through bar (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (2) is
Fx   F2  2Q  R  0
 F2  2Q  R  2 15 kN   35 kN  5 kN

The normal stress in bar (2) must equal the normal stress in bar (1). Thus,
 2  1  6.7901 MPa
Solve for the required area of bar (2):
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

F2
2 
A2
F2  5 kN 1, 000 N/kN 
 A2   736.364 mm2
2 6.7901 N/mm 2

The width of bar (2) is therefore:


b2  736.364 mm 2  27.136 mm  27.1 mm Ans.

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.6 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure
P1.6/7. One load of P = 1,500 lb is applied to the assembly at A, two loads of Q = 900 lb are applied
at B, and two loads of R = 1,300 lb are applied at C. The diameters of rods (1), (2), and (3) are d1 =
0.625 in., d2 = 0.500 in., and d3 = 0.875 in. Determine the axial normal stress in each of the three rods.

FIGURE P1.6/7

Solution
Cut an FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (1) is
Fx   P  F1  0
 F1  P  1,500 lb  1,500 lb (T)

Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (1):
 
A1  d12   0.625 in.  0.3068 in.2
2

4 4
The normal stress in rod (1) is
F 1,500 lb
1  1   4,889.24 psi  4,890 psi (T) Ans.
A1 0.3068 in.2

Cut an FBD through rod (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (2) is
Fx   P  2Q  F2  0
 F2  P  2Q  1,500 lb  2  900 lb   300 lb  300 lb (C)

Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (2):
 
A2  d 22   0.500 in.  0.1963 in.2
2

4 4
The normal stress in rod (2) is
F 300 lb
2  2   1,527.89 psi  1,528 psi (C) Ans.
A2 0.1963 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Cut an FBD through rod (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (3) is
Fx   P  2Q  2 R  F3  0
 F3  P  2Q  2 R  1,500 lb  2  900 lb   2 1,300 lb   2,300 lb  2,300 lb (T)

Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (3):
 
A3  d32   0.8750 in.  0.6013 in.2
2

4 4
The normal stress in rod (3) is
F 2,300 lb
3  3   3,824.92 psi  3,820 psi (T) Ans.
A3 0.6013 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.7 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure
P1.6/7. One load of P = 30 kips is applied to the assembly at A, two loads of Q = 25 kips are applied
at B, and two loads of R = 35 kips are applied at C. The normal stress magnitude in aluminum rod (1)
must be limited to 20 ksi. The normal stress magnitude in steel rod (2) must be limited to 35 ksi. The
normal stress magnitude in brass rod (3) must be limited to 25 ksi. Determine the minimum diameter
required for each of the three rods.

FIGURE P1.6/7

Solution
Cut an FBD through aluminum rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A.
We will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (1) is
Fx   P  F1  0
 F1  P  30 kips  30 kips (T)

The normal stress magnitude in aluminum rod (1) must be limited to 20 ksi. Therefore, the minimum
cross-sectional area of rod (1) must be
F 30 kips
A1  1   1.500 in.2
1 20 ksi
The diameter must be

A1  d12
4

 d1 
4

1.500 in.   1.382 in.
2
Ans.

Cut an FBD through steel rod (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (2) is
Fx   P  2Q  F2  0
 F2  P  2Q  30 kips  2  25 kips   20 kips  20 kips (C)

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

The normal stress magnitude in steel rod (2) must be limited to 35 ksi. Therefore, the minimum cross-
sectional area of rod (2) must be
F 20 kips
A2  2   0.5714 in.2
2 35 ksi
The diameter of rod (2) must be

A2  d 22
4

 d2 
4

 0.5714 in.   0.853 in.
2
Ans.

Cut an FBD through brass rod (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (3) is
Fx   P  2Q  2 R  F3  0
 F3  P  2Q  2 R  30 kips  2  25 kips   2  35 kips   50 kips  50 kips (T)

The normal stress magnitude in brass rod (3) must be limited to 25 ksi. Therefore, the minimum
cross-sectional area of rod (3) must be
F 50 kips
A3  3   2.0000 in.2
3 25 ksi
The diameter of rod (3) must be

A3  d32
4

 d3 
4

 2.0000 in.   1.596 in.
2
Ans.

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.8 Determine the normal stress in rod (1) for the


mechanism shown in Figure P1.8. The diameter of
rod (1) is 8 mm, and load P = 2,300 N. Use the
following dimensions: a = 120 mm, b = 200 mm, c =
170 mm, and d = 90 mm.

FIGURE P1.8

Solution
First, consider an FBD of the pulley to determine the reaction forces exerted on the pulley by the
mechanism.
Fx  Ax  P  P cos  60   0
 Ax   2,300 N    2,300 N  cos  60   3, 450.000 N
Fy  Ay  P sin  60   0
 Ay   2,300 N  sin  60   1,991.858 N

FBD of pulley FBD of mechanism

Next, consider an FBD of the mechanism to determine the force in rod (1). Rod (1) is oriented at an
angle of:
c  d 170 mm  90 mm
tan     1.30
b 200 mm
   52.431

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Rod (1) is a two-force member, and its axial force can be calculated from:
M C  Ax c  Ay a   F1 cos   c  d   0

 F1 
Ax c  Ay a  3, 450.000 N 170 mm   1,991.858 N 120 mm   5, 207.523 N

 c  d  cos  170 mm  90 mm  cos  52.431
The area of rod (1) is
 
A1  d12  8 mm   50.265 mm 2
2

4 4

The normal stress in the rod is thus


F 5, 207.532 N
1  1 =  103.601 MPa  103.6 MPa Ans.
A1 50.265 mm2

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P1.9 Determine the normal stress in bar (1) for the


mechanism shown in Figure P1.9. The area of bar
(1) is 2,600 mm2. The distributed load intensities
are wC = 12 kN/m and wD = 30 kN/m. Use the
following dimensions: a = 7.5 m and b = 3.0 m.

FIGURE P1.9

Solution
Consider an FBD of the mechanism. Determine the angle
between rod (1) and the horizontal axis:
a 7.5 m
tan     2.5
b 3.0 m
   68.199

Write an equilibrium equation for the sum of moments


about C to compute the force in bar (1). Note: Bar (1) is a
two-force member.
wC a a wD a 2a
M C   F1 sin   b     0
2 3 2 3
wC a 2 2wD a 2
 a 2  wC  2wD   7.5 m  12 kN/m  2  30 kN/m  
2

 F1  6 6    242.332 kN
b sin  6b sin  6  3.0 m  sin  68.199 

The normal stress in bar (1) is thus:


F (242.332 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
1  1  2
 93.205 N/mm 2  93.2 MPa (T) Ans.
A1 2,600 mm

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.10 The rigid beam BC shown in Figure P1.10 is


supported by rods (1) and (2) that have diameters of
0.875 in. and 1.125 in., respectively. For a uniformly
distributed load of w = 4,200 lb/ft, determine the
normal stress in each rod. Assume L = 14 ft and a = 9
ft.

FIGURE P1.10

Solution
Equilibrium: Calculate the internal forces in rods (1) and (2).
 9 ft 
M C   F1 14 ft    4, 200 lb/ft  9 ft   0
 2 
 F1  12.150 kips
 9 ft 
M B  F2 14 ft    4, 200 lb/ft  9 ft  14 ft  0
 2 
 F2  25.650 kips

Areas:

A1   0.875 in.  0.601 in.2
2

4

A2  1.125 in.  0.994 in.2
2

Stresses:
F1 12.150 kips
1    20.206 ksi  20.2 ksi Ans.
A1 0.601 in.2

F2 25.650 kips
2    25.804 ksi  25.8 ksi Ans.
A2 0.994 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.11 The rigid beam ABC shown in Figure P1.11 is


supported by a pin connection at C and by steel rod
(1), which has a diameter of 10 mm. If the normal
stress in rod (1) must not exceed 225 MPa, what is the
maximum uniformly distributed load w that may be
applied to beam ABC? Use dimensions of a = 340
mm, b = 760 mm, and c = 550 mm.

FIGURE P1.11

Solution
The cross-sectional area of rod (1) is

A1  10 mm   78.540 mm 2
2

4
Since the normal stress in rod (1) must not exceed 225 MPa, the allowable force that can be applied to
rod (1) is:
F1,allow   1 A1   225 N/mm 2  78.540 mm 2   17, 671.459 N
Rod (1) is oriented at an angle of with respect to the horizontal direction:
c 550 mm
tan     0.7237    35.893
b 760 mm

Consider an FBD of rigid beam ABC. From the moment


equilibrium equation about joint C, the relationship
between the force in rod (1) and the distributed load w is:
 ab
M C  w  a  b      F1 sin   b  0
 2 
2b  F1 sin  
w 
a  b
2

Substitute the allowable force F1,allow into this relationship to obtain the maximum distributed load that
may be applied to the structure:
2b  F1 sin  
w
 a  b
2

2  760 mm 17, 671.459 N  sin  35.893 



 340 mm  760 mm 
2

 13.014 N/mm  13.01 kN/m Ans.

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.12 A simple pin-connected truss is loaded


and supported as shown in Figure P1.12. The
load P is 200 kN. All members of the truss
are aluminum pipes that have an outside
diameter of 115 mm and a wall thickness of 6
mm. Determine the normal stress in each truss
member. Assume truss dimensions of a =
12.0 m, b = 7.5 m, and c = 6.0 m.

FIGURE P1.12

Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the external
reaction forces acting on the truss at supports B
and D. Write equilibrium equations that include
all external forces. Note that only the external
forces (i.e., loads and reaction forces) are
considered at this time. The internal forces acting
in the truss members will be considered after the
external reactions have been computed. The free-
body diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is shown.
The following equilibrium equations can be
written for this structure:
Fy  Dy  P  0
 Dy  P  200 kN
M D  Pa  Bx c  0
Pa P 12 m 
 Bx     2 P  400 kN
c 6m
M B  Pa  Dx c  0
Pa P 12 m 
 Dx    2 P  400 kN
c 6m

Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine AC and BC:
c 6.0 m
tan  AC    1.3333  AC  53.130
a  b 12.0 m  7.5 m
c 6.0 m
tan  BC    0.8  BC  38.660
b 7.5 m

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering an FBD of joint A.
Consider only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this
instance, two axial members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A.
Tension forces will be assumed in each truss member.
Fx  FAB  FAC cos AC  0 (a)
Fy  FAC sin  AC  P  0 (b)
Solve Eq. (b) for FAC:
P 200 kN
FAC    250.0 kN
sin  AC sin  53.130 
and then compute FAB using Eq. (a):
FAB   FAC cos  AC
   250.0 kN  cos  53.130   150.0 kN

Joint D:
Next, consider an FBD of joint D. As before, tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx  Dx  FCD  0 (c)
Fy  Dy  FBD  0 (d)

Solve Eq. (c) for FCD:


FCD  Dx  400.0 kN
and solve Eq. (d) for FBD:
FBD  Dy  200.0 kN

Joint C:
Next, consider an FBD of joint C. As before, tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx  FCD  FBC cos  BC  FAC cos  AC  0 (e)
Fy   FBC sin  BC  FAC sin  AC  0 (f)
Solve Eq. (e) for FBC:
sin  AC sin  53.130 
FBC   FAC    250 kN   320.1562 kN
sin  BC sin  38.660 
Eq. (f) can be used as a check on our calculations:
Fy   FBC sin  BC  FAC sin  AC
   320.1562 kN  sin  38.660    250.0 kN  sin 53.130   0 Checks!

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Section properties:
For each of the five truss members:

d  115 mm  2  6 mm   103 mm A 115 mm   103 mm    2, 054.602 mm2
2 2

4 

Normal stress in each truss member:


F
 AB  AB 
 150 kN 1,000 N/kN   73.007 MPa  73.0 MPa (C) Ans.
AAB 2, 054.602 mm 2
F
 AC  AC 
 250.0 kN 1,000 N/kN   121.678 MPa  121.7 MPa (T) Ans.
AAC 2, 054.602 mm 2
F
 BC  BC 
 320.156 kN 1,000 N/kN   155.824 MPa  155.8 MPa (C) Ans.
ABC 2, 054.602 mm 2
F
 BD  BD 
 200.0 kN 1,000 N/kN   97.342 MPa  97.3 MPa (T) Ans.
ABD 2, 054.602 mm 2
F
 CD  CD 
 400.0 kN 1,000 N/kN   194.685 MPa  194.7 MPa (T) Ans.
ACD 2, 054.602 mm 2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.13 A horizontal load P is applied to an assembly


consisting of two inclined bars, as shown in Figure 1.13.
The cross-sectional area of bar (1) is 1.5 in.2, and the
cross-sectional area of bar (2) is 1.8 in.2. The normal
stress in either bar may not exceed 24 ksi. Determine the
maximum load P that may be applied to this assembly.
Assume dimensions of a = 16 ft, b = 8 ft, and c = 13 ft.

FIGURE P1.13

Solution
Allowable member forces:
Using the allowable stresses and the member areas, we can determine the allowable force for each
member:
F1,allow   1,allow A1   24 ksi  1.5 in.2   36 kips (a)
F2,allow   2,allow A2   24 ksi  1.8 in.2   43.2 kips (b)

Equilibrium:
The geometry of the two-bar assembly will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles
for members AB and BC. We can use the definition of the tangent function to determine AB and BC:
a 16 ft
tan  AB    1.2308  AB  50.906
c 13 ft
b 8 ft
tan  BC    0.6154  BC  31.608
c 13 ft

Consider a free-body diagram (FBD) of joint B. The following


equilibrium equations can be written for this joint:
Fx  P  F1 cos AB  F2 cos  BC  0 (c)
Fy  F1 sin  AB  F2 sin  BC  0 (d)

Erroneous approach for finding maximum load P:


Since we are trying to calculate P, the temptation at this point in the solution is to substitute the values
from Equations (a) and (b) into Eq. (c) and simply solve for P:
P  F1 cos  AB  F2 cos  BC
  36 kips  cos  50.906    43.2 kips  cos  31.608 
 59.493 kips (e)
However, if we use the values from Equations (a) and (b) in Eq. (d), we find that equilibrium is not
satisfied:

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

Fy  F1 sin  AB  F2 sin  BC


  36 kips  sin  50.906    43.2 kips  sin  31.608 
 5.299 kips  0
Equilibrium must always be satisfied; therefore, we must conclude that F1 and F2 will not have the
allowable values of Equations (a) and (b). The answer obtained in Eq. (e) is incorrect because
equilibrium is not satisfied.

Correct method for calculating the capacity of the two-bar assembly:


The allowable load that can be applied to this two-bar assembly will be the load P that produces the
allowable load in either member (1) or member (2). Let’s return to Eq. (d), only this time, we are going
to make an assumption. We will assume that the force in member (1) will control the capacity of the
two-bar assembly. If this assumption is true, then the force in member (1) will equal its allowable force
as given in Eq. (a), and the force in member (2) will be less than its allowable force as given in Eq. (b).
sin  AB sin  50.906 
F2  F1  F1  1.4809 F1
sin  BC sin  31.608 
 1.4809  36 kips 
 53.311 kips  F2,allow  43.2 kips N.G.
This calculation shows that the force in member (2) will exceed its allowable force when the force in
member (1) equals its allowable force. Therefore, our assumption is proved incorrect. This result shows
us that the force in member (2) will control the capacity of the two-bar assembly. We’ll return to Eq.
(d), only this time, we know that member (2) will control. Set the force in member (2) to its allowable
force from Eq. (b) and solve for the force in member (1) that is required to satisfy equilibrium.
sin  BC sin  31.608 
F1  F2  F2  0.6753F2
sin  AB sin  50.906 
 0.6753  43.2 kips 
 29.172 kips  F1,allow  36 kips O.K.

We now know the forces in members (1) and (2) that will satisfy the equilibrium equations without
exceeding the allowable force in either member. Finally, we use these values to determine the load P
from Eq. (c):
P  F1 cos  AB  F2 cos  BC
  29.172 kips  cos  50.906    43.2 kips  cos  31.608 
 55.188 kips
= 55.2 kips Ans.

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.14 The rectangular bar shown in Figure


P1.14 is subjected to a uniformly distributed
axial loading of w = 13 kN/m and a
concentrated force of P = 9 kN at B.
Determine the magnitude of the maximum
normal stress in the bar and its location x.
Assume a = 0.5 m, b = 0.7 m, c = 15 mm, and
d = 40 mm.
FIGURE P1.14

Solution
Equilibrium:
Draw an FBD for the interval between A and B where
0  x  a . Write the following equilibrium equation:


 Fx  (13 kN/m)(1.2 m  x)  (9 kN)  F  0
 F  (13 kN/m)(1.2 m  x)  (9 kN)
The largest force in this interval occurs at x = 0 where F = 6.6
kN.

In the interval between B and C where a  x  a  b , and write


the following equilibrium equation:


 Fx  (13 kN/m)(1.2 m  x)  F  0
 F  (13 kN/m)(1.2 m  x)
The largest force in this interval occurs at x = a where F = 9.1
kN.

Maximum Normal Stress:


(9.1 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
 max   15.17 MPa at x  0.5 m Ans.
(15 mm)(40 mm)

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.15 The solid 1.25 in. diameter rod shown in


Figure P1.15 is subjected to a uniform axial
distributed loading along its length of w = 750 lb/ft.
Two concentrated loads also act on the rod: P =
2,000 lb and Q = 1,000 lb. Assume a = 16 in. and b
= 32 in. Determine the normal stress in the rod at
the following locations:
(a) x = 10 in.
(b) x = 30 in.
FIGURE P1.15

Solution
(a) x = 10 in.
Equilibrium: Draw an FBD for the interval between A and B
where 0  x  a , and write the following equilibrium equation:


 Fx  (750 lb/ft)(1 ft/12 in.)(48 in.  x)
 (2,000 lb)  (1,000 lb)  F  0
 F  (62.5 lb/in.)(48 in.  x)  3,000 lb
At x = 10 in., F = 5,375 lb.

Stress: The normal stress at this location can be calculated as follows.



A (1.25 in.) 2  1.227185 in.2
4
5,375 lb
  4,379.944 psi  4,380 psi Ans.
1.227185 in.2

(b) x = 30 in.
Equilibrium: Draw an FBD for the interval between B and C
where a  x  a  b , and write the following equilibrium
equation:


 Fx  (750 lb/ft)(1 ft/12 in.)(48 in.  x)
 (1,000 lb)  F  0
 F  (62.5 lb/in.)(48 in.  x)  1,000 lb
At x = 30 in., F = 2,125 lb.

Stress: The normal stress at this location can be calculated as follows.


2,125 lb
  1,731.606 psi  1,730 psi Ans.
1.227185 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.16 A block of wood is tested in direct shear using the


test fixture shown below. The dimensions of the test
specimen are a = 3.75 in., b = 1.25 in., c = 2.50 in., and d
= 6.0 in. During the test, a load of P = 1,590 lb produces
a shear failure in the wood specimen. What is the
magnitude of the average shear stress in the wood
specimen at failure?

FIGURE P1.16

Solution
Visualize the surface that will be exposed when the specimen fails.
The area of this surface will be
AV  cd   2.50 in. 6.0 in.  15.0 in.2

The average shear stress in the specimen at failure is thus


P 1,590 lb
 avg    106.0 psi Ans.
AV 15.0 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.17 A cylindrical rod of diameter d =


0.625 in. is attached to a plate by a
cylindrical rubber grommet. The plate
has a thickness of t = 0.875 in. If the
axial load on the rod is P = 175 lb, what
is the average shear stress on the
cylindrical surface of contact between
the rod and the grommet?

FIGURE P1.17

Solution
Visualize the contact surface between the rod and the grommet. It will be a cylinder with a diameter of
d and a height of t. The area of this cylinder will be
AV   dt    0.625 in. 0.875 in.  1.718 in.2

The average shear stress between the rod and the grommet is thus
P 175 lb
 avg    101.9 psi Ans.
AV 1.718 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.18 Two wood boards, each 19 mm thick,


are joined by the glued finger joint shown in
Figure P1.18. The finger joint will fail when
the average shear stress in the glue reaches
940 kPa. Determine the shortest allowable
length d of the cuts if the joint is to
withstand an axial load of P = 5.5 kN. Use
a = 23 mm and b = 184 mm.

FIGURE P1.18

Solution
We are considering the shear strength of the glued joint. The minimum shear area that is required for
this connection can be determined from the load P and the shear strength of the glue. Consequently, we
will need at least this much area
P  5.5 kN 1, 000 N/kN 
AV ,min    5,851.064 mm2
 0.940 N/mm2
to transmit the load P through the joint, based on the shear strength of the glue.

For this particular joint, there are seven surfaces that will be glued. Each of these surfaces has a length
of d and a thickness of 19 mm. Accordingly, the minimum length d required for each of the finger joints
is
7dt  5,851.064 mm 2
5,851.064 mm 2
d   44.0 mm Ans.
7 19 mm 

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.19 For the connection shown in Figure P1.19,


determine the average shear stress produced in the 7/8 in.
diameter bolts if the applied load is P = 32,000 lb.

FIGURE P1.19

Solution
There are three bolts, and it is always assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external
load P. Therefore, the shear force V carried by each bolt is
32, 000 lb
V  10, 666.667 lb
3 bolts
The bolts in this connection act in single shear. The cross-sectional area of a single bolt is
  
Abolt  2
d bolt  (7 / 8 in.) 2 
(0.875 in.) 2  0.6013 in.2
4 4 4
Therefore, the average shear stress in each bolt is
V 10, 666.667 lb
   17, 738.739 psi  17, 740 psi Ans.
Abolt 0.6013 in.2

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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.20 For the clevis connection shown in


Figure P1.20, determine the maximum
applied load P that can be supported by the
15 mm diameter pin if the average shear
stress in the pin must not exceed 130 MPa.

FIGURE P1.20

Solution
Consider an FBD of the bar that is connected by the clevis,
including a portion of the pin. If the shear force acting on
each exposed surface of the pin is denoted by V, then the
shear force on each pin surface is related to the load P by:
Fx  P  V  V  0  P  2V

The area of the pin surface exposed by the FBD is simply the cross-sectional area of the pin:
 
Apin  2
d pin  (15 mm) 2  176.715 mm 2
4 4

If the average shear stress in the pin must be limited to 130 MPa, the maximum shear force V on a single
cross-sectional surface must be limited to
V   Abolt  130 N/mm 2 176.715 mm 2   22,972.95 N

Therefore, the maximum load P that may be applied to the connection is


P  2V  2  22,972.95 N   45,945.9 N  45.9 kN Ans.

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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.21 The five-bolt connection shown in Figure P1.21 must


support an applied load of P = 160 kips. If the average shear stress
in the bolts must be limited to 30 ksi, what is the minimum bolt
diameter that may be used for this connection?

FIGURE P1.21

Solution
There are five bolts, and it is assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external load P.
Therefore, the shear force carried by each bolt is
160 kips
V  32 kips
5 bolts
Since the average shear stress must be limited to 30 ksi, each bolt must provide a shear area of at least:
32 kips/bolt
AV   1.0667 in.2 /bolt
30 ksi
Each bolt in this connection acts in double shear; therefore, two cross-sectional bolt surfaces are
available to transmit shear stress in each bolt.
AV 1.0667 in.2 /bolt
Abolt    0.5333 in.2 per bolt surface
2 surfaces per bolt 2 surfaces/bolt
The minimum bolt diameter must be
 2
d bolt  0.5333 in.2  d bolt  0.824 in. Ans.
4

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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot

P1.22 The handle shown in Figure P1.22 is


attached to a 40 mm diameter shaft with a
square shear key. The forces applied to the
lever are P = 1,300 N. If the average shear
stress in the key must not exceed 150 MPa,
determine the minimum dimension a that must
be used if the key is 25 mm long. The overall
length of the handle is L = 0.70 m.
FIGURE P1.22

Solution
To determine the shear force V that must be resisted by the shear key, sum moments about the center of
the shaft (which will be denoted O):
 700 mm   700 mm   40 mm 
M O  (1,300 N)    (1,300 N)    V  0
 2   2   2 
V  45,500 N
Since the average shear stress in the key must not exceed 150 MPa, the shear area required is
V 45,500 N
AV    303.3333 mm 2
 150 N/mm 2

The shear area in the key is given by the product of its length L (i.e., 25 mm) and its width a. Therefore,
the minimum key width a is
AV 303.3333 mm2
a   12.1333 mm  12.13 mm Ans.
L 25 mm

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“Dear anwyl, Dan, talk of what you understand, or hold your
tongue! What do I care for their customs and laws? ’Deed to
goodness, nothing at all. As to James Bowen if it had been only that
—but there, a child like you can’t understand things.”
“Can’t I!” I shouted, thoroughly incensed—of course we spoke in
Welsh, and used a good many more exclamations than I have set
down here. “Can’t I, indeed. I only know smuggling is—”
“Don’t quarrel, children,” said Llewelyn, who was of a quiet
disposition. “And don’t shout or you’ll bring the French upon us.
Silence holds it here. [80] Just look there!”
He pointed towards the opposite direction to that in which we had
been looking, and where the French were still clambering about the
cliffs dragging up the last of their barrels of ammunition and brandy.
He pointed towards the steep road which leads from Goodwick to
Fishguard. This road was thronged with people, horses, carts,
furniture, cattle all mixed together, and all (the animate ones at
least) making their way with such speed as their legs and the hill
permitted away from the immediate neighbourhood of the invaders.
The lights which some of them carried, and the glare from some
gorse which had been set on fire, lit up the straggling, toiling
multitude.
Further off the semi-circle of hills blazed with warning beacons. It
was a sight never to be forgotten; a sight that had not been seen in
this island for centuries. From our high nest in the rocks we had but
to turn our heads to see all. In front of us to the north stretched the
sea; a little to the north-west was the creek where the French had
landed, where we could dimly discern the tall masts of the war-ships
lighted up fitfully by cressets of fire. At the top of the cliff was
Trehowel, and close by was the French camp surmounted by the
tricolor flag. A little nearer us was Brestgarn, where Llewelyn lived,
and just at our feet was the village and church of Llanunda.
Goodwick lay to the east of us; there was a steep hill down to it, a
magnificent flat of sands, with sea on one side and marsh on the
other, and then a steep hill up from it leading ere long to Fishguard.
The sea came round the corner from the north in order to form that
deep and beautiful Goodwick Bay, where trees and rocks, gardens
and wild waves, luxuriant vegetation and marshy barrenness are so
strangely mixed. Behind all, to the south and southeast came the
mountains; and towards the fastnesses therein most of these
fugitives were wending their way.
“Deuks!” said Llewelyn, “they are coming out to see what they can
get, the scoundrels; I must run back to Brestgarn.”
“Let me come,” said I, on the impulse of the moment—though my
knees shook as I saw small dark clumps of men leaving the main
mass and coming towards us; but Llewelyn inspired confidence, and
curiosity has a courage of its own; then I suddenly bethought me of
Ann George.
“But what will you do, Nancy?” I asked.
“I will go to my Aunt Jemima, I’ll be safe enough with her; don’t
trouble about me, my dear,” said Nancy, our short-lived quarrel being
happily over.
“That is in Fishguard, you can’t go there alone, wait a bit for me,”
said I, with youthful assurance.
“I can hide you at Brestgarn if you want to come, but better go on
to Fishguard,” said Llewelyn.
By this time, however, we were almost at the farm, for we had run
down the steep side of Carnunda without any delay.
As we drew near to the house we found from the uproar therein that
it was already full of Frenchmen. Very cautiously we approached a
window and peeped in. We saw a strange sight. The kitchen was
filled with ragged ruffianly fellows, all gesticulating with all their
limbs, and screeching with all their lungs. Of course we did not
understand a word they said, which, perhaps, was no loss under the
circumstances. They were dressed in all sorts of uniforms—some of
them in a dusky red (our soldiers’ coats dyed, as I afterwards
heard), others wore the regular dark blue of the French army. An
enormous fire blazed on the hearth, on which they had placed a
large brass pan, geese and fowls only half-feathered had been
hastily thrown into it, and now they were literally cramming it with
butter, which they dug out of a cask they had dragged in from the
dairy. Suddenly a shout arose, apparently from the ground beneath
us.
“Deuks!” said Llewelyn, again. “They’ve found the port.”
Llewelyn did not allude to any of the harbours in the neighbourhood,
but rather, it may be, to the lack of one, which had perhaps
occasioned the wrecking of a vessel from Oporto laden with the wine
of the district.
“No odds, don’t fret for the wine,” whispered Nancy. “We’ll get
plenty again. I only hope there’s a good store of brandy in the
houses, too.”
We got our brandy in a different way, but also inexpensively, and
there was at times a considerable stock of it, and tobacco, too, in
the farmhouse cellars.
Llewelyn, however, was much perturbed: he had volunteered to stay
to look after the household goods, and he didn’t seem to be able to
do much. The delight of the Frenchmen at such an unexpected
treasure-trove was indeed exasperating. Down flowed the generous
liquid through throats the outsides of which were much in want of
shaving, elbows were raised, and voices also in the intervals of
quaffing. Suddenly one man paused in his potations, the brass face
of the old clock that stood in the corner had caught his eye, and the
loud ticking of it had caught his ear. Screeching something that
sounded like “enemy,” he levelled his musket and fired straight at
the clock. The bullet went through the wood-work with a loud
sound of splitting.
“Brenhin mawr!” yelled Llewelyn, forgetting all caution in his
exasperation. “The scoundrels have shot our eight day clock!”
Unfortunately his remark was overheard; and indeed his yell shot
into the midst of those rioting ruffians like a pebble into a wasp’s
nest. Out they flew, evidently infuriated; but we waited for no
explanations, taking to our heels on the instant, with the
promptitude of extreme fear. Nan and I were light of heel, and
favoured by the darkness—yet more black to those who came from
that blaze of light—we got clear away; but turning ere long to look,
we perceived that Llewelyn had not been so fortunate, he was older
and a good deal heavier than we were; and then his righteous anger
had rendered him rather breathless before he began to run. He was
now surrounded by a crowd of foreigners, all jabbering and
gesticulating as hard as possible. Our hearts were sore at having to
leave our companion in this plight, but there was no help for it, to
attempt a rescue would have been, under the circumstances, worse
than folly. So we ran along across country, avoiding all roads, and
making straight for Goodwick.

CHAPTER IV.
THE PRIEST’S PEEP-HOLE.

As Nancy and I puffed and panted in as noiseless a manner as


possible up the steep hill from Brestgarn, we saw, or, more strictly
speaking, we heard all around us, foraging parties of the enemy,
who were making off with everything they could lay their hands
upon. The screeching of poultry, the quacking of ducks, the cackling
of geese, the grunting and squealing of pigs (I might go on as long
as some foreign Delectus, but that I fear to weary the reader)
together with the oaths and laughter of the Frenchmen, formed a
medley of sound that might have been pleasing to the ears of a
musician composing a symphony on rural sounds, but that to a more
ordinary listener formed a hubbub of noise that was bewildering and
extremely distasteful; while poor Nancy’s vexation at the fate of the
dwellers in the farm-yard equalled her indignation at the use made
of her well-scrubbed pans.
Not a single inhabitant of this district seemed to be left, every
cottage was deserted; all had fled for the present, in order to turn
again with greater force and rend the intruder—as one may draw
back for a space so as to gain the necessary impetus for a spring.
We had reached the village of Llanunda, when we heard a
considerable body of the enemy marching along the road near us,
on their way to take possession of our rocky nest on the top of
Carnunda. This very strong position formed the enemy’s outpost,
and it ought to have been a matter of no small difficulty to oust
them therefrom, had they but planted themselves firmly in it.
To our great dismay we now heard voices approaching us from the
other side; these proved to be some of the foraging parties making
themselves acquainted with the larders and cellars of all the
neighbouring houses. We crouched down lower among the gorse
bushes, and I at least knew precisely the sensations experienced by
a hunted and hiding hare. When this danger, too, was happily
overpast, at all events for the moment, Nancy whispered to me—
“Dan, they are a deal too near us here, and there’s more coming. I
know a better hiding-place than this. Let’s make for the church.”
I assented willingly; and we made as fast as we could for the
church. It was a small but ancient building, full of queer holes and
corners, with the which Nancy was better acquainted than I was, it
being her parish church. The door was happily unfastened, but no
Frenchmen had as yet invaded the sacred building, for we took the
precaution of looking through the “leper’s hole” as soon as we had
entered the porch. The leper’s hole is a little square window, the
sides of which are so sloped as to command a view of the interior of
the church, more especially of the chancel; so that in the old times
even these miserable wretches—set apart in the porch—might still
behold the high altar.
We then looked with eagerness through this orifice, and perceived
gladly that the building was dark and empty. So pushing open the
door, we entered our sanctuary as though it had been a veritable
city of refuge. Our first care was to secure the door as well as we
could on the inside; then Nancy sat down in order to fetch her
breath, while I reviewed the place and the situation. Neither were
to my mind when I came to think of it.
“What have you come here for, Nan?” I inquired. “I don’t like it—
we’ll be caught here like rats in a trap. We can’t hide in the pulpit.
I’d rather a gorse-bush in the open, now.”
“Wait a bit, Dan, till I fetch my breath—and don’t talk; they may
hear you,” said Nancy, not considering that she was talking herself.
“Oh do make haste with your breath,” said I, “and tell me where it
is.” I was full of curiosity to know where her hiding-place could be:
the church was pitch dark, a few minutes of silence there seemed an
age. “It’s not in a vault, is it?” I continued.
“A vault—bless the boy—no! I’m not going into a vault before I can
help it. Well, if you won’t be quiet, I suppose I’d better show you
the place. It is at the other side of the church. Come across quietly,
now.”
We did go across as quietly as we could, considering the pitch
darkness of the place, all blocked up with high pews according to
the fashion of the time. In my after-career I had often occasion to
reprove the occupiers of like boxes, who, trusting to their wooden
walls to screen them, slumbered happily within a few yards of me,
utterly forgetful of the treachery of their own noses.
After having injured her shins several times over unexpected
obstacles, Nancy sighed forth, “Oh for a light!”
“Oh for something to eat!” I responded. “I’ve got a flint and steel in
my pocket; but I can’t eat that. You can have it if you like.”
“I daren’t strike a light,” said Nancy; “but I’ve got a bit of cheese in
my pocket along with the silver spoons. Here, stretch out your
hand.”
“Don’t you want it?” I felt impelled by manners to say this, though I
felt wolfish.
“Not I. I had my dinner as usual. I put it in my pocket in case of
meeting—a friend.”
“Do your—friends like cheese?” I asked with my mouth full.
“You seem to, any way,” retorted Nancy. “I hear them coming.”
I bolted the cheese in a panic. I felt much more afraid of the French
since I had seen them so near in Brestgarn kitchen, and since they
had nabbed Llewelyn.
“Here’s the hole—you go first. I’ll close it up after us with a pew
door.”
Nancy dexterously lifted one off its hinges, while I, mounted on the
back of a pew, groped my way into a pitch dark cavity in the wall,
the entrance to which was situated at the height of some three or
four feet above the floor-level.
“Take care, there are steps,” said Nan, just as I had discovered the
fact by the aid of my shin-bone. She was still wrestling with the pew
door, and I smothered my agony chiefly, I must own, from fear of
the French.
“Get on a bit higher up, Dan,” whispered Ann, as she followed me,
dragging the door after her as quietly as she could. Nancy was
certainly a wonderful woman, with a head on her shoulders.
At this moment I felt that it was so, for I was propelled somewhat
violently upward by the member in question. I can also add my
testimony that she was a hard-headed woman. She was also
perhaps a little hard-hearted, for in answer to my remonstrance,
“Hold hard, Nancy, that hurts!” she merely said,
“Oh, do get on, Dan; I expect them here every minute.”
I did get on, and found after mounting half-a-dozen steps of a
twirling stair, that my head was opposite an opening just at the place
where the roof of the church sprung; one of the oaken beams was,
in fact, a little scooped out to make room for this slit, which being
under the heavy shadow of the woodwork was almost completely
screened from the glances of those below; while to the person
placed behind this coign of ’vantage the whole of the interior of the
church was visible—chancel as well as nave.
“What a queer place—what’s it for, Nancy?” I asked.
“That is called the Priest’s Peep-hole; I suppose in old times he got a
friend to go up there and keep an eye on the congregation—see
who went to sleep, and what they were at altogether,” explained
Nan; but at this moment her eloquence came to a sudden end. Our
voices and our hearts died within us, for there came to our ears the
dreaded but expected sound—the clamorous jabber of many
tongues.
The sounds came from the churchyard, but I doubt if even a
company of good Welsh ghosts would have frightened us as much
as these earthly foreigners. Very, very earthly and carnal-minded did
they seem to us at this moment.
“They won’t come into a church—they won’t rob a church!” I
whispered to Ann, leaning my head down close to her’s—a difficult
feat, but I was as thin as a lath then.
“Won’t they?” said Ann, scornfully. “You wait a minute—Hst!”
Nan’s appreciation of character and computation of time proved
equally correct. She had fixed the pew-door by this time, and she
held it firmly in its place by the handle, which she had taken care to
put on the inward side when she lifted up the barrier across the
entrance to the stair.
“I hope they won’t fire through that like they did through the clock
at Brestgarn, on the chance of finding some one behind it,” I
whispered to my companion as this comfortable idea flashed through
my mind, even the terror of the French failing to curb my natural
love of suggesting a terror.
“Hst!” retorted Nan; “hold your tongue, can’t you, and keep your
head down; don’t let them see you peeping, Dan!”
Nancy’s caution to me came not a moment too soon, for crash! a
rush of men and muskets at the door, whose rickety bolts we had
drawn when we entered, chiefly in the hope that they might not be
tried. But if we drew them as a sort of charm, the spell was not
strong enough, nor were the locks.
C-r-a-ck—crack! the feeble bolts gave a groan, and open flew the
door with a sharp, splitting sound. In rushed ten or a dozen
Frenchmen, tumbling over one another in their haste. The church
was lighted up with a sudden blaze from their torches; this was all I
saw, for on the entrance of the enemy I had ducked my head
speedily. Ann could see still less, as she was crouched on the
bottom step, and was keeping the door in its place with her knees.
The noise in the church was terrific, but yet to my ears the beating
of my heart was still louder. The more I tried to silence it, the more
it ticked.
“Perhaps they’ll think it’s a clock,” I reflected.
“Oh, dear! oh, dear!”
Yet after a while, as I grew more accustomed to the clamour, I
became possessed by a desire to know what these men were doing.
Very cautiously I raised my head. I feared my hair must be standing
on end, which would make it more perceptible by an inch or two.
Instinct had made me take off my hat as we entered the building; in
crossing the dark aisle I had dropped it, and I hoped sincerely no
one would find it, as it might lead to unpleasant investigations.
Planted finally on my hands and knees, I raised myself till my eyes
were on a level with the lowest part of the priest’s peep-hole, and
then, even veiling my eyes with half-closed lids as a precaution, I
glanced furtively forth at the foreign marauders beneath me. They
had not gone through the ceremony of removing their hats, and
their object in entering the sacred edifice was evidently simply the
hope of plunder. With the butt ends of their muskets they knocked
and thrust at everything, as if to ascertain of what it was made, and
whether anything of value might not be concealed within it. One
half-drunken fellow came and gave a mighty bang to the cushion
belonging to the pulpit, which he snatched from its proper position
and dashed against the wall, immediately under my spy-hole. I
imagine that the worthy incumbent must have been less given to
pulpit thumping than most of his fellows, for out flew a cloud of
dust, reaching even to my nostrils. A smothered sneeze was the
result. Instantly I felt myself violently pulled by the leg from below;
indeed, so provoked was Nancy that she could not resist giving me a
shake, though I am sure the candid reader will allow I was not to
blame in the matter.
Unluckily the Frenchman had heard the sneeze, and some animated
conversation went on between him and his companions, who,
however, seemed inclined to ridicule his assertions. Judging from
the tone of their remarks (for Nancy held too tight a grip of me to
allow of my seeing anything), I should say that their language to
each other was not so polite as one might have expected from men
of their nation. However, my particular enemy did not seem inclined
to allow himself to be set down after this fashion; for, dropping his
cushion, he proceeded to make an investigation with his clubbed
musket. Walls, pews, and benches, he thumped them all
indiscriminately, giving a sounding whack to the door which closed
our retreat. But Nancy’s knees did not flinch, though they must
have received a most unpleasant jar. Luckily the entrance to the
hidden stair was in a very dark and out-of-the way corner, and also
at a very unusual height from the ground. Mercifully at this moment
our tormentor’s attention was distracted by a shout from his
comrades, who had entered the little vestry, and had forced open
the cupboard containing the sacramental vessels. These were very
ancient, and were of silver, and the glee of the finders was easily
understood even by those in our retired situation.
Others of the invaders broke open the chest containing the parish
records, but, much disappointed by the nature of the contents, they
tore forth the documents and tossed them on the floor of the
church. Human nature was no longer to be restrained, neither by
fear nor by Ann, so I once more popped my head up and beheld a
strange sight. One of the men had thrown a torch in among the
parchments and papers, a bright flame lighted up the dark interior of
the church, and shone on the fierce faces of the men around the
fire, two of whom were struggling for the possession of the
communion cup.
“Great Heaven, we shall be burnt like rats, Nan!” I whispered to my
companion, but she answered by her favourite expression, “Hst!”
One soldier, I imagine by way of a joke, now threw the pulpit
cushion on the flames, whereupon such dense clouds of smoke
arose as speedily cleared the church of the invaders, but alas, nearly
stifled us, the lawful inhabitants. Luckily the floor of the church was
of slate, and the fire was not very near any woodwork.
Nancy insisted that we must bear our suffocation in silence and
motionless, and though my eyes watered and my heart rebelled, not
a cough nor a wheeze, nor even a word, did I suffer to escape me,
but to my thoughts at least I gave free rein. After a while these too
played the truant, wandering away from my enemies and dreamily
fixing themselves on my master at St. David’s, my school friends, my
books, the moving waters that framed in every picture of my life, till,
becoming more and more indistinct, I imagine that I must have
fallen fast asleep, though this is a matter that none can speak of
with any certainty till it comes to the sharp act of awakening, which
act assures us, in the most matter-of-fact manner, that we have
been asleep.
In this way, by a sharp fact, indeed, no other than Nancy’s elbow, I
made the discovery that, in spite of my uncomfortable position, I
must have fallen sound asleep, tired out by my long walk and many
subsequent runs, and fatigued also by the number of new ideas
forced on my mind by the action of the extraordinary events of the
day and the many bewildering things I had seen and heard since
breakfast time that morning.
It seemed to me to have been but a few minutes from the time the
French left us choking in the smoke till I felt that elbow of Nancy’s,
of which I took no notice. Indifferent to this silent scorn, she now
pulled me vigorously by the leg.
“Wake up, Dan! Wake up, boy; we must get away from here at
once; we ought to have gone long ago, but I fell asleep, worse luck.
Come now, at once, it’s just daylight.”
We had, indeed, quite suddenly, as it seemed to me, reached the
morning of Thursday.
THURSDAY.
THE SECOND DAY.

CHAPTER V.
DAVY JONES’ LOCKER.

The fear of the French returning suddenly shook the drowsiness out
of my eyes. I gave them a final rub, then stumbled down the
crooked steps after Nancy. How she could have guessed that it was
now near dawn—as in our corner it was still pitch-dark—was a
mystery to me; but probably the habit of waking up daily at an
extremely early hour, as was the wont of milk-maids in those days,
had accustomed her to know the time to a nicety.
We crept as quietly as we could down from our uncomfortable
hiding-place, so stiff and cramped that we could only move with
difficulty, and every bone made its particular position known with
great accuracy, even to us who were totally unacquainted with
anatomy. Then we carefully reconnoitred our situation.
As far as we could see, looking through the church windows on
every side, we gazed only into the dim dusk of early morning into a
lifeless world. No little bird as yet sent up his morning song; there
were no sheep or cattle to be seen, their lawful owners or the
invaders having driven them off to securer quarters or to sudden
death, as the case might be. The church itself, after the late uproar,
seemed very silent now; the fire had quickly died down, smothered
by the pillow; only the heavy smell of smoke remained to prove that
the wild doings of the night had not been a terrifying dream.
We crept along to the leper’s hole, using the other end of it now; for
the unfortunate outcasts of former days had gazed through the tube
into the church, while we unhappy fugitives looked warily from the
interior into the porch, to see if haply some blue-coated soldier
might have been left there on guard. But if this had been the case
he had certainly declined to stay, which was not unlikely considering
the lax discipline, or, rather, total want of discipline, which prevailed
in the French force. At all events, the porch was empty.
So after a little getting behind each other and a slight backwardness
in going forward, owing more to uncertainty of light than natural
timidity, at last we ventured out boldly into the porch, and took a
good look, our necks stretched out over the churchyard and round
the country. The former seemed silent and deserted, the
tombstones looming darkly into dim twilight, which still lay heavy on
the land; nor could we even discern any sound of snoring.
Carnunda was crowned with fires and thronged with soldiers, but it
was not very near, and we thought we might slip away unnoticed.
So, cautiously we closed the door behind us, and fared forth. The
porch lay to the south of the church; we were stealing round the
building to the north, or seaward side, as being further removed
from Carnunda, when we were stopped by a sudden shout,
proceeding apparently from the air above us. Our hearts stood still
and our blood froze with terror—at least, I know mine did, and
Nancy turned an ashy white in the grey dawn. In an instant we
looked up to the place from which our enemy had spied us—the roof
of the church, where he had been stationed as a sentinel. He sat
astride on the ridge, which could be easily gained by means of a
flight of steps, made on the outside of the roof, as a look-out place
from which to signal to those at sea; but never designed for such a
purpose as the present. The discipline had not been so lax as we
hoped. For a moment we were stupefied, wishing only that one of
the graves would open and take us in. Then we took to our heels.
Down came the Frenchman clattering over the roof of the church,
from the edge of which he dropped to the ground, only a distance of
eight or nine feet; then he came full cry after us. His shouts had
attracted the attention of a couple of his fellows, who were strolling
along the cliffs in search of what they could devour, or, still better,
drink. They joined the chase instantly, and all three came full tear
after Nancy and myself, who had headed straight for the cliffs, as
one of our own foxes would have done, though what we were to do
when we gained them save plunge into the sea we knew not.
However, we were not fated to gain them just at present, for one of
the Frenchmen had outrun Nancy, whose limbs were still cramped,
and who was weary from want of rest and sleep. I was stiff and
tired too, but fear of the French made me fly, and would have done
so I think had I been doubled up by rheumatism. However, though
Nan was caught, and warned me of her disaster by a shrill scream, I
am glad to say she preserved her usual Welsh spirit, as she plainly
showed by fetching the Frenchman a sounding box on the ear. I
hesitated what to do, divided between fear of the French and the
desire of standing by my friend. I am glad to say I had advanced a
few steps towards an attempt at rescue, when some dark body
rushed past me in the dawning light, and ere I could even exclaim,
the Frenchman lay flat on the ground. The other two, half drunk,
and wholly stupefied, perceiving that things were going somewhat
crookedly, departed as quickly as they could, making for the camp at
Carnunda. Our rescuer had a mind to follow them, but Ann laid a
restraining hand upon his arm.

“Oh, Dio bach,” [115] she said, “I am glad to see you this time, if I
never was before.”
And she really looked as if she could have kissed him.
“Nancy, how came you here; why didn’t you go away with the rest?”
asked Davy Jones, abruptly, his voice rough and angry. He had had
too great a scare to be tender or even civil.
“Why, I had to stop and see to everything—and the silver spoons,”
said Nancy, quite meekly.
“Hang the silver spoons,” said Davy. “Now what’s to be done with
this carcase?” And he pointed to the unconscious Frenchman. “Get
out of the way, Nancy, and I’ll shove him over the cliff.”
“No, no, don’t waste time,” exclaimed Nancy; “we’ll have the whole
lot after us in a minute; they’re as thick as ants on Carnunda. How
can we get away?”
“Down the cliff as fast as you can. I’ve got a boat down below; if
we can get to the caves we’ll do; but I had some of them after me a
little while ago, and I landed here to get rid of them, and to find out
what had become of you, for Llewelyn of Brestgarn told me you
were somewhere near.”
“Llewelyn is a prisoner; did you see him? Is he safe?” asked Nancy,
as we hurried along.
“Hush, quick and quiet; I’ll tell you in the boat,” whispered Davy.
We plunged down through dry bracken, gorse bushes, and large
boulders of stone, interspersed with steep pieces of cliff. We
jumped, slid, and tumbled down, clutching hold of grasses and ferns
to stay our speed, and in a few moments we had reached the level
of the sea.
The boat had been so cunningly hidden—with the dexterity of
constant practice—that Nan and I quite failed to discover it. Davy,
however, had it out in a trice.
“Jump in, boy, and give a hand to Nancy.”
Nancy did not require a hand, she jumped in very steadily, and took
the rudder. Davy threw me one oar, took the other himself, and we
were off, stealing noiselessly along under the great cliffs, where
darkness still dwelt. But the sky over our heads grew lighter every
moment, and we ruefully perceived that ere long it would be broad
day. Yet it seemed safer to be on the water than on the land, where
we could even now discern dim figures looking for us.
“Ah, what is that?” in a horror-struck whisper from Ann.
That was a dark blue object, very unpleasing to behold, sodden with
water, and wedged in a crevice of the cliffs.
“That is one of them,” said Davy, grimly, “cleft to the chin by a
scythe in a Welshman’s hands. The ruffians had burnt his cottage,
with his old mother in it; he caught this one, that’s all. I wish I had
served that fellow up there the same, Nancy.”
“Where have you been, Davy?” I asked, to divert his remorseful
thoughts, and unable to restrain my curiosity.
“Among these blacks of parlez-vous. They nabbed me last night as
neat as could be—we had a bit of a scrimmage though. I was
coming back from a little bit of business.”
“Oh, Davy, you shouldn’t!” from Ann.
“And I got in too near, never expecting ships here; who would? We
were round the corner and on them almost, before we knew it; we
made off then, but they saw us and gave chase. We made as fast
as we could for a place I know, a good out-of-the-way cave—we’ve
got a few about here, Nan—and they came after us. They’d some
man who knew the coast among them, that I’ll swear; any stranger
must have found out the sharpness of our rocks; but not a bit of it.
On they came quite comfortable, and close behind us they were as
we got to the mouth of the cave. Levi Mathias stood up in the bow
of the boat ready to jump ashore when one of the French marines
shot him. I hope to have something to say before that’s done with
yet. Out tumbled our men anyhow, running through the surf and up
the cliffs, into the darkness anywhere, for the Frenchmen carried
torches as well as muskets. Well, they nabbed me.”
“You didn’t like to leave Levi,” said Nancy, softly.
“I didn’t like to leave the brandy,” said Davy. “They got it, though,
and me, tight enough. It put them into a good temper, however,
and they didn’t shoot me through the head, like they did a farmer
that they made help to roll up their casks of ammunition, when he
tried to escape. They made me carry up one of my own kegs which
went against the grain; then they took me to their chief.”
“Did you see the chief?” I asked, eagerly.
“’Deed to goodness, yes—General Tate—no more a Frenchman than
I am; Irish, I’m thinking. He seemed very uneasy, and none of his
men minded him. I had company—John Owen, of the sloop
Britannia, laden with culm for Llanstinan—they didn’t care for culm,
and were cross to him, and a mortal fright he was in, but had sense
enough left to tell them a lot of lies. Then I saw Llewelyn, and had
a word on the sly with him; he told me you were hereabouts; I
watched my chance, and an hour or two ago I slipped down over
the cliffs, seized this boat, and made off; but they saw me from one
of the ships, and gave chase, and—”
A cry interrupted him, succeeded by a loud splashing of oars.
“And, hang them, there they are again. Why-ever couldn’t you hold
your tongue, Dan?”
This was unjust, as Davy had done all the talking himself; but the
present was no moment for arguing. We bent to the oars with a will
and in silence, till my hands were blistered, my heart panting, and
my back breaking, and still the enemy were gaining on us.
Nancy leant forward.
“Change with me for a spell, Dan. I can row.”
On we went again, fast, faster, and still the other boat came on after
us yet more rapidly—it was like a nightmare. We came in very close
to the cliffs now, and Davy took both oars. In between two reefs of
rocks we went—a deep channel, yet full of treacherous windings and
turnings.
“I think we’ll do now,” said Davy. “Please Providence, they may
easily be smashed to atoms here.”
And he looked gratefully at the sharp rocks.
But I turned after a little, and beheld that phantom-like pursuer still
following us closely through the windings of the passage. The reefs
had now become high cliffs, and seemed to close us in on every
side; but as we came round another corner we saw before us a low
archway. Through this we shot, and we found ourselves as it were
at the bottom of a tea-cup, with precipitous walls on every side; just
in front of us a little sandy beach. Davy pushed the boat towards a
narrow slit in the rocks.
“Jump in there, my girl,” he said. “Don’t be afraid; if you slip, I’ll
catch you.”
Nancy jumped at once, I followed her, landing half in and half out of
the water, but quickly drawing myself up to be out of Davy’s way,
who came with a mighty rush—at the same time spinning the boat
to the other side of the creek—only just in time, the Frenchmen
were in the archway.
“Go on as far as you can,” whispered Davy. “If they see this slit,
they can only come one at a time, and—”
He didn’t finish, but it wasn’t necessary. Nan and I stumbled on in
the interior, and found ourselves ere long in quite a large cave,
where even in the dusky light we could discern objects extremely
like kegs, also bales and packages of all sorts. Outside we heard the
cries and screams of the Frenchmen, baulked of their prey; for
(probably fortunately for themselves) they did not discover the
narrow and hidden entrance to our cave. We were soon joined by
Davy, who remarked that if they had a guide with them, there were
a few things he didn’t know yet.
“There’s plenty of food here—and spirits—if we want to stay,” he
continued; “but perhaps we may as well get to the top and see what
is going on.”

CHAPTER VI.
WELSH WIVES.

We did prefer (as soon as we had got our breath again) knowing
what was going on in our usual world overhead to remaining in
ignoble security in Davy’s locker, for so we named his cave.
Accordingly we scrambled and crawled and pushed our way up the
far-end of the cavern, till at last the aperture resembled a chimney
lined with ferns instead of soot more than aught else. We emerged
at last into the open air full of morning sunshine, and perceived that
we were now quite beyond the enemy’s lines and once more among
our own people.
The first thing to be done in this situation was naturally—to talk; as
good and true Celts we all agreed to that; and when we got into the
high-road we found no dearth of people to talk to. They were
gathering like ants from every quarter, and the one topic which each
man liked to discourse on was simply this: how he was going to fight
the French. The bonfires last night had aroused the country, and
some of the men we met had come from distant parts of the county.
Among other items of news they told us that the men of St. David’s
had rushed in a body to their cathedral, from the roof of which they
had insisted on tearing off the lead; six blacksmiths had come
forward, and had at once cast the said lead into bullets. Old and
young, master and man, all had turned out. A dissenting minister
was there (the Reverend Mr. Jones was his name), and after him
marched all the men of his congregation. The news had come as he
was preaching to them, and the worthy man had at once changed
rhetoric for action. “Let us fight a good fight,” said he, and
proceeded to put his words to the proof and himself at the head of
his men.
A choleric major rode about the lanes near St. Dogmael’s collecting
recruits. He met a Mr. Jones (another one): “Come along to fight
the French,” was Major James’ greeting. But Mr. Jones had business
which called him elsewhere.
“By the Lord Harry,” said the Major, drawing his sword, “if you don’t
come this minute I’ll slice your head off like a turnip.”
The fear of the French was an unknown quantity, but the fear of the
Major was very well known indeed, and Mr. Jones went.
We mingled exultantly with the throng of our people, and presently
our eyes were gladdened by the sight of a gallant body of men—all
well equipped and well mounted—the Castle Martin Yeomanry.
These were joined by the Cardiganshire Militia, the Fencible Infantry
of Colonel Knox, and some seamen and artillery, the whole under
the command of Lord Cawdor.
We had got into Fishguard by this time, and we hung about the door
of the “Royal Oak,” where a council of war was being held by our
officers—namely, Lord Milford, Lord Cawdor, Colonel Knox, Colonel
Colby, Colonel Ackland, Colonel Dan Vaughan, Major James, and the
Governor of Fishguard Fort, Colonel George Vaughan. The troops
formed in the turnpike road just outside the town, and here we
three had to separate, for Davy wished to accompany the troops,
Ann to join her Aunt Jemima, and I to get something to eat at my
father’s house, for I had only had hasty snatches hitherto, and I had
a growing boy’s appetite. My parent was so much astonished at the
course of events that he was not even surprised to see me when I
walked, as bold as brass, into his shop; and never even asked if I
had taken French leave of my master. But before satisfying my
natural filial affection I (together with Davy) escorted Nancy to the
abode of her relative, who, however, was not at home. As we
turned to go, Nancy having taken leave of Davy in an affectionate
manner, because, as she said, he had appeared just in the nick of
time, we espied that stalwart female, Jemima Nicholas, coming
along the road from Goodwick surrounded by twelve Frenchmen,
[129] whom she had had the courage and address to bring—probably
allured by false promises—all the way from Llanunda; assisted by
the military, she now conducted them into the guard-house at
Fishguard.
Leaving Nancy under the efficient protection of her aunt with light
hearts, Davy and I went our several ways; but ere long, after
recounting my adventures and receiving a large amount of hero-
worship from my mother, I once more found myself on the road
leading to the scene of action. It seemed impossible to keep away.
On the top of a high rock I saw a crowd of people in a state of great
and evident excitement. I hastened to join them, and perceived at
once the reason of their gesticulations. There were the three tall
men-of-war and the lugger, with all sail set, standing out from the
land, and apparently sailing away with all speed to the place from
whence they came. We could hardly believe our eyes. We looked at
Carnunda; there floated the French flag, and the rocks were dark
with men.
“The Lord hath delivered them into our hand,” said the Reverend Mr.
Jones, who stood near.
This sight increased the confidence of our people amazingly, as
much as (we afterwards heard) it struck dismay into the hearts of
General Tate and his men, they not being animated by the spirit
which moved the classic heroes to burn their boats so as to destroy
the means of retreat and to force themselves to action. The base
desertion of their comrades, the large supply of brandy in the farm-
house cellars, and a providential but comic mistake, seem to have
been the three principal causes of the failure of the French—one
may say of the utter and singular collapse of their undertaking.
The mistake occurred in this manner. Large numbers of the country-
women (among whom were Jemima and Nancy) had assembled on
a hill commanding an extensive prospect, including the French
outpost at Carnunda, desiring, with the curiosity of their sex, to see
as much as possible of what was going forward. It was, by the way,
the same hill on which I had also stationed myself. Most of the
women wore their distinctive shawl, a scarlet whittle, this being the
colour appropriated by the daughters of Pembrokeshire; while their
Cardiganshire neighbours have adopted the white whittle. All of
them at that time wore high black hats. Lord Cawdor, as he was
riding about inspecting things in general, was struck by the
resemblance of a mass of these women to a body of regulars, and
he called upon the daughters of Cambria to give a proof of their
patriotism by marching towards the enemy in regular order. The
females responded by a considerable cackle, which, however,
signified assent. I saw Jemima and her niece in the front of the
regiment which moved forward boldly towards the enemy. Ere long
a sudden dip in the ground rendered them invisible to the French, at
which place, turning into a side lane, they came again to the back of
the hill whence they had started, and renewed their former course;
it was done almost in the way in which, I am told, these effects are
managed in a theatre. This manœuvre caused much laughter
among the spectators, and no little puffing and panting to the fair
sex who accomplished it, many of whom were somewhat stout and
not very young. However, it had the desired effect. General Tate
acknowledged afterwards that they had been taken for a regiment of
regulars, and the French troops (greatly composed of convicts)
utterly lost heart. If they had but realised that it took a matter of
seven days for the news to travel to London, they need not have
distressed themselves on the score of quick aid from England.
In the meantime parties of marauders in a half-drunken state
continued to prowl about the neighbourhood. A considerable
number of militia and peasantry encountered five of these men, who
were dragging with them a young calf. They dropped the calf and
advanced to the combat, while our men, thinking the odds unfair,
singled out five of our sailors (of whom Davy Jones was one), and
Mr. Whitesides, a Liverpool gentleman who assisted, as a stranger, at
the selection, dismissed them to their work with this benediction:—
“Take time, my boys, and do it well!”
The French soldiers fired, and one of our men fell, wounded in the
foot; then it was the tars’ turn, and they fired with such judgment
that three of the enemy lay flat on the ground, and the remaining
two departed rapidly. One of the three proved to be dead, the other
two badly wounded. This encounter of a few, with a multitude
looking on, took one back to the old days of Arthur’s knights, or to
the still older days of Goliath of Gath.
Considerable numbers of Frenchmen were by this time in a very
unpleasing state of body and mind in consequence of rash
indulgence in port wine and poultry boiled in butter. They were
captured in small groups by the peasantry, who laid in wait for them
behind the gorse bushes which abound in this region, and who
jumped out on them with scant ceremony whenever they had a
chance. A man belonging to Llanunda village, taking a cautious
peep through his own little window from the outside, perceived one
of the enemy making free with his food and wine; the Frenchman
was enjoying himself thoroughly, he had made an excellent fire from
most of the furniture, and he was toasting his legs thereat as he
sipped the generous wine with the air of a connoisseur. This was
more than the Taffy could stand. He had not saved that wine from a
wreck at considerable personal risk to see it sending a glow through
the veins of a foreigner; he flung himself into the room with a strong
expression behind his teeth and a hay-fork clenched tightly in his
hand. The Frenchman jumped up and thrust with his bayonet at the
master of the house, who turned aside the blow, then, taking the foe
on his pitchfork, tossed him into the fire, as he might have pitched a
truss of hay on to the rick.
A party of marauders set forth with the view of plundering
Manorowen, a gentleman’s seat in the vicinity; but being followed by
a detachment of the Yeomanry, they returned in a very different
manner from what they had anticipated.
And now we, on our knoll—and there were some thousands of us,
including peasantry, fishermen, shopkeepers, and the resident
gentry of three counties—raised a shout of pride and triumph as
Lord Cawdor at the head of his small troop of Yeomanry Cavalry
rode off to inspect the enemy at close quarters. The sinking sun
shone on their glittering accoutrements and splendid uniforms, and a
glow of satisfaction filled our hearts as we noted the fine chargers
they bestrode, for a Pembrokeshire man loves horseflesh as truly as
a Yorkshire man; and not even my cloth has ever restrained me from
being a genuine Philhippos. The Castle Martin Yeomanry have
always been celebrated for their horses; and indeed it was no matter
of surprise to any one to hear, as we did hear afterwards, that
General Tate mistook these men for the staff surrounding some
English general, the main body of whose troops were defiling around
the side of the mountain; in truth, as the courteous reader knows,
none other than the old women. Lord Cawdor, at the head of his
forty yeoman, trotted close under Carnunda, the stronghold of the
enemy, who could, if they had possessed guns, have swept them all
off the face of the earth. As it was they narrowly escaped falling
into an ambush. A force of French soldiers were lying in wait for
them a little further up the road, and had Lord Cawdor taken this
route, as was his lordship’s first design, his men might have been
surprised, though even in that case we may well believe they would
have given as good as they got.
However, darkness falling suddenly, caused a change of plans; Lord
Cawdor and the reconnoitring party rejoined the main body, and the
British troops took up their quarters for the night in Fishguard.

CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL TATE’S LETTER.

I also retired to Fishguard in order to calm my mother’s mind about


my safety—and also to get my supper.
My mother was, as mothers are, overjoyed to see me, and gave me
an ample and excellent supper, liberally seasoned with more hero-
worship. I really believe she thought me capable of facing and
fighting the whole French force single-handed, and she considered
that I had guided Ann George through untold dangers into safety.
The other way would have been much nearer the truth, but she did
not see it so. Ah well! after-life has nothing half so sweet in it as
that first truest love; and a little knocking about against the harsh
angles of the world soon takes off the undue self-esteem it may
have fostered. All I know is, I would be glad to have somebody who
believed in me utterly now.
The times were too exciting for a lad of my age to sit with his toes
under the table; my mother, too, was busily engaged in making
preparations to receive the strangers who were quartered in our
house, so as soon as supper was ended I fared forth into the street
again to pick up scraps of intelligence, and try to find out the latest
news.
I was too full of excitement to care to go to bed, and I found most
of my fellow-townsmen were of my mind in this matter. I turned in
first at Jemima Nicholas’s house to see how she and her niece were
getting on after their novel experience of warlike tactics on a large
scale. Jemima, an immensely powerful woman, seemed only sorry
that they had not come to close quarters with the enemy: she was
truly a Celtic Amazon who took a pleasure in fighting for fighting’s
sake.
Nancy, to my surprise, seemed to have been indulging in the luxury
of tears.
“What on earth is the matter with you, Nan?” I asked, with unfeeling
openness. “Your eyes are quite red.”
Nancy shot a glance of anger at me from the orbs in question, but
vouchsafed no answer.
“Why, don’t you know,” interposed Jemima, “that her young man
was wounded in the fight up there just now?”
“D’you mean Davy Jones?” I asked. “Oh, I knew one of the sailors
got shot; but I didn’t know which it was; I never thought of
inquiring.”
“You unfeeling young heathen!” burst out Nancy. “But there, it’s no
good talking; boys have no more heart than cabbages.”
“A cabbage has a heart, Nancy,” I retorted.
“Well, so’ve you—much the same sort,” cried Ann, too cross for
similes or logic.
Very much offended, I got up, but delivered this shaft before I
departed: “All those sailors were my friends equally, so it made no
odds to me which of them was wounded. And how was I to know
Davy Jones was your young man, when it’s my belief you didn’t
know it yourself yesterday.”
But the door slammed abruptly just behind my more backward leg,
and the rest of my remark was cut off.
I wended my way into the main street, and soon found the centre of
attraction to be the old hostelry, the “Royal Oak.” Men and boys,
and many of the gentler sex also, swarmed round its window and its
quaint old porch. The interior was filled with officers discussing the
position of affairs. With a good deal of trouble and squeezing, and
being in those days of an eel-like figure, I slipped and shoved myself
close to one of the windows, where, balancing on my hands and
with my nose glued to the pane, I inspected all those men of mark,
and tried to find out what their intentions might be.
This position might, affording as it did ample opportunity for the
horse-play of the rude, seem infra dig. to those who have only
known me in my later years; but it must be remembered I was then
but a boy not given to stand on my dignity and strongly moved by
curiosity, or perhaps I might call it by the higher title—desire of
knowledge.
For a good space there was not much to observe, save the various
uniforms of the gentlemen and their manner of taking snuff and of
laying their hands on their swords. Of a sudden I felt rather than
heard a thrill of excitement in the crowd behind me: this soon
resolved itself into a most unmistakable pushing and making-way on
the part of some, and of craning forward and tiptoeing on the part of
others around me.
With difficulty I turned my head, and I beheld a most unexpected
sight. Two French officers were striving to make their way through
the hindering, turbulent crowd, the nearer members of which shrank
from them as though they bore with them the plague, while the
more distant ones pressed forward to catch a sight of these
foreigners in the same way that people like to gaze on the more
savage members of a menagerie. This caused the strange lurch, the
ebb and flow in the crowd. But still the men kept on making for the
door of the inn, and no one actually opposed their passage.
One of them carried in his hand a white flag, and almost before I
could believe the evidence of my eyes—for the ears had no work to
do, every one being too much astonished to speak—the two envoys
from the French camp were disappearing through the entrance and
being ushered into the presence of Lord Cawdor and his officers.
Now I had reason to be proud of my ’vantage-place. Once more my
face was pressed, with considerable outside pressure indeed, against
the pane, and I saw with my own eyes that French aide-de-camp,
Monsieur Leonard, present, with many a bow and flourish, the
written communication from his general to Lord Cawdor. At the sight
of those grimaces the crowd around me awoke from their trance of
astonished silence—from the absolute stupefaction which had
possessed them as it had possessed me. Consciousness and speech
returned to them, and took the outward form of maledictions.
I, however, was more interested in watching the demeanour of the
gentlemen within than of my fellow-townsmen without the house.
His lordship, though his back was not so supple as the Frenchman’s,
still received the letter with every mark of good breeding; and after
a few formalities opened the communication.
“Mark all they do!” I whispered to one of my rib-bending neighbours,
who, being of a higher class and better parts than the rest, I
imagined would understand me. “Mark it well, Mr. Evans, for this is
how History is made!”
“History!” repeated Mr. Evans, blankly. “History happened long ago;
this is only to-day.”
“Hst!” said the crowd.
In fact, Lord Cawdor had now commenced to read the letter aloud to
his officers. It was, happily for us outsiders, and perhaps even for
some of the gentlemen within, in English; for the leader of the
invaders, being an Irishman, probably understood English at least as
well as French, while most of us understood it a good deal better.
The letter was short: it was briefly a proposal for the surrender of
the entire French force, on conditions. As I had subsequently the
privilege of seeing it, I give here the actual words of the letter:—

“Cardigan Bay,
“5th Ventose,
“5th Year of the Republic.
“Sir,—The circumstances under which the body of troops under
my command were landed at this place render it unnecessary to
attempt any military operations, as they would tend only to
bloodshed and pillage. The officers of the whole corps have,
therefore, intimated their desire of entering into a negotiation,
upon principles of humanity, for a surrender. If you are
influenced by similar considerations, you may signify the same
to the bearer, and in the meantime hostilities shall cease.
“Health and respect,
“Tate, Chef de Brigade.”

Lord Cawdor, however, did not signify the same to the bearer, but a
slight smile lit up his features, while the French officers went on to
explain that they were ready to capitulate on condition that they
should be sent back to Brest at the expense of the English
Government. A low murmur broke out among the onlookers. The
Frenchmen’s ships had deserted them and they wanted us to give
them a free passage home. But Colonel Knox had something to say
to that. The uncertain light of lanterns and candles (mostly dips, for
the resources of the “Royal Oak” and, indeed, of Fishguard, were
limited) fell on his white hair and handsome uniform, flickering on
the gold of the embroideries, and no one but those who knew would
have believed that his fancy was as brilliant as that glittering braid.
“We have ten thousand men now in Fishguard,” said he, “ten
thousand more are on the road. Unconditional surrender are our
only terms.”
The messengers looked very blank when they understood the tenour
of these words, but they appeared still more impressed when Lord
Cawdor in a stern voice, but with his usual courtesy of manner, gave
them an answer. He informed them that he should at once write an
answer to General Tate, which he should send to him in the
morning, but that they might tell him in the meantime that his
troops would be expected to parade for surrender on the following
day.
His lordship, who had hitherto been standing, sat down and
consulted for a few moments in an undertone with some of his
suite. Then taking up a pen, he quickly wrote an answer, dusted
sand over it to dry the ink, and standing up once more he read it
aloud in clear and ringing tones. It commanded the admiration and
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