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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.1 A steel bar of rectangular cross section, 15 mm by 60 mm, is loaded by a compressive force of 110
kN that acts in the longitudinal direction of the bar. Compute the average normal stress in the bar.
Solution
The cross-sectional area of the steel bar is
A 15 mm 60 mm 900 mm2
The normal stress in the bar is
F 110 kN 1,000 N/kN
122.222 MPa 122.2 MPa Ans.
A 900 mm2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.2 A circular pipe with outside diameter of 4.5 in. and wall thickness of 0.375 in. is subjected to an
axial tensile force of 42,000 lb. Compute the average normal stress in the pipe.
Solution
The outside diameter D, the inside diameter d, and the wall thickness t are related by
D d 2t
Therefore, the inside diameter of the pipe is
d D 2t 4.5 in. 2 0.375 in. 3.75 in.
The cross-sectional area of the pipe is
A
4
D 2
d2
4
4.5 in. 3.75 in. 4.8597 in.2
2
2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.3 A circular pipe with an outside diameter of 80 mm is subjected to an axial compressive force of
420 kN. The average normal stress may not exceed 130 MPa. Compute the minimum wall thickness
required for the pipe.
Solution
From the definition of normal stress, solve for the minimum area required to support a 420 kN load
without exceeding a normal stress of 130 MPa
F F 420 kN 1,000 N/kN
Amin 3,230.77 mm2
A 130 N/mm 2
4
80 mm
2
d2
4
3, 230.77 mm 2
d max 47.8169 mm
The outside diameter D, the inside diameter d, and the wall thickness t are related by
D d 2t
Therefore, the minimum wall thickness required for the aluminum tube is
D d 80 mm 47.8169 mm
tmin 16.092 mm 16.09 mm Ans.
2 2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.4 Three solid bars, each with square cross sections, make up the axial assembly shown in Figure
P1.4/5. Two loads of P = 30 kN are applied to the assembly at flange B, two loads of Q = 18 kN are
applied at C, and one load of R = 42 kN is applied at end D. The bar dimensions are b1 = 60 mm, b2 =
20 mm, and b3 = 40 mm. Determine the normal stress in each bar.
FIGURE P1.4/5
Solution
Cut an FBD through bar (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (1) is
Fx F1 2 P 2Q R 0
F1 2 P 2Q R 2 30 kN 2 18 kN 42 kN 66 kN 66 kN (C)
From the given width of bar (1), the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is
A1 b12 60 mm 3,600 mm 2
2
Cut an FBD through bar (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (2) is
Fx F2 2Q R 0
F2 2Q R 2 18 kN 42 kN 6 kN 6 kN (C)
From the given width of bar (2), the cross-sectional area of bar (2) is
A2 b22 20 mm 400 mm 2
2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
F2 6 kN 1,000 N/kN
2 15.000 MPa 15.00 MPa (C) Ans.
A2 400 mm 2
Cut an FBD through bar (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (3) is
Fx F3 R 0
F3 R 42 kN 42 kN (C)
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.5 Three solid bars, each with square cross sections, make up the axial assembly shown in Figure
P1.4/5. Two loads of P = 25 kN are applied to the assembly at flange B, two loads of Q = 15 kN are
applied at C, and one load of R = 35 kN is applied at end D. Bar (1) has a width of b1 = 90 mm.
Calculate the width b2 required for bar (2) if the normal stress magnitude in bar (2) must equal the
normal stress magnitude in bar (1).
FIGURE P1.4/5
Solution
Cut an FBD through bar (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (1) is
Fx F1 2 P 2Q R 0
F1 2 P 2Q R 2 25 kN 2 15 kN 35 kN 55 kN 55 kN (C)
From the given width of bar (1), the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is
A1 b12 90 mm 8,100 mm 2
2
Cut an FBD through bar (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at D. We will
assume that the internal force in bar (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in bar (2) is
Fx F2 2Q R 0
F2 2Q R 2 15 kN 35 kN 5 kN
The normal stress in bar (2) must equal the normal stress in bar (1). Thus,
2 1 6.7901 MPa
Solve for the required area of bar (2):
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
F2
2
A2
F2 5 kN 1, 000 N/kN
A2 736.364 mm2
2 6.7901 N/mm 2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.6 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure
P1.6/7. One load of P = 1,500 lb is applied to the assembly at A, two loads of Q = 900 lb are applied
at B, and two loads of R = 1,300 lb are applied at C. The diameters of rods (1), (2), and (3) are d1 =
0.625 in., d2 = 0.500 in., and d3 = 0.875 in. Determine the axial normal stress in each of the three rods.
FIGURE P1.6/7
Solution
Cut an FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (1) is
Fx P F1 0
F1 P 1,500 lb 1,500 lb (T)
Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (1):
A1 d12 0.625 in. 0.3068 in.2
2
4 4
The normal stress in rod (1) is
F 1,500 lb
1 1 4,889.24 psi 4,890 psi (T) Ans.
A1 0.3068 in.2
Cut an FBD through rod (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (2) is
Fx P 2Q F2 0
F2 P 2Q 1,500 lb 2 900 lb 300 lb 300 lb (C)
Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (2):
A2 d 22 0.500 in. 0.1963 in.2
2
4 4
The normal stress in rod (2) is
F 300 lb
2 2 1,527.89 psi 1,528 psi (C) Ans.
A2 0.1963 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Cut an FBD through rod (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We will
assume that the internal force in rod (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (3) is
Fx P 2Q 2 R F3 0
F3 P 2Q 2 R 1,500 lb 2 900 lb 2 1,300 lb 2,300 lb 2,300 lb (T)
Use the given diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area of rod (3):
A3 d32 0.8750 in. 0.6013 in.2
2
4 4
The normal stress in rod (3) is
F 2,300 lb
3 3 3,824.92 psi 3,820 psi (T) Ans.
A3 0.6013 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
P1.7 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the solid cylindrical rods shown in Figure
P1.6/7. One load of P = 30 kips is applied to the assembly at A, two loads of Q = 25 kips are applied
at B, and two loads of R = 35 kips are applied at C. The normal stress magnitude in aluminum rod (1)
must be limited to 20 ksi. The normal stress magnitude in steel rod (2) must be limited to 35 ksi. The
normal stress magnitude in brass rod (3) must be limited to 25 ksi. Determine the minimum diameter
required for each of the three rods.
FIGURE P1.6/7
Solution
Cut an FBD through aluminum rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A.
We will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (1) is
Fx P F1 0
F1 P 30 kips 30 kips (T)
The normal stress magnitude in aluminum rod (1) must be limited to 20 ksi. Therefore, the minimum
cross-sectional area of rod (1) must be
F 30 kips
A1 1 1.500 in.2
1 20 ksi
The diameter must be
A1 d12
4
d1
4
1.500 in. 1.382 in.
2
Ans.
Cut an FBD through steel rod (2). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (2) is
Fx P 2Q F2 0
F2 P 2Q 30 kips 2 25 kips 20 kips 20 kips (C)
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
The normal stress magnitude in steel rod (2) must be limited to 35 ksi. Therefore, the minimum cross-
sectional area of rod (2) must be
F 20 kips
A2 2 0.5714 in.2
2 35 ksi
The diameter of rod (2) must be
A2 d 22
4
d2
4
0.5714 in. 0.853 in.
2
Ans.
Cut an FBD through brass rod (3). The FBD should include the free end of the assembly at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (3) is tension. From equilibrium, the force in rod (3) is
Fx P 2Q 2 R F3 0
F3 P 2Q 2 R 30 kips 2 25 kips 2 35 kips 50 kips 50 kips (T)
The normal stress magnitude in brass rod (3) must be limited to 25 ksi. Therefore, the minimum
cross-sectional area of rod (3) must be
F 50 kips
A3 3 2.0000 in.2
3 25 ksi
The diameter of rod (3) must be
A3 d32
4
d3
4
2.0000 in. 1.596 in.
2
Ans.
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.8
Solution
First, consider an FBD of the pulley to determine the reaction forces exerted on the pulley by the
mechanism.
Fx Ax P P cos 60 0
Ax 2,300 N 2,300 N cos 60 3, 450.000 N
Fy Ay P sin 60 0
Ay 2,300 N sin 60 1,991.858 N
Next, consider an FBD of the mechanism to determine the force in rod (1). Rod (1) is oriented at an
angle of:
c d 170 mm 90 mm
tan 1.30
b 200 mm
52.431
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Rod (1) is a two-force member, and its axial force can be calculated from:
M C Ax c Ay a F1 cos c d 0
F1
Ax c Ay a 3, 450.000 N 170 mm 1,991.858 N 120 mm 5, 207.523 N
c d cos 170 mm 90 mm cos 52.431
The area of rod (1) is
A1 d12 8 mm 50.265 mm 2
2
4 4
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.9
Solution
Consider an FBD of the mechanism. Determine the angle
between rod (1) and the horizontal axis:
a 7.5 m
tan 2.5
b 3.0 m
68.199
F1 6 6 242.332 kN
b sin 6b sin 6 3.0 m sin 68.199
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.10
Solution
Equilibrium: Calculate the internal forces in rods (1) and (2).
9 ft
M C F1 14 ft 4, 200 lb/ft 9 ft 0
2
F1 12.150 kips
9 ft
M B F2 14 ft 4, 200 lb/ft 9 ft 14 ft 0
2
F2 25.650 kips
Areas:
A1 0.875 in. 0.601 in.2
2
4
A2 1.125 in. 0.994 in.2
2
Stresses:
F1 12.150 kips
1 20.206 ksi 20.2 ksi Ans.
A1 0.601 in.2
F2 25.650 kips
2 25.804 ksi 25.8 ksi Ans.
A2 0.994 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.11
Solution
The cross-sectional area of rod (1) is
A1 10 mm 78.540 mm 2
2
4
Since the normal stress in rod (1) must not exceed 225 MPa, the allowable force that can be applied to
rod (1) is:
F1,allow 1 A1 225 N/mm 2 78.540 mm 2 17, 671.459 N
Rod (1) is oriented at an angle of with respect to the horizontal direction:
c 550 mm
tan 0.7237 35.893
b 760 mm
Substitute the allowable force F1,allow into this relationship to obtain the maximum distributed load that
may be applied to the structure:
2b F1 sin
w
a b
2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.12
Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the external
reaction forces acting on the truss at supports B
and D. Write equilibrium equations that include
all external forces. Note that only the external
forces (i.e., loads and reaction forces) are
considered at this time. The internal forces acting
in the truss members will be considered after the
external reactions have been computed. The free-
body diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is shown.
The following equilibrium equations can be
written for this structure:
Fy Dy P 0
Dy P 200 kN
M D Pa Bx c 0
Pa P 12 m
Bx 2 P 400 kN
c 6m
M B Pa Dx c 0
Pa P 12 m
Dx 2 P 400 kN
c 6m
Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine AC and BC:
c 6.0 m
tan AC 1.3333 AC 53.130
a b 12.0 m 7.5 m
c 6.0 m
tan BC 0.8 BC 38.660
b 7.5 m
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering an FBD of joint A.
Consider only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this
instance, two axial members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A.
Tension forces will be assumed in each truss member.
Fx FAB FAC cos AC 0 (a)
Fy FAC sin AC P 0 (b)
Solve Eq. (b) for FAC:
P 200 kN
FAC 250.0 kN
sin AC sin 53.130
and then compute FAB using Eq. (a):
FAB FAC cos AC
250.0 kN cos 53.130 150.0 kN
Joint D:
Next, consider an FBD of joint D. As before, tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx Dx FCD 0 (c)
Fy Dy FBD 0 (d)
Joint C:
Next, consider an FBD of joint C. As before, tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
Fx FCD FBC cos BC FAC cos AC 0 (e)
Fy FBC sin BC FAC sin AC 0 (f)
Solve Eq. (e) for FBC:
sin AC sin 53.130
FBC FAC 250 kN 320.1562 kN
sin BC sin 38.660
Eq. (f) can be used as a check on our calculations:
Fy FBC sin BC FAC sin AC
320.1562 kN sin 38.660 250.0 kN sin 53.130 0 Checks!
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Section properties:
For each of the five truss members:
d 115 mm 2 6 mm 103 mm A 115 mm 103 mm 2, 054.602 mm2
2 2
4
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.13
Solution
Allowable member forces:
Using the allowable stresses and the member areas, we can determine the allowable force for each
member:
F1,allow 1,allow A1 24 ksi 1.5 in.2 36 kips (a)
F2,allow 2,allow A2 24 ksi 1.8 in.2 43.2 kips (b)
Equilibrium:
The geometry of the two-bar assembly will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles
for members AB and BC. We can use the definition of the tangent function to determine AB and BC:
a 16 ft
tan AB 1.2308 AB 50.906
c 13 ft
b 8 ft
tan BC 0.6154 BC 31.608
c 13 ft
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
We now know the forces in members (1) and (2) that will satisfy the equilibrium equations without
exceeding the allowable force in either member. Finally, we use these values to determine the load P
from Eq. (c):
P F1 cos AB F2 cos BC
29.172 kips cos 50.906 43.2 kips cos 31.608
55.188 kips
= 55.2 kips Ans.
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Solution
Equilibrium:
Draw an FBD for the interval between A and B where
0 x a . Write the following equilibrium equation:
Fx (13 kN/m)(1.2 m x) (9 kN) F 0
F (13 kN/m)(1.2 m x) (9 kN)
The largest force in this interval occurs at x = 0 where F = 6.6
kN.
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Solution
(a) x = 10 in.
Equilibrium: Draw an FBD for the interval between A and B
where 0 x a , and write the following equilibrium equation:
Fx (750 lb/ft)(1 ft/12 in.)(48 in. x)
(2,000 lb) (1,000 lb) F 0
F (62.5 lb/in.)(48 in. x) 3,000 lb
At x = 10 in., F = 5,375 lb.
(b) x = 30 in.
Equilibrium: Draw an FBD for the interval between B and C
where a x a b , and write the following equilibrium
equation:
Fx (750 lb/ft)(1 ft/12 in.)(48 in. x)
(1,000 lb) F 0
F (62.5 lb/in.)(48 in. x) 1,000 lb
At x = 30 in., F = 2,125 lb.
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.16
Solution
Visualize the surface that will be exposed when the specimen fails.
The area of this surface will be
AV cd 2.50 in. 6.0 in. 15.0 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.17
Solution
Visualize the contact surface between the rod and the grommet. It will be a cylinder with a diameter of
d and a height of t. The area of this cylinder will be
AV dt 0.625 in. 0.875 in. 1.718 in.2
The average shear stress between the rod and the grommet is thus
P 175 lb
avg 101.9 psi Ans.
AV 1.718 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.18
Solution
We are considering the shear strength of the glued joint. The minimum shear area that is required for
this connection can be determined from the load P and the shear strength of the glue. Consequently, we
will need at least this much area
P 5.5 kN 1, 000 N/kN
AV ,min 5,851.064 mm2
0.940 N/mm2
to transmit the load P through the joint, based on the shear strength of the glue.
For this particular joint, there are seven surfaces that will be glued. Each of these surfaces has a length
of d and a thickness of 19 mm. Accordingly, the minimum length d required for each of the finger joints
is
7dt 5,851.064 mm 2
5,851.064 mm 2
d 44.0 mm Ans.
7 19 mm
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.19
Solution
There are three bolts, and it is always assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external
load P. Therefore, the shear force V carried by each bolt is
32, 000 lb
V 10, 666.667 lb
3 bolts
The bolts in this connection act in single shear. The cross-sectional area of a single bolt is
Abolt 2
d bolt (7 / 8 in.) 2
(0.875 in.) 2 0.6013 in.2
4 4 4
Therefore, the average shear stress in each bolt is
V 10, 666.667 lb
17, 738.739 psi 17, 740 psi Ans.
Abolt 0.6013 in.2
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.20
Solution
Consider an FBD of the bar that is connected by the clevis,
including a portion of the pin. If the shear force acting on
each exposed surface of the pin is denoted by V, then the
shear force on each pin surface is related to the load P by:
Fx P V V 0 P 2V
The area of the pin surface exposed by the FBD is simply the cross-sectional area of the pin:
Apin 2
d pin (15 mm) 2 176.715 mm 2
4 4
If the average shear stress in the pin must be limited to 130 MPa, the maximum shear force V on a single
cross-sectional surface must be limited to
V Abolt 130 N/mm 2 176.715 mm 2 22,972.95 N
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
FIGURE P1.21
Solution
There are five bolts, and it is assumed that each bolt supports an equal portion of the external load P.
Therefore, the shear force carried by each bolt is
160 kips
V 32 kips
5 bolts
Since the average shear stress must be limited to 30 ksi, each bolt must provide a shear area of at least:
32 kips/bolt
AV 1.0667 in.2 /bolt
30 ksi
Each bolt in this connection acts in double shear; therefore, two cross-sectional bolt surfaces are
available to transmit shear stress in each bolt.
AV 1.0667 in.2 /bolt
Abolt 0.5333 in.2 per bolt surface
2 surfaces per bolt 2 surfaces/bolt
The minimum bolt diameter must be
2
d bolt 0.5333 in.2 d bolt 0.824 in. Ans.
4
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Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System, 4th Ed. Timothy A. Philpot
Solution
To determine the shear force V that must be resisted by the shear key, sum moments about the center of
the shaft (which will be denoted O):
700 mm 700 mm 40 mm
M O (1,300 N) (1,300 N) V 0
2 2 2
V 45,500 N
Since the average shear stress in the key must not exceed 150 MPa, the shear area required is
V 45,500 N
AV 303.3333 mm 2
150 N/mm 2
The shear area in the key is given by the product of its length L (i.e., 25 mm) and its width a. Therefore,
the minimum key width a is
AV 303.3333 mm2
a 12.1333 mm 12.13 mm Ans.
L 25 mm
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“Dear anwyl, Dan, talk of what you understand, or hold your
tongue! What do I care for their customs and laws? ’Deed to
goodness, nothing at all. As to James Bowen if it had been only that
—but there, a child like you can’t understand things.”
“Can’t I!” I shouted, thoroughly incensed—of course we spoke in
Welsh, and used a good many more exclamations than I have set
down here. “Can’t I, indeed. I only know smuggling is—”
“Don’t quarrel, children,” said Llewelyn, who was of a quiet
disposition. “And don’t shout or you’ll bring the French upon us.
Silence holds it here. [80] Just look there!”
He pointed towards the opposite direction to that in which we had
been looking, and where the French were still clambering about the
cliffs dragging up the last of their barrels of ammunition and brandy.
He pointed towards the steep road which leads from Goodwick to
Fishguard. This road was thronged with people, horses, carts,
furniture, cattle all mixed together, and all (the animate ones at
least) making their way with such speed as their legs and the hill
permitted away from the immediate neighbourhood of the invaders.
The lights which some of them carried, and the glare from some
gorse which had been set on fire, lit up the straggling, toiling
multitude.
Further off the semi-circle of hills blazed with warning beacons. It
was a sight never to be forgotten; a sight that had not been seen in
this island for centuries. From our high nest in the rocks we had but
to turn our heads to see all. In front of us to the north stretched the
sea; a little to the north-west was the creek where the French had
landed, where we could dimly discern the tall masts of the war-ships
lighted up fitfully by cressets of fire. At the top of the cliff was
Trehowel, and close by was the French camp surmounted by the
tricolor flag. A little nearer us was Brestgarn, where Llewelyn lived,
and just at our feet was the village and church of Llanunda.
Goodwick lay to the east of us; there was a steep hill down to it, a
magnificent flat of sands, with sea on one side and marsh on the
other, and then a steep hill up from it leading ere long to Fishguard.
The sea came round the corner from the north in order to form that
deep and beautiful Goodwick Bay, where trees and rocks, gardens
and wild waves, luxuriant vegetation and marshy barrenness are so
strangely mixed. Behind all, to the south and southeast came the
mountains; and towards the fastnesses therein most of these
fugitives were wending their way.
“Deuks!” said Llewelyn, “they are coming out to see what they can
get, the scoundrels; I must run back to Brestgarn.”
“Let me come,” said I, on the impulse of the moment—though my
knees shook as I saw small dark clumps of men leaving the main
mass and coming towards us; but Llewelyn inspired confidence, and
curiosity has a courage of its own; then I suddenly bethought me of
Ann George.
“But what will you do, Nancy?” I asked.
“I will go to my Aunt Jemima, I’ll be safe enough with her; don’t
trouble about me, my dear,” said Nancy, our short-lived quarrel being
happily over.
“That is in Fishguard, you can’t go there alone, wait a bit for me,”
said I, with youthful assurance.
“I can hide you at Brestgarn if you want to come, but better go on
to Fishguard,” said Llewelyn.
By this time, however, we were almost at the farm, for we had run
down the steep side of Carnunda without any delay.
As we drew near to the house we found from the uproar therein that
it was already full of Frenchmen. Very cautiously we approached a
window and peeped in. We saw a strange sight. The kitchen was
filled with ragged ruffianly fellows, all gesticulating with all their
limbs, and screeching with all their lungs. Of course we did not
understand a word they said, which, perhaps, was no loss under the
circumstances. They were dressed in all sorts of uniforms—some of
them in a dusky red (our soldiers’ coats dyed, as I afterwards
heard), others wore the regular dark blue of the French army. An
enormous fire blazed on the hearth, on which they had placed a
large brass pan, geese and fowls only half-feathered had been
hastily thrown into it, and now they were literally cramming it with
butter, which they dug out of a cask they had dragged in from the
dairy. Suddenly a shout arose, apparently from the ground beneath
us.
“Deuks!” said Llewelyn, again. “They’ve found the port.”
Llewelyn did not allude to any of the harbours in the neighbourhood,
but rather, it may be, to the lack of one, which had perhaps
occasioned the wrecking of a vessel from Oporto laden with the wine
of the district.
“No odds, don’t fret for the wine,” whispered Nancy. “We’ll get
plenty again. I only hope there’s a good store of brandy in the
houses, too.”
We got our brandy in a different way, but also inexpensively, and
there was at times a considerable stock of it, and tobacco, too, in
the farmhouse cellars.
Llewelyn, however, was much perturbed: he had volunteered to stay
to look after the household goods, and he didn’t seem to be able to
do much. The delight of the Frenchmen at such an unexpected
treasure-trove was indeed exasperating. Down flowed the generous
liquid through throats the outsides of which were much in want of
shaving, elbows were raised, and voices also in the intervals of
quaffing. Suddenly one man paused in his potations, the brass face
of the old clock that stood in the corner had caught his eye, and the
loud ticking of it had caught his ear. Screeching something that
sounded like “enemy,” he levelled his musket and fired straight at
the clock. The bullet went through the wood-work with a loud
sound of splitting.
“Brenhin mawr!” yelled Llewelyn, forgetting all caution in his
exasperation. “The scoundrels have shot our eight day clock!”
Unfortunately his remark was overheard; and indeed his yell shot
into the midst of those rioting ruffians like a pebble into a wasp’s
nest. Out they flew, evidently infuriated; but we waited for no
explanations, taking to our heels on the instant, with the
promptitude of extreme fear. Nan and I were light of heel, and
favoured by the darkness—yet more black to those who came from
that blaze of light—we got clear away; but turning ere long to look,
we perceived that Llewelyn had not been so fortunate, he was older
and a good deal heavier than we were; and then his righteous anger
had rendered him rather breathless before he began to run. He was
now surrounded by a crowd of foreigners, all jabbering and
gesticulating as hard as possible. Our hearts were sore at having to
leave our companion in this plight, but there was no help for it, to
attempt a rescue would have been, under the circumstances, worse
than folly. So we ran along across country, avoiding all roads, and
making straight for Goodwick.
CHAPTER IV.
THE PRIEST’S PEEP-HOLE.
CHAPTER V.
DAVY JONES’ LOCKER.
The fear of the French returning suddenly shook the drowsiness out
of my eyes. I gave them a final rub, then stumbled down the
crooked steps after Nancy. How she could have guessed that it was
now near dawn—as in our corner it was still pitch-dark—was a
mystery to me; but probably the habit of waking up daily at an
extremely early hour, as was the wont of milk-maids in those days,
had accustomed her to know the time to a nicety.
We crept as quietly as we could down from our uncomfortable
hiding-place, so stiff and cramped that we could only move with
difficulty, and every bone made its particular position known with
great accuracy, even to us who were totally unacquainted with
anatomy. Then we carefully reconnoitred our situation.
As far as we could see, looking through the church windows on
every side, we gazed only into the dim dusk of early morning into a
lifeless world. No little bird as yet sent up his morning song; there
were no sheep or cattle to be seen, their lawful owners or the
invaders having driven them off to securer quarters or to sudden
death, as the case might be. The church itself, after the late uproar,
seemed very silent now; the fire had quickly died down, smothered
by the pillow; only the heavy smell of smoke remained to prove that
the wild doings of the night had not been a terrifying dream.
We crept along to the leper’s hole, using the other end of it now; for
the unfortunate outcasts of former days had gazed through the tube
into the church, while we unhappy fugitives looked warily from the
interior into the porch, to see if haply some blue-coated soldier
might have been left there on guard. But if this had been the case
he had certainly declined to stay, which was not unlikely considering
the lax discipline, or, rather, total want of discipline, which prevailed
in the French force. At all events, the porch was empty.
So after a little getting behind each other and a slight backwardness
in going forward, owing more to uncertainty of light than natural
timidity, at last we ventured out boldly into the porch, and took a
good look, our necks stretched out over the churchyard and round
the country. The former seemed silent and deserted, the
tombstones looming darkly into dim twilight, which still lay heavy on
the land; nor could we even discern any sound of snoring.
Carnunda was crowned with fires and thronged with soldiers, but it
was not very near, and we thought we might slip away unnoticed.
So, cautiously we closed the door behind us, and fared forth. The
porch lay to the south of the church; we were stealing round the
building to the north, or seaward side, as being further removed
from Carnunda, when we were stopped by a sudden shout,
proceeding apparently from the air above us. Our hearts stood still
and our blood froze with terror—at least, I know mine did, and
Nancy turned an ashy white in the grey dawn. In an instant we
looked up to the place from which our enemy had spied us—the roof
of the church, where he had been stationed as a sentinel. He sat
astride on the ridge, which could be easily gained by means of a
flight of steps, made on the outside of the roof, as a look-out place
from which to signal to those at sea; but never designed for such a
purpose as the present. The discipline had not been so lax as we
hoped. For a moment we were stupefied, wishing only that one of
the graves would open and take us in. Then we took to our heels.
Down came the Frenchman clattering over the roof of the church,
from the edge of which he dropped to the ground, only a distance of
eight or nine feet; then he came full cry after us. His shouts had
attracted the attention of a couple of his fellows, who were strolling
along the cliffs in search of what they could devour, or, still better,
drink. They joined the chase instantly, and all three came full tear
after Nancy and myself, who had headed straight for the cliffs, as
one of our own foxes would have done, though what we were to do
when we gained them save plunge into the sea we knew not.
However, we were not fated to gain them just at present, for one of
the Frenchmen had outrun Nancy, whose limbs were still cramped,
and who was weary from want of rest and sleep. I was stiff and
tired too, but fear of the French made me fly, and would have done
so I think had I been doubled up by rheumatism. However, though
Nan was caught, and warned me of her disaster by a shrill scream, I
am glad to say she preserved her usual Welsh spirit, as she plainly
showed by fetching the Frenchman a sounding box on the ear. I
hesitated what to do, divided between fear of the French and the
desire of standing by my friend. I am glad to say I had advanced a
few steps towards an attempt at rescue, when some dark body
rushed past me in the dawning light, and ere I could even exclaim,
the Frenchman lay flat on the ground. The other two, half drunk,
and wholly stupefied, perceiving that things were going somewhat
crookedly, departed as quickly as they could, making for the camp at
Carnunda. Our rescuer had a mind to follow them, but Ann laid a
restraining hand upon his arm.
“Oh, Dio bach,” [115] she said, “I am glad to see you this time, if I
never was before.”
And she really looked as if she could have kissed him.
“Nancy, how came you here; why didn’t you go away with the rest?”
asked Davy Jones, abruptly, his voice rough and angry. He had had
too great a scare to be tender or even civil.
“Why, I had to stop and see to everything—and the silver spoons,”
said Nancy, quite meekly.
“Hang the silver spoons,” said Davy. “Now what’s to be done with
this carcase?” And he pointed to the unconscious Frenchman. “Get
out of the way, Nancy, and I’ll shove him over the cliff.”
“No, no, don’t waste time,” exclaimed Nancy; “we’ll have the whole
lot after us in a minute; they’re as thick as ants on Carnunda. How
can we get away?”
“Down the cliff as fast as you can. I’ve got a boat down below; if
we can get to the caves we’ll do; but I had some of them after me a
little while ago, and I landed here to get rid of them, and to find out
what had become of you, for Llewelyn of Brestgarn told me you
were somewhere near.”
“Llewelyn is a prisoner; did you see him? Is he safe?” asked Nancy,
as we hurried along.
“Hush, quick and quiet; I’ll tell you in the boat,” whispered Davy.
We plunged down through dry bracken, gorse bushes, and large
boulders of stone, interspersed with steep pieces of cliff. We
jumped, slid, and tumbled down, clutching hold of grasses and ferns
to stay our speed, and in a few moments we had reached the level
of the sea.
The boat had been so cunningly hidden—with the dexterity of
constant practice—that Nan and I quite failed to discover it. Davy,
however, had it out in a trice.
“Jump in, boy, and give a hand to Nancy.”
Nancy did not require a hand, she jumped in very steadily, and took
the rudder. Davy threw me one oar, took the other himself, and we
were off, stealing noiselessly along under the great cliffs, where
darkness still dwelt. But the sky over our heads grew lighter every
moment, and we ruefully perceived that ere long it would be broad
day. Yet it seemed safer to be on the water than on the land, where
we could even now discern dim figures looking for us.
“Ah, what is that?” in a horror-struck whisper from Ann.
That was a dark blue object, very unpleasing to behold, sodden with
water, and wedged in a crevice of the cliffs.
“That is one of them,” said Davy, grimly, “cleft to the chin by a
scythe in a Welshman’s hands. The ruffians had burnt his cottage,
with his old mother in it; he caught this one, that’s all. I wish I had
served that fellow up there the same, Nancy.”
“Where have you been, Davy?” I asked, to divert his remorseful
thoughts, and unable to restrain my curiosity.
“Among these blacks of parlez-vous. They nabbed me last night as
neat as could be—we had a bit of a scrimmage though. I was
coming back from a little bit of business.”
“Oh, Davy, you shouldn’t!” from Ann.
“And I got in too near, never expecting ships here; who would? We
were round the corner and on them almost, before we knew it; we
made off then, but they saw us and gave chase. We made as fast
as we could for a place I know, a good out-of-the-way cave—we’ve
got a few about here, Nan—and they came after us. They’d some
man who knew the coast among them, that I’ll swear; any stranger
must have found out the sharpness of our rocks; but not a bit of it.
On they came quite comfortable, and close behind us they were as
we got to the mouth of the cave. Levi Mathias stood up in the bow
of the boat ready to jump ashore when one of the French marines
shot him. I hope to have something to say before that’s done with
yet. Out tumbled our men anyhow, running through the surf and up
the cliffs, into the darkness anywhere, for the Frenchmen carried
torches as well as muskets. Well, they nabbed me.”
“You didn’t like to leave Levi,” said Nancy, softly.
“I didn’t like to leave the brandy,” said Davy. “They got it, though,
and me, tight enough. It put them into a good temper, however,
and they didn’t shoot me through the head, like they did a farmer
that they made help to roll up their casks of ammunition, when he
tried to escape. They made me carry up one of my own kegs which
went against the grain; then they took me to their chief.”
“Did you see the chief?” I asked, eagerly.
“’Deed to goodness, yes—General Tate—no more a Frenchman than
I am; Irish, I’m thinking. He seemed very uneasy, and none of his
men minded him. I had company—John Owen, of the sloop
Britannia, laden with culm for Llanstinan—they didn’t care for culm,
and were cross to him, and a mortal fright he was in, but had sense
enough left to tell them a lot of lies. Then I saw Llewelyn, and had
a word on the sly with him; he told me you were hereabouts; I
watched my chance, and an hour or two ago I slipped down over
the cliffs, seized this boat, and made off; but they saw me from one
of the ships, and gave chase, and—”
A cry interrupted him, succeeded by a loud splashing of oars.
“And, hang them, there they are again. Why-ever couldn’t you hold
your tongue, Dan?”
This was unjust, as Davy had done all the talking himself; but the
present was no moment for arguing. We bent to the oars with a will
and in silence, till my hands were blistered, my heart panting, and
my back breaking, and still the enemy were gaining on us.
Nancy leant forward.
“Change with me for a spell, Dan. I can row.”
On we went again, fast, faster, and still the other boat came on after
us yet more rapidly—it was like a nightmare. We came in very close
to the cliffs now, and Davy took both oars. In between two reefs of
rocks we went—a deep channel, yet full of treacherous windings and
turnings.
“I think we’ll do now,” said Davy. “Please Providence, they may
easily be smashed to atoms here.”
And he looked gratefully at the sharp rocks.
But I turned after a little, and beheld that phantom-like pursuer still
following us closely through the windings of the passage. The reefs
had now become high cliffs, and seemed to close us in on every
side; but as we came round another corner we saw before us a low
archway. Through this we shot, and we found ourselves as it were
at the bottom of a tea-cup, with precipitous walls on every side; just
in front of us a little sandy beach. Davy pushed the boat towards a
narrow slit in the rocks.
“Jump in there, my girl,” he said. “Don’t be afraid; if you slip, I’ll
catch you.”
Nancy jumped at once, I followed her, landing half in and half out of
the water, but quickly drawing myself up to be out of Davy’s way,
who came with a mighty rush—at the same time spinning the boat
to the other side of the creek—only just in time, the Frenchmen
were in the archway.
“Go on as far as you can,” whispered Davy. “If they see this slit,
they can only come one at a time, and—”
He didn’t finish, but it wasn’t necessary. Nan and I stumbled on in
the interior, and found ourselves ere long in quite a large cave,
where even in the dusky light we could discern objects extremely
like kegs, also bales and packages of all sorts. Outside we heard the
cries and screams of the Frenchmen, baulked of their prey; for
(probably fortunately for themselves) they did not discover the
narrow and hidden entrance to our cave. We were soon joined by
Davy, who remarked that if they had a guide with them, there were
a few things he didn’t know yet.
“There’s plenty of food here—and spirits—if we want to stay,” he
continued; “but perhaps we may as well get to the top and see what
is going on.”
CHAPTER VI.
WELSH WIVES.
We did prefer (as soon as we had got our breath again) knowing
what was going on in our usual world overhead to remaining in
ignoble security in Davy’s locker, for so we named his cave.
Accordingly we scrambled and crawled and pushed our way up the
far-end of the cavern, till at last the aperture resembled a chimney
lined with ferns instead of soot more than aught else. We emerged
at last into the open air full of morning sunshine, and perceived that
we were now quite beyond the enemy’s lines and once more among
our own people.
The first thing to be done in this situation was naturally—to talk; as
good and true Celts we all agreed to that; and when we got into the
high-road we found no dearth of people to talk to. They were
gathering like ants from every quarter, and the one topic which each
man liked to discourse on was simply this: how he was going to fight
the French. The bonfires last night had aroused the country, and
some of the men we met had come from distant parts of the county.
Among other items of news they told us that the men of St. David’s
had rushed in a body to their cathedral, from the roof of which they
had insisted on tearing off the lead; six blacksmiths had come
forward, and had at once cast the said lead into bullets. Old and
young, master and man, all had turned out. A dissenting minister
was there (the Reverend Mr. Jones was his name), and after him
marched all the men of his congregation. The news had come as he
was preaching to them, and the worthy man had at once changed
rhetoric for action. “Let us fight a good fight,” said he, and
proceeded to put his words to the proof and himself at the head of
his men.
A choleric major rode about the lanes near St. Dogmael’s collecting
recruits. He met a Mr. Jones (another one): “Come along to fight
the French,” was Major James’ greeting. But Mr. Jones had business
which called him elsewhere.
“By the Lord Harry,” said the Major, drawing his sword, “if you don’t
come this minute I’ll slice your head off like a turnip.”
The fear of the French was an unknown quantity, but the fear of the
Major was very well known indeed, and Mr. Jones went.
We mingled exultantly with the throng of our people, and presently
our eyes were gladdened by the sight of a gallant body of men—all
well equipped and well mounted—the Castle Martin Yeomanry.
These were joined by the Cardiganshire Militia, the Fencible Infantry
of Colonel Knox, and some seamen and artillery, the whole under
the command of Lord Cawdor.
We had got into Fishguard by this time, and we hung about the door
of the “Royal Oak,” where a council of war was being held by our
officers—namely, Lord Milford, Lord Cawdor, Colonel Knox, Colonel
Colby, Colonel Ackland, Colonel Dan Vaughan, Major James, and the
Governor of Fishguard Fort, Colonel George Vaughan. The troops
formed in the turnpike road just outside the town, and here we
three had to separate, for Davy wished to accompany the troops,
Ann to join her Aunt Jemima, and I to get something to eat at my
father’s house, for I had only had hasty snatches hitherto, and I had
a growing boy’s appetite. My parent was so much astonished at the
course of events that he was not even surprised to see me when I
walked, as bold as brass, into his shop; and never even asked if I
had taken French leave of my master. But before satisfying my
natural filial affection I (together with Davy) escorted Nancy to the
abode of her relative, who, however, was not at home. As we
turned to go, Nancy having taken leave of Davy in an affectionate
manner, because, as she said, he had appeared just in the nick of
time, we espied that stalwart female, Jemima Nicholas, coming
along the road from Goodwick surrounded by twelve Frenchmen,
[129] whom she had had the courage and address to bring—probably
allured by false promises—all the way from Llanunda; assisted by
the military, she now conducted them into the guard-house at
Fishguard.
Leaving Nancy under the efficient protection of her aunt with light
hearts, Davy and I went our several ways; but ere long, after
recounting my adventures and receiving a large amount of hero-
worship from my mother, I once more found myself on the road
leading to the scene of action. It seemed impossible to keep away.
On the top of a high rock I saw a crowd of people in a state of great
and evident excitement. I hastened to join them, and perceived at
once the reason of their gesticulations. There were the three tall
men-of-war and the lugger, with all sail set, standing out from the
land, and apparently sailing away with all speed to the place from
whence they came. We could hardly believe our eyes. We looked at
Carnunda; there floated the French flag, and the rocks were dark
with men.
“The Lord hath delivered them into our hand,” said the Reverend Mr.
Jones, who stood near.
This sight increased the confidence of our people amazingly, as
much as (we afterwards heard) it struck dismay into the hearts of
General Tate and his men, they not being animated by the spirit
which moved the classic heroes to burn their boats so as to destroy
the means of retreat and to force themselves to action. The base
desertion of their comrades, the large supply of brandy in the farm-
house cellars, and a providential but comic mistake, seem to have
been the three principal causes of the failure of the French—one
may say of the utter and singular collapse of their undertaking.
The mistake occurred in this manner. Large numbers of the country-
women (among whom were Jemima and Nancy) had assembled on
a hill commanding an extensive prospect, including the French
outpost at Carnunda, desiring, with the curiosity of their sex, to see
as much as possible of what was going forward. It was, by the way,
the same hill on which I had also stationed myself. Most of the
women wore their distinctive shawl, a scarlet whittle, this being the
colour appropriated by the daughters of Pembrokeshire; while their
Cardiganshire neighbours have adopted the white whittle. All of
them at that time wore high black hats. Lord Cawdor, as he was
riding about inspecting things in general, was struck by the
resemblance of a mass of these women to a body of regulars, and
he called upon the daughters of Cambria to give a proof of their
patriotism by marching towards the enemy in regular order. The
females responded by a considerable cackle, which, however,
signified assent. I saw Jemima and her niece in the front of the
regiment which moved forward boldly towards the enemy. Ere long
a sudden dip in the ground rendered them invisible to the French, at
which place, turning into a side lane, they came again to the back of
the hill whence they had started, and renewed their former course;
it was done almost in the way in which, I am told, these effects are
managed in a theatre. This manœuvre caused much laughter
among the spectators, and no little puffing and panting to the fair
sex who accomplished it, many of whom were somewhat stout and
not very young. However, it had the desired effect. General Tate
acknowledged afterwards that they had been taken for a regiment of
regulars, and the French troops (greatly composed of convicts)
utterly lost heart. If they had but realised that it took a matter of
seven days for the news to travel to London, they need not have
distressed themselves on the score of quick aid from England.
In the meantime parties of marauders in a half-drunken state
continued to prowl about the neighbourhood. A considerable
number of militia and peasantry encountered five of these men, who
were dragging with them a young calf. They dropped the calf and
advanced to the combat, while our men, thinking the odds unfair,
singled out five of our sailors (of whom Davy Jones was one), and
Mr. Whitesides, a Liverpool gentleman who assisted, as a stranger, at
the selection, dismissed them to their work with this benediction:—
“Take time, my boys, and do it well!”
The French soldiers fired, and one of our men fell, wounded in the
foot; then it was the tars’ turn, and they fired with such judgment
that three of the enemy lay flat on the ground, and the remaining
two departed rapidly. One of the three proved to be dead, the other
two badly wounded. This encounter of a few, with a multitude
looking on, took one back to the old days of Arthur’s knights, or to
the still older days of Goliath of Gath.
Considerable numbers of Frenchmen were by this time in a very
unpleasing state of body and mind in consequence of rash
indulgence in port wine and poultry boiled in butter. They were
captured in small groups by the peasantry, who laid in wait for them
behind the gorse bushes which abound in this region, and who
jumped out on them with scant ceremony whenever they had a
chance. A man belonging to Llanunda village, taking a cautious
peep through his own little window from the outside, perceived one
of the enemy making free with his food and wine; the Frenchman
was enjoying himself thoroughly, he had made an excellent fire from
most of the furniture, and he was toasting his legs thereat as he
sipped the generous wine with the air of a connoisseur. This was
more than the Taffy could stand. He had not saved that wine from a
wreck at considerable personal risk to see it sending a glow through
the veins of a foreigner; he flung himself into the room with a strong
expression behind his teeth and a hay-fork clenched tightly in his
hand. The Frenchman jumped up and thrust with his bayonet at the
master of the house, who turned aside the blow, then, taking the foe
on his pitchfork, tossed him into the fire, as he might have pitched a
truss of hay on to the rick.
A party of marauders set forth with the view of plundering
Manorowen, a gentleman’s seat in the vicinity; but being followed by
a detachment of the Yeomanry, they returned in a very different
manner from what they had anticipated.
And now we, on our knoll—and there were some thousands of us,
including peasantry, fishermen, shopkeepers, and the resident
gentry of three counties—raised a shout of pride and triumph as
Lord Cawdor at the head of his small troop of Yeomanry Cavalry
rode off to inspect the enemy at close quarters. The sinking sun
shone on their glittering accoutrements and splendid uniforms, and a
glow of satisfaction filled our hearts as we noted the fine chargers
they bestrode, for a Pembrokeshire man loves horseflesh as truly as
a Yorkshire man; and not even my cloth has ever restrained me from
being a genuine Philhippos. The Castle Martin Yeomanry have
always been celebrated for their horses; and indeed it was no matter
of surprise to any one to hear, as we did hear afterwards, that
General Tate mistook these men for the staff surrounding some
English general, the main body of whose troops were defiling around
the side of the mountain; in truth, as the courteous reader knows,
none other than the old women. Lord Cawdor, at the head of his
forty yeoman, trotted close under Carnunda, the stronghold of the
enemy, who could, if they had possessed guns, have swept them all
off the face of the earth. As it was they narrowly escaped falling
into an ambush. A force of French soldiers were lying in wait for
them a little further up the road, and had Lord Cawdor taken this
route, as was his lordship’s first design, his men might have been
surprised, though even in that case we may well believe they would
have given as good as they got.
However, darkness falling suddenly, caused a change of plans; Lord
Cawdor and the reconnoitring party rejoined the main body, and the
British troops took up their quarters for the night in Fishguard.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL TATE’S LETTER.
“Cardigan Bay,
“5th Ventose,
“5th Year of the Republic.
“Sir,—The circumstances under which the body of troops under
my command were landed at this place render it unnecessary to
attempt any military operations, as they would tend only to
bloodshed and pillage. The officers of the whole corps have,
therefore, intimated their desire of entering into a negotiation,
upon principles of humanity, for a surrender. If you are
influenced by similar considerations, you may signify the same
to the bearer, and in the meantime hostilities shall cease.
“Health and respect,
“Tate, Chef de Brigade.”
Lord Cawdor, however, did not signify the same to the bearer, but a
slight smile lit up his features, while the French officers went on to
explain that they were ready to capitulate on condition that they
should be sent back to Brest at the expense of the English
Government. A low murmur broke out among the onlookers. The
Frenchmen’s ships had deserted them and they wanted us to give
them a free passage home. But Colonel Knox had something to say
to that. The uncertain light of lanterns and candles (mostly dips, for
the resources of the “Royal Oak” and, indeed, of Fishguard, were
limited) fell on his white hair and handsome uniform, flickering on
the gold of the embroideries, and no one but those who knew would
have believed that his fancy was as brilliant as that glittering braid.
“We have ten thousand men now in Fishguard,” said he, “ten
thousand more are on the road. Unconditional surrender are our
only terms.”
The messengers looked very blank when they understood the tenour
of these words, but they appeared still more impressed when Lord
Cawdor in a stern voice, but with his usual courtesy of manner, gave
them an answer. He informed them that he should at once write an
answer to General Tate, which he should send to him in the
morning, but that they might tell him in the meantime that his
troops would be expected to parade for surrender on the following
day.
His lordship, who had hitherto been standing, sat down and
consulted for a few moments in an undertone with some of his
suite. Then taking up a pen, he quickly wrote an answer, dusted
sand over it to dry the ink, and standing up once more he read it
aloud in clear and ringing tones. It commanded the admiration and
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