Trusses

KWCaeRKOgbgÁúMmanragCaRbB½nR§ tIekaN EdlekItBIkarpÁMKú ñarvagr)arCaeRcInkMNat;. ragRtIekaN

Truss

CaeKalkarN_lMnwgrbs; truss. xageRkamCaRbePTénrUbragrbs; truss nigPaBmanlMnwgCaragRtIekaN nig

PaBKµanlMnwgCaragctuekaNeRkamGMeBIénkmøaMgxageRkA.

Warren truss Pratt roof truss

Howe roof truss Fink roof truss

Pratt bridge truss

rUbTI1³ RbePT Truss

P P

Original shape Collapsed shape

(a) Rigid, stable framework (b) Nonrigid, unstable framework

kMNat;rbs; truss maneQµaHepSgKñaeTAtamTItaMg xageRkamCarUbbgðajBIkarehAeQµaHrbs;kMNat;

nImyY ².
P1 Upper chord P2 P3
Panel points

B C D E F

Web member
Web member (vertical)
(diagonal)
End post

A G
H I J K L

Lower chord
Roller support
Pinned support P4
6 bays @5m
30m

Page | 1
 enAeBl truss rgkmøagM xageRkA EdlmanGMeBIcMRtg;tMNEdlkat;Kñarvagr)arBIrb¤eRcIn kMNat;nImyY ²
rbs; truss mantYnaTIbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgxageRkAenaHmkTRm ehIykMNat;enaHrgnUvkmøaMgBIrepSgKña. kmøaMgTaMgBIr
enaHrt;tamG½kSbeNþayrbs;r)ar EdleFV[I r)arlUt b¤rjY EdleKehAfa kmøagM cMG½kS (axial forces or direct
forces). r)arEdllUt Car)arEdlrgkmøag M Taj ehIyr)arEdlrYjCar)arEdlrgkmøagM sgát;. karviPaK truss
rYmmankarkMNt;témøénkmøaMgEdlr)arrg nigsPaBénGMeBI (Taj b¤sgát;). xageRkamCarUb bgðajBIsßanPaB
énr)arrgkmøaMg.
Longitudinal axis of member

P P P P

(a) Axial compression (b) Axial tension

edIm,Idgw fa truss mYyCa truss manlMnwgeKRtUvrkGBaØatelIstamrUbmnþxageRkam³

n = r +b−2f
Edl n CacMnYnGBaØatelIs
r cMnYnRbtikmµ ¬CaTUeTAesµI 3 GaRs½yelITRm¦

f cMnYntMN

ebI n  0 mann½yfa truss minmanlMnwg

ebI n = 0 mann½yfa truss manlMnwg kMNt;kmøagM kñúgrbs; truss tamsmIkarsþaTic
ebI n  0 mann½yfa truss manlMnwg EtminGackMNt;kmøaMgkñúg rbs; truss tamsmIkarsþaTiceT.
edIm,IsMrYlkñúgkarviPaK truss eKRtUveFVIkarsnµt;nUvcMNucmYycMnnY xageRkam³
- RKb;kN M at;rbs; truss TaMgGs;RtUvsßitenAkñúgbøgE; tmYy.
- bnÞkú nigRbtikmµRtUvGnuvtþ EtenAelItMNrbs; truss.
- kMNat;rbs; truss RtUvP¢ab;Kña edaytMNKµankkit.
- RKb;Ggát;TaMgGs;RtUvEtRtg; ehIyCaGgát;rgkmøaMgBIr EdlkmøagM enAcugsgxag énGgát;RtUvEtman
témøesµKI µa pÞyú Kña nigrt;Rtg;Kña.
- ExSskmµénkmøaMgkñgú énr)arRtUvEtcMG½kS.
- bERmbRmYlRbEvgrbs;Ggát;EdlekItBIkmøaMgTaj b¤sgát;minmantémøRKb;RKan;EdleFIV[lkçN³
FrNImaRtrbs; truss ERbRbYleT.
Page | 2
 - bnÞkú pÞal;rbs;Ggát;RtUv)anecal eRBaHvamantémøtUcNas;ebIeFobeTAnwg bnÞúkxageRkAEdlvaRT.
EtRbsinebIbnÞúkxageRkArbs;vaRtUv)anrab;bBa©Úl vaRtUv)ansnµt;CabnÞkú cMcMNucEdlmanGMeBIenAcug
sgçagkMNat;.
QrelIeKalkarN¾snµt;xagelI nigeRbInUvsmIkarlMnwgsþaTic eKGackMNt;kmøagM kñúgrbs;kMNat;
truss )antambIviFIsaRsþ KW viFItMN method of joint, nig viFm
I uxkat; method of section.
1> viFItMN method of joint
sRmab;viFeI nH eKcat;Tukfa truss mYymanlMnwgeTA)anluHRtaNaEtRKb;tMNrbs;vamanlMnwg. enA
kñúgkarviPaK truss tamviFItMN eKRtUvsikSaBItMNNaEdlmanGBaØaty:ageRcInBIr. GBaØatKWCakmøagM kñúgrbs;
kMNat;r)ar truss.
vIFsI aRsþkMNt;kmøaMgrbs;r)artamvIFItMN³
- KNnakmøagM Rbtikmµrbs; truss edayeRbI Free body diagram sRmab; truss TaMgmUl. CMnYskmøaMg
eRTt edaybgÁúMkmøagM bBaÄr b¤kmøaMgedk.
- pþac;tMNnImYy² Ca Free body diagram edaybgðajRKb;kmøaMgTaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIelItMNenaH.
tMNnImyY ²sMEdgedayRbB½n§kmøagM RbsBVkgñú bøg; nigcab;epþmI ecjBItMNNaEdlmanGBaØatmineRcIn
CagBIr.
- edayGnuvtþsmIkarlMnwgsþaTicTaMgBIr (  F = 0 nig  F = 0 ) enaHGBaØatTaMgBIrsRmab;tMNenaH
y x

RtUv)ankMNt;. ehIykmøagM énr)arTaMgenH RtUveRbIsRmab;tMNbnÞab;EdlP¢ab;edayr)arTaMgenH.

sRmab;krNIxøH viFanRtIekaNdUcmansar³RbeyaCn¾CaxøagM kñgú karedaHRsaysmIkar.
- eTaHCaminsMxan;k¾eday eKRtUvEtRtYtBinitücMelIyedayepÞógpÞat;tMNNamYy eday[  F = 0 nig y

 F = 0.
x

- eRkayeBlEdlkmøaMgRKb;kMNat;r)arRtUv)anrkeXIj KUrnUvdüaRkamkmøaMgsegçbén truss enaH.

]TahrN¾³ P1 =10KN
2m
P2 =10KN

Warren truss EdlRTedayTRmsamBaØ rgnUvbnÞúkdUc B D

bgðajkñúgrUb. kMNt;RbtikmµTRm nigkmøagM énr)ar nImYy²

edayeRbIvFI ItMN. truss RTedayTRm pin Rtg;cMNuc A
60°

60°
60°

60°

nigRTedayTRm roller Rtg;cMNuc E. A

C
E

P3 =10KN
2m 2m

Page | 3
 dMeNaHRsay³ P1 =10KN
2m
P2 =10KN

truss RtUvmanlMnwg tamrUbmnþ n = r + b − 2 f B D

r = 3 ( H A ,VA ,VB )
b = 7 ( AB, AC , BC , BD, CD, CE , DE )
f = 5 ( A, B, C , D, E )

60°

60°
 n = 3 + 7 − (2  5) = 0

60°

60°
HA A E
C

dUcenH truss manlMnwgkMNt;tamsmIkarlMnwgsþaTic VA

2m

P3 =10KN
2m
VE

1> KNnaRbtikmµTRm Free body diagram

 FX = 0  H A = 0
 FY = 0  V A − P1 − P2 − P3 + VE = 0
 V A + VE = P1 + P2 + P3 = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30KN (1)

 M A = 0  −1 P1 − 3  P2 − 2  P3 + 4VE = 0
P1 + 3P2 + 2 P3 10 + 30 + 20
 VE = = = 15KN
4 4
CMnYs VE = 15KN kñúg (1) eyIg)an
VA = 15KN
2> kMNt;kmøaMgrbs;r)artamviFItMN
P1 =10KN P2 =10KN

B FBD FBD D

FBA FBC FDC FDE

FAB FCB FCD FED

FAC FCA
60°

60°

HA =0
60°

60°

FCE FEC E
A C
VA=15KN P3 =10KN VE =15KN

tMN A nigtMN E CatMNEdlmanGBaØatBIr dUcenHtMNTaMgBIrCatMNEdleyIgGaccab;epþImedaHRsay)an

- sikSalMnwgRtg;tMN A
edaykmøagM F CakmøaMgeRTt dUcenHeyIgGacbMEbk)ankmøagM pÁMúBIrKW V nig H . ehIykmøaMgTaMgbI
AB AB AB

pÁMKú ña)anCaragRtIekaNEkg EdlmankmøagM F CaGIub:UetnIs kmøaMg V CaRCugQm nig kmøagM V CaRCugCab;.

AB AB AB

Page | 4
 eyIg)anplbUkkmøagM Rtg;tMN A VAB FAB

60°
 Fy = 0  VA + VAB = 0
HAB
 VAB = −VA = −15KN
 Fx = 0  H A + FAC + H AB = 0

60°
FAC
 FAC = − H AB eday H A =0
HA =0 A

− 15
eday V
H AB
V
tan 60 = AB  H AB = AB =
tan 60 tan 60
= −8.66KN
VA=15KN

 FAC = 8.66KN rgkmøaMgTaj

− 15
eday sin 60 = VF  F
AB
AB =
VAB
=
sin 60 sin 60
= −17.32KN rgkmøaMgsgát;
AB

- sikSalMnwgRtg;tMN B
P1 =10KN
 Fy = 0  −P1 − VAB − VBC = 0

 VBC = − P1 − VAB = −10 − (− 15) = 5KN

B FBD

VBC 5
 H BC = = = 2.89KN
tan 60 tan 60
HBA=-8.66KN
 FBC
V
= BC =
5
sin 60 sin 60
= 5.77KN rgkmøaMgTaj HBC

FBC
VBA=-15KN
FBA=-17.32KN VBC
 Fx = 0  FBD − H BA + H BC = 0
 FBD = H BA − H BC = −8.66 − 2.89 = −11.55KN rgkmøaMgsgát;
- sikSalMnwgRtg;tMN C FCB=5.77KN
VCB=5KN
VCD
FCD

 Fy = 0  VCB + VCD − P3 = 0 HCD

HCB=2.89KN

 VCD = P3 − VCB = 10 − 5 = 5KN

60°

60°

V 5 FCA=8.66KN FCE
 H CD = CD = = 2.89KN C
tan 60 tan 60
V
 FCD = CD =
5
sin 60 sin 60
= 5.77KN rgkmøaMgTaj P3 =10KN
 Fx = 0  − FCA − H CB + H CD + FCE = 0
 FCE = FCA + H CB − H CD = 8.66 + 2.89 − 2.89 = 8.66KN rgkmøaMgsgát;
eday truss rgnUvbnÞúksIuemRTI dUcenHkmøaMgkMNat;r)arRtg;tMN E dUckmøagM kMNat;r)arRtg;tMN A ehIykmøagM
kMNat;r)arRtg;tMN D dUckmøagM kMNat;r)arRtg;tMN B. B 11.55C D
17.
32C

5.7

7T

32C
5.7
17.

7T

A 8.66T 8.66T E
C

Page | 5
2> viFImuxkat; method of section
viFmI uxkat;CaviFImYysRmab;kN
M t;kmøaMgrbs;r)arNamYy EdleyIgcg;dwgeTaHCavaenAq¶ayBITRmk¾
eday edaymincaM)ac;eFVkI aredaHRsaytam lMdab;lMedaydUcviFItMNeT. sRmab;viFIenH truss RtUv)ankat;CaBIr
kMNat;Rtg;r)arNaEdleKcg;dwgkmøagM .
vIFsI aRsþkMNt;kmøaMgrbs;r)artamviFImuxkat;³
- KNnakmøagM Rbtikmµrbs; truss edayeRbI Free body diagram sRmab; truss TaMgmUl.
CMnYskmøagM eRTt edaybgÁúMkmøagM bBaÄr b¤kmøagM edk.
- kat;pþac; truss CaBIrkMNat;Rtg;r)arNaEdleKcg;dwg. bøg;kat;minRtUvmanr)arelIsBIbI EdlCaGBaØat
elIkElgEt ExSskmµénkMNat;r)arkat;enaHRbsBVKñaRtg;cMNucNamYy.
- edayGnuvtþsmIkarlMnwgsþaTicTaMgbI (  F = 0 ,  F = 0 nig  M = 0 ) enaHkmøagM rbs;kMNat;
y x

r)arEdlcg;dwgRtUv)ankMNt;.
- eTaHCaminsMxan;k¾eday eKRtUvEtRtYtBinitücemøyI edayepÞógpÞat;  F = 0 ,  F = 0 nig  M = 0 .
y x

edayeRbIcMNuccab;fIµminEmncas;eT.
P =5KN P =10KN
]TahrN¾³
1 2

D
kMNt;kmøaMgmanGMeBIenAkñúgkMNat; BD,CD nig CE
B F
4
5 3

én Howe truss dUcbgðajkñúgrUb edayeRbIvFi Imuxkat;.

3
A H

truss RTedayTRm pin Rtg;tMN A nig TRm roller

C E G

Rtg;tMN H. P =15KN 3

4 bays @4m=16m

dMeNaHRsay³
truss RtUvmanlMnwg tamrUbmnþ n = r + b − 2 f
r = 3 ( H A ,VA ,VH )
b = 13 ( AB, AC , BC , BD, CD, CE , DE , DF , DG , EG , FG , FH , GH )
f = 8 ( A, B, C , D, E , F , G, H ) P1 =5KN P2 =10KN
 n = 3 + 13 − (2  8) = 0
Cutting plane
a

dUcenH truss manlMnwgkMNt;tamsmIkar B D F

4

lMnwgsþaTic 5 3
3m

1> KNnaRbtikmµTRm HA A H
C a E G

 FX = 0  H A = 0 VA VH
P3 =15KN
 FY = 0  VA − P1 − P2 − P3 + VH = 0
4 bays @ 4m=16m

 VA + VH = P1 + P2 + P3 = 5 + 10 + 15 = 30KN (1)

Page | 6
 M A = 0  4  P1 + 8  P2 + 12  P3 − 16VH = 0
4 P + 8P2 + 12P3 20 + 80 + 180
 VH = 1 = = 17.5KN
16 16
CMnYs V H = 17.5KN kñúg (1) eyIg)an
VA = 12.5KN
2> kMNt;kmøaMgrbs;r)ar BD,CD nig CE tamviFImuxkat;
enAeBlEdleKkat; truss Rtg;muxkat; a-a eKnwg)ankmøagM P1 =5KN
Cutting plane

rbs;r)arbI (BD, CD nig CE) KW F , F nig F .

a

BD CD CE B FBD

edayr)ar CDCar)areRTtdUcenH kmøaMg F bMEbk)an CD

VCD FCD

3m
5
3
HCD
kmøaMgpÁúMBIrKW V nig H .
CD CD H =0
A
A FCE
4

C a
Edl F5 = V3 = H4 ¬tamRtIekaNdUc¦.
CD CD CD
V =12.5KN A
4m

 M C = 0  VA  4 + FBD  3 = 0
4  12.5
4V
 FBD = − A = −
3 3
= −16.67 KN ¬rgkmøaMgsgát;¦
 Fy = 0  VA + VCD − P1 = 0

 VCD = P1 − VA = 5 − 12.5 = −7.5KN

V 7 .5
 H CD = 4 CD = −4 = −10KN
3 3
V
 FCD = 5 CD = −5
3
7.5
3
= −12.5KN ¬rgkmøaMgsgát;¦
 Fx = 0  FBD + H CD + FCE = 0
 FCE = − FBD − H CD = −(− 16.67) − (− 10) = 26.67KN ¬rgkmøaMgTaj¦
epÞógpÞat;m:mU :g;Rtg;cMNuc A
 M A = P1  4 + FBD  3 − VCD  4 = 0

 5  4 − 16.67  3 − (− 7.5) 4 = 0 epÞógpÞat;!

dUcenH FBD = 16.67KN (C)
FCD = 12.5KN (C)
FCE = 26.67KN (T)

Page | 7
3> lkçxNÐBiess Special condition F1
1. Rtg;tMNmYypÁúMeLIgedayr)arbI Edlr)arBIrrt;Rtg;Kña

ehIyRtg;tMNenaHKµankmøaMgxageRkA dUcenHeK)anr)arBIr
rt;Rtg;KñamankmøaMgesµIKña F = F Ér)ar ÉekaesµIsUnü
2 3
1 F3
F = 0 ¬r)arenHeKdak;edIm,IkarBarPøat;¦.
1 1
3

A
2

F2

2. Rtg;tMNmYypÁúMeLIgedayr)arBIr rt;minRtg;Kña F1
ehIymankmøaMgxageRkA P RtYtsIuKña nwgG½kSén P
1
r)arNamYy kmøaMgr)arenaHmantémøesµIkmøaMgxag
eRkAenaH F = P ÉkmøaMgénr)armYyeTotesµsI Unü
2

F = 0.
1
2

F2
3. Rtg;tMNmYypÁúMeLIgedayr)arBIr rt;minRtg;Kña F1
ehIyKµankmøagM xageRkAman GMeBIelItMNenaH 1
enaHkmøaMgénr)arnImyY ²mantémøesµsI Unü
F = F =0.
1 2 2

F2

4. Rtg;tMNmYypÁúMeLIgedayr)arbYn F1
F4
EdlBIr²rt;Rtg;Kña ehIyKµankmøaMgxag 1
eRkAman GMeBIelItMNenaH enaHkmøaMg 4
énr)arBIr² rt;Rtg;KñamantémøesµKI ña 3
2
F = F nig F = F .
1 2 3 4 F3
F2 Page | 8
lMhat;³
1> edayeRbInUvviFItMNkMNt;kmøagM rbs;kMNat;r)arén truss xageRkam³
1>1> 100KN 100KN

A B
10KN

8m
C D
20KN
8m

E F

6m

20KN
1>2>
20KN D 20KN

2m
10KN B F 10KN

2m
A H
C E G

4m 4m 4m 4m

20KN

1>3> 20KN D
20KN
1.5m 1.5m

10KN B F
10KN

A C E G

4m 4m 4m

1>4> B D F
4m

A C E G

3m 3m 3m 120KN
A

1>5> 20KN
3m

50KN
3m

B E
D

4m 4m

Page | 9
2> edayeRbInUvviFImuxkat;kMNt;kmøaMgénr)armYycMnnY dUcxageRkam³
2>1>
15KN 20KN 20KN 10KN

1.5m A B C D E F G

N M L K J I H
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

FCD , FCK , FEI ?

2>2> 20KN

C
15KN
2m

B
2m

A F E D

3m 3m 3m

FBC , FBE , FEF ?

2>3> 20KN 8KN 12KN

B D E G
2m

C F H
4m

3m 3m 3m

FBD , FDE , FCF ?

Page | 10