SECTION RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTIONS

30.1 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following actions increases the volume of your lungs?

a. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward.
b. The rib cage becomes smaller.
c. Air pressure increases inside the lungs.
d. Gases move from areas of lower pressure.

2. The huge surface area in the lungs where O2 is absorbed and CO2 is released
is in the
a. trachea.
b. bronchi.
c. alveoli.
d. bronchioles.

3. The blood in veins is

a. leaving the lungs.
b. moving in single file.
c. carrying oxygen.

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

d. traveling to the heart.

4. The arteries and arterioles of the circulatory system transport O2 to the

a. mouth.

CHAPTER 30
b. lungs.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

c. cells.
d. heart.

5. Blood is carried to and from the cells of the body by the

a. arteries.
b. capillaries.
c. muscles.
d. veins.

Assessment Book Section Quiz 591

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
30.2 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Oxygen inhaled into the alveoli diffuses into the
a. capillaries.
b. arteries.
c. adjacent alveoli.
d. bronchioles.

2. The O2 molecules in the blood bind to an iron-rich protein called

a. hemoglobin.
b. carbonic acid.
c. uric acid.
d. dissolved gas.

3. The nervous system regulates breathing by

a. overriding signals during exercise.
b. monitoring dissolved gases in the blood.
c. maintaining a constant rate of inhalation.
d. constricting the blood vessels in the lungs.
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

4. How does asthma affect the structures of the lungs?

a. It causes the bronchioles to constrict.
b. It destroys alveoli over time.
CHAPTER 30

c. It makes the lungs produce mucus.

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

d. It relaxes the diaphragm too much.

5. Why does CO2 diffuse from the blood into the alveoli?
a. CO2 concentration is higher in the blood than in the alveoli.
b. The brain signals the alveoli to absorb CO2.
c. When O2 leaves the blood, another gas must replace it.
d. There is not enough hemoglobin to carry the CO2.

592 Section Quiz Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
30.3 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Where does the first contraction of the heartbeat take place?

a. in the ventricles
b. in the atria
c. in the valves
d. in the septum

2. The AV node signals the heart’s ventricles to contract, pumping oxygen-poor

blood from the right ventricle into the
a. aorta.
b. pulmonary vein.
c. pulmonary artery.
d. atria.

3. Which parts of the circulatory system deliver oxygen-rich blood to the rest of
the body?
a. the left ventrical and the pulmonary vein
b. the left atrium and the capillaries

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

c. the atria and the pulmonary artery
d. the left ventrical and the aorta

4. Pulmonary circulation occurs only between the heart and the

CHAPTER 30
a. organs.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

b. lungs.
c. brain.
d. limbs.

5. A pulmonary vein differs from most veins in that it carries

a. twice as much blood.
b. its own blood supply.
c. oxygen-rich blood.
d. more carbon dioxide

Assessment Book Section Quiz 593

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION BLOOD VESSELS AND TRANSPORT
30.4 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. The middle layer of an artery is made of

a. connective tissue.
b. endothelium coated with a protein.
c. smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
d. valves that keep blood moving.

2. Circulation is maintained in the veins by the

a. activity of skeletal muscles.
b. use of two-way valves.
c. contraction of elastic fibers.
d. prevention of clotting.

3. Materials can diffuse into and out of blood in the capillaries because the capillary
a. beds are near the heart.
b. fibers are very elastic.
c. walls are very thin.
d. muscles act as pumps.
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

4. The diastolic pressure occurs when the

a. left ventricle relaxes.
CHAPTER 30

b. right ventricle contracts.

c. blood rushes into an artery.

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

d. systolic pressure is too high.

5. Permanently high blood pressure is called

a. stroke.
b. atherosclerosis.
c. hypertension.
d. arteriosclerosis.

594 Section Quiz Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION BLOOD
30.5 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. A clear, pale-yellow fluid that makes up more than half of the blood is known as
a. plasma.
b. platelets.
c. white blood cells.
d. red blood cells.

2. The primary function of red blood cells is to

a. ingest microorganisms.
b. produce proteins.
c. form blood clots.
d. transport O2 and CO2.

3. What is the function of white blood cells?

a. to help fight pathogens and destroy foreign materials
b. to convert fibrin to fibrinogen when a blood vessel is torn
c. to carry CO2 from the cells to the lungs
d. to collect lymph from between the cells

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

4. If you have neither the A nor the B protein marker in your blood, your blood is
likely to be Type
a. A

CHAPTER 30
b. B
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

c. AB
d. O

5. To help seal a wound, platelets release proteins called

a. surface protein markers.
b. Rh factors.
c. immune proteins.
d. clotting factors.

Assessment Book Section Quiz 595

McDougal Littell Biology
 SECTION LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
30.6 Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. The major function of the lymphatic system is to

a. transport blood from nodes to organs.
b. conduct messages from sensors to the brain.
c. return fluid to the capillaries.
d. collect excess fluid from between the cells.

2. How are veins and lymph vessels similar?

a. Both rely on one-way valves to avoid backflow.
b. Both use a pump to keep up pressure.
c. Both have elastic fibers to move fluid.
d. Both leak fluid from their capillaries.

3. The lymphatic system empties lymph back into the circulatory system
a. by way of valves.
b. at lymph nodes.
c. through two veins.
d. between cells.
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

4. Which of these structures of the lymphatic system helps to develop lymphocytes?

a. the tonsils
b. the thymus
CHAPTER 30

c. the lymph nodes

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

d. the lymph vessels

5. How do lymphocytes help the body?

a. They produce clotting factors.
b. They filter and clean the lymph.
c. They destroy foreign organisms.
d. They reduce swelling in the nodes.

596 Section Quiz Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
30 Diagnostic Test

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. All the specialized cells in your body arose from a single cell called a
a. gamete. c. stem cell.
b. differentiable cell. d. zygote.

2. A thermostat is a good example of how a negative feedback loop works. In this

context, the word negative means
a. counteracting the direction of c. producing an undesirable result.
change. d. having a quantity less than zero.
b. making sure no change is possible.

3. When a person’s body temperature is above 106°F, the structure of enzymes

changes. If the structure of an enzyme changes, it cannot
a. combine with oxygen. c. function without ATP.
b. bind to its substrate. d. break hydrogen bonds.

4. As cell differentiation progresses, cells become

a. disorganized. c. less able to divide.

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

b. larger in size. d. more specialized.

5. Suppose a closed container of gas molecules is separated into two parts by a

membrane that is permeable to gas. Which of the following statements about

CHAPTER 30
the molecules in Figure 30.1 is true?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

A B

semipermeable
membrane

FIG. 30.1
a. Some molecules from A will diffuse into B.
b. All of the molecules will stay where they are.
c. Molecules in B will diffuse out of the container.
d. The molecules in A will spread out and fill up A.

6. Which of the following would dissolve best in water?

a. a fat-soluble vitamin c. a nonpolar substance
b. a positively charged substance d. a lipid

Assessment Book Diagnostic Test 589

McDougal Littell Biology
 DIAGNOSTIC TEST, CONTINUED

7. Which structure is responsible for regulating how fast or how slow you breathe?
a. diaphragm c. brainstem
b. heart d. lungs

8. Which reactant does your body require for making ATP during cellular respiration?
a. carbon dioxide c. water
b. oxygen d. nitrogen

9. The diagram in Figure 30.2 shows the organization of structures within the human
body. Structures become increasingly large and complex from left to right. Which
group of structures is missing from the diagram?
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Complexity
CHAPTER 30

FIG. 30.2

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

a. cells c. tissues
b. organs d. organ systems

10. Plasma, the liquid part of your blood, is made up of 95% water. The remaining
5% is made up of solids that are dissolved in the water. In plasma, which of the
following would be a solute?
a. blood c. protein
b. water d. plasma

590 Diagnostic Test Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

VOCABULARY

circulatory system alveoli vein

respiratory system diaphragm capillary
trachea heart
lung artery

MAIN IDEA: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain
homeostasis.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The main function of the _____________________ system is exchanging

gases in the blood with gases from the atmosphere.
2. The main functions of the _____________________ system include
transporting blood, bringing supplies to cells and carrying away wastes, and
separating oxygen-poor blood from oxygen-rich blood.
3. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to maintain
_____________________ as the body’s needs for oxygen and
nutrients change.

MAIN IDEA: The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
Number the following parts of the body to show the path that air takes after it
enters the nose and mouth.
4. _________ alveoli
_________ trachea
_________ bronchiole
_________ lungs

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

As shown in Figure 1.2, when you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract,
expanding the rib cage. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, and air
flows into the lungs. Number the following phrases to show the sequence of
events that happens when you exhale.
5. __________ air flows out
__________ air pressure inside the lungs increases
__________ muscles of the rib cage relax, making the rib cage smaller, and the
diaphragm relaxes, causing it to rise

MAIN IDEA: The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
Fill in the chart to help you remember the parts of the circulatory system and
their functions.

Part Function
keeps blood moving to every part of the body
6.

7. carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

8. carry blood from the body to the heart

9. tiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from cells

Circle the word that best completes the sentence.

10. To maintain a steady body temperature during hot / cold weather, blood
vessels constrict to conserve heat. During hot / cold weather, the heart pumps
harder and the blood vessels dilate to bring excess heat to the skin.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word that best completes the sentence.

11. The large dome-shaped muscle at the base of the rib cage is the
_____________________.
12. The smallest branches of the respiratory system are the
_____________________.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 2 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

VOCABULARY

red blood cell emphysema

hemoglobin asthma

MAIN IDEA: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. Gases move by diffusion from an area of _____________________

concentration to an area of _____________________ concentration.
2. The circulatory and respiratory systems come together in the
_____________________, where gas exchange takes place.
3. The large _____________________ provided by clusters of alveoli makes it
possible for the lungs to absorb enough oxygen to keep you alive.
4. The _____________________ in red blood cells is an iron-rich protein that
carries oxygen.

Number the following phrases to show the sequence of events that happens when
CO 2 levels in the blood increase.

5. ______ Sensors relay information about blood acidity to the medulla and pons
in the brain stem.
______ Diaphragm and rib muscles are stimulated to work harder.
______ The medulla sends messages through the nervous and endocrine
systems.
______ Blood becomes more acidic.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 3 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.

Complete the chart below by filling in the blanks with the disease or activity that
corresponds with its effect on the lungs’ ability to exchange gases.

Activity or Disease Effect on Lungs

6. Tar deposits reduce gas exchange.

7. Alveoli are destroyed.

8. Muscle spasms cause bronchioles to constrict.

9. Thick, sticky mucus blocks airways.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

10. _____________________ is a constriction of the bronchioles that can be

triggered by allergies, stress, or exposure to pollutants.
11. _____________________ is a protein that carries oxygen and has reddish
color
because it contains iron.
12. Smoking is the primary cause of a lung disorder called
_____________________.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 4 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 3: The Heart and Circulation

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways.

VOCABULARY

atrium pacemaker
ventricle pulmonary circulation
valve systemic circulation

MAIN IDEA: The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.
Fill in the blanks in the Pattern Notes below with the main chambers and valves of
the heart. Use Figure 3.1 to help you.

RIGHT LEFT

1. ___________ atrium 3. ___________

tricuspid valve 4. ___________ valve

Heart
structures

2. ___________ 5. ___________

pulmonary valve 6. ___________ valve

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

7. There are two main reasons why the heart is such an efficient, self-regulating
pump. First, cardiac _____________________ never gets tired. Second, the
heart _____________________ prevent blood from flowing backward.
8. In the heartbeat cycle, the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, then the
AV node causes the _____________________ to contract.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 5 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 3: The Heart and Circulation
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

Number the following phrases to show the sequence of events that happens
during a heartbeat cycle.

9. _________ Blood from the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary
artery.
_________ Blood from the left atrium is pumped into the left ventricle, and
from there to the rest of the body.
_________ Oxygen-poor blood moves into the lungs.
_________ Oxygen-poor blood flows into the right atrium, then is pumped
into the right ventricle.
_________ Oxygen-rich blood moves from the lungs into the left atrium.

MAIN IDEA: The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

10. The main functions of _____________________ circulation are to carry

oxygen poor blood away from the heart into the lungs and bring oxygen-rich
blood to the heart from the lungs.
11. The main functions of _____________________ circulation are to carry
oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body except the heart, and to carry
oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

12. An atrium in a building is the first room or area that people enter before going
into the rest of the building. Similarly, the atrium is the
_____________________ chamber that blood enters when it moves into the
heart from the body.
13. The SA node is called the heart’s _____________________ because it
generates electrical signals that control the start of each heartbeat.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 6 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 3: The Heart and Circulation
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body.

VOCABULARY

blood pressure diastolic pressure

systolic pressure

MAIN IDEA: Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts
of the body.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. _____________________ carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

2. _____________________ carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
3. Unlike arteries and veins, capillaries contain no _____________________ or
_____________________.
4. _____________________ are dense networks that form in areas of high
metabolic activity, including lungs, kidneys, and liver.
5. When a doctor takes your blood pressure, he or she is measuring the force of
_____________________ pushing against the wall of a(n)
_____________________.
6. Pressure created when the left ventricle contracts is called
_____________________.
7. Pressure created when the left ventricle relaxes is called
_____________________.
8. Blood pressure increases if there are blockages in the artery, if the vessels have
lost _____________________, or if the heart is weakened.
9. Permanent high blood pressure, called _____________________, can result in
a heart attack or stroke.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 7 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.

Complete the following Concept Web to show how lifestyle choices can affect
circulatory health. Choose from the following terms: arteriosclerosis, angioplasty,
atherosclerosis, bypass surgery, circulatory diseases.
Hint: There are two correct terms for items 11 and 12.

Poor diet, little exercise,

smoking, high stress lifestyle
choices,
can lead to medication
12.

10. 11.

untreated
can lead to can be
treated by

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

13. The Greek word sustellein means “to contract.” The vocabulary term
_____________________ refers to blood pressure during a ventricular
contraction.
14. The Greek word diastellein means “to expand.” The vocabulary term
_____________________ refers to blood pressure during a ventricular
relaxation.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 8 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 5: Blood

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.

VOCABULARY

platelet ABO blood group white blood cells

plasma Rh factor

MAIN IDEA: Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma.
Complete the following Concept Web for the components in blood.

Whole blood

2. is composed mainly of
1. 3.
plasma

which is composed of

waste products 90% water Dissolved

molecules,
including 4.

5. 6. such as

immune
proteins

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 9 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 5: Blood
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

7. _____________________ is a plasma protein that stabilizes blood volume and

prevents blood from leaking out of blood vessels.
8. _____________________ is a plasma protein that contributes to the clotting of
blood to stop bleeding after injury.
9. _____________________ fight infection and attack foreign materials that
enter the body.

MAIN IDEA: Platelets and different types of cells have different functions.
Complete the chart below by filling in the names of the blood components.

Blood Component Structure Functions

10. shaped like an inner tube carry oxygen to cells,
with a solid center, carry carbon dioxide away
contain hemoglobin, from cells
no nucleus or organelles
11. various types, defend the body against
can enter lymphatic system infection,
and body tissues remove foreign material
and dead cells
12. cell fragments help form clots to control
bleeding

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

13. A person’s _____________________ is determined by protein markers on the

surface of red blood cells.
14. _____________________ that form inside blood vessels can lead to heart
attack or stroke.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

15. The term ABO blood group stands for ______________________.

16. The suffix -let means “small.” The vocabulary term that includes this word
part is _____________________.
17. _____________________ is the liquid that makes up about 55 percent of
blood.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 10 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 5: Blood
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 6: Lymphatic System

Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The lymphatic system provides another type of circulation in the body.

VOCABULARY

lymphatic system node

lymph lymphocyte

MAIN IDEA: Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the

circulatory system.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The main functions of the _____________________ include absorbing

excess fluids from body tissues, carrying waste products away from cells,
and fighting disease.
2. _____________________ keep lymph moving through the lymph vessels.

Number the phrases below to show the correct sequence that lymph follows as it
moves through the lymph vessels.

3. _____________ The fluid between cells enters the lymph vessels and is now
called lymph.
_____________ Blood leaves the heart and circulates to the rest of the body
_____________ Filtered lymph leaves the lymph nodes and returns to the
circulatory system.
_____________ Lymph circulates through the lymph vessels, moved by the
pumping action of the body’s muscle contractions.
_____________ Lymph passes through lymph nodes, where bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and dead cell fragments are filtered out.
_____________ Excess fluid leaks out of the capillaries and into the area
between cells.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

4. If the lymph circulation in one area of the body becomes blocked, that area is
likely to become _____________________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 11 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 6: Lymphatic System
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.
Complete the table with the name of the correct lymphatic structure.

Lymphatic Structure Description

5. Lymph nodes located on either side of the back of the
throat that help filter bacteria and viruses

6. Important in the development of white blood cells

called lymphocytes

7. Helps remove cell fragments and abnormal tissue from

the lymph

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completess the sentence.

8. The suffix -cyte means “cell.” A _____________________ is a “lymph cell.”

9. The excess fluid between the cells of body tissues is called interstitial
fluid. When this fluid enters lymphatic vessels, it becomes
_____________________.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 12 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide A Section 6: Lymphatic System
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

VOCABULARY

circulatory system alveoli vein

respiratory system diaphragm capillary
trachea heart
lung artery

MAIN IDEA: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain
homeostasis.
Fill in the Q and A chart below about the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Questions Answers
1. What are the main
functions of the
circulatory system?
2. What are the main
functions of the
respiratory system?

MAIN IDEA: The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
3. What pathway does air follow after it enters the nose and mouth?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. Explain why so much surface area is needed in the lungs.
_______________________________________________________________
5. As shown in Figure 1.2, when you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract,
expanding the rib cage. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, and air
flows into the lungs. What happens when you exhale?
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
6. Fill in the chart to help you remember the parts of the circulatory system and
their functions.

Part Function
heart

arteries

veins

capillaries

7. How do the heart and blood vessels maintain a stable body temperature in hot
and cold weather?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
8. The word diaphragm is based on the Latin word diaphragma, which means
“midriff.” How does this term relate to the meaning of diaphragm?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles have been compared to the trunk,
branches, and twigs of a tree. What other analogy can you think of to describe
these structures?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 2 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

VOCABULARY

red blood cell emphysema

hemoglobin asthma

MAIN IDEA: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.

1. What are the three principles of gas exchange?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is the advantage of having so many clusters of alveoli in the lungs?
_______________________________________________________________

Fill in diagram A about oxygen diffusion and diagram B about carbon dioxide
diffusion. Add arrows to show the direction in which the gases move.

Alveolus Capillary and alveolus Capillary

O 2 concentrations are walls
higher than in the
capillary.

Alveolus Capillary and alveolus Capillary

walls CO 2 and water vapor
concentrations are
higher than in
alveolus.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 3 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

3. What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. When CO 2 levels in the blood increase, how does the nervous system respond?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.

5. In the chart below, summarize how each activity or disease affects the lungs’
ability to exchange gases.

Activity or Disease Effect on Lungs

smoking
emphysema

asthma

cystic fibrosis

Vocabulary Check
6. Asthma comes from the Greek word asthma, which means “to pant.” How
does this meaning relate to the definition of asthma?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. What is the definition of hemoglobin? Why does it give blood its reddish
color?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 4 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 3: The Heart and Circulation

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways.

VOCABULARY

atrium pacemaker
ventricle pulmonary circulation
valve systemic circulation

MAIN IDEA: The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.
Fill in the pattern notes with the main chambers and valves of the heart. Use
Figure 3.1 to help you.

RIGHT LEFT

1. right atrium 3.

tricuspid valve ______________ valve

Heart
structures

2. 4.

_____________ valve ______________ valve

5. Explain what makes the heart such an efficient, self-regulating pump.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. After the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, what happens next in the
heartbeat cycle?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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Holt McDougal Biology 5 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 3: The Heart and Circulation
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

Fill in the process diagram below to summarize the blood flow in the heart.

Oxygen-poor
blood flows
into right
atrium, then is
pumped into
the right
ventricle.

MAIN IDEA: The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
7. What are the main functions of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic
circulation?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
8. An atrium in a building is the first room or area that people enter before going
into the rest of the building. How does this meaning relate to the location and
function of an atrium in the heart?
_______________________________________________________________
9. Systemic means “related to a an entire system,” while pulmonary is based on
the Latin pulmo, which means “lung.” Make up a table or draw a diagram
using these clues to help you remember the difference between pulmonary and
systemic circulations.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 6 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 3: The Heart and Circulation
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body.

VOCABULARY

blood pressure diastolic pressure

systolic pressure

MAIN IDEA: Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts
of the body.
Fill in the Y diagram to summarize what you know about the differences and
similarities between arteries and veins.

Arteries Veins

• carry oxygen-rich blood • carry oxygen-poor blood

away from heart back to heart

Both

• carry blood throughout entire body

1. Describe how capillaries differ from arteries and veins.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. When a doctor takes your blood pressure, what is he or she measuring?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 7 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

3. What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. Why is hypertension, or high blood pressure, a serious health risk?
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.

Complete the following concept web to show how lifestyle choices can affect
circulatory health.

Poor diet, little exercise,

smoking, high stress 6. lifestyle
choices,
can lead to medication
9.

5. 7.

10.
8.
untreated
can lead to can be
treated by

Vocabulary Check
11. Systolic is based on the Greek word sustellein, which means “to contract.”
Diastolic is based on the Greek word diastellein, which means “to expand.”
How can the meaning of these Greek words help you remember the difference
between systolic and diastolic pressure?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 8 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 5: Blood

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.

VOCABULARY

platelet ABO blood group white blood cells

plasma Rh factor

MAIN IDEA: Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma.
Complete the following concept web to help you remember the components in
blood.

Whole blood

2. is composed mainly of
1. 3.
4. plasma

which is composed of

5. 90% water 6. minerals 7.

8. 9. such as

10. immune
proteins
11. Summarize how plasma proteins and the water in plasma help to maintain
homeostasis in the body.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 9 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 5: Blood
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: Platelets and different types of cells have different functions.
12. Complete the chart below to describe the structures and functions of blood
cells and platelets.

Blood Component Structure Functions

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

13. Why is it important for a person to receive a blood type and Rh factor that is
compatible with his or her own blood?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
14. Describe two ways that platelets act to help heal a torn or injured blood vessel.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
15. In what way can clots and the inability to form clots be life-threatening?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
16. What does the term ABO blood group stand for?
_______________________________________________________________
17. To keep from getting plasma and platelet confused, remember that the
suffix -let means “small.” A platelet is a small part of a cell. Draw and label
a sketch of a platelet and plasma to help you remember the difference between
these two terms.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 10 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 5: Blood
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 6: Lymphatic System

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The lymphatic system provides another type of circulation in the body.

VOCABULARY

lymphatic system node

lymph lymphocyte

MAIN IDEA: Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the circulatory
system.
1. What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. The lymphatic system, unlike the circulatory system, has no pump that moves
the fluid. What keeps lymph moving in the lymph vessels?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Fill in the cycle diagram below that traces the pathway of lymphatic circulation.

Blood leaves the heart Excess fluid leaks out

and circulates to the of the capillaries into
rest of the body. the area between
cells.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 11 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 6: Lymphatic System
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

3. Suppose the lymphatic system was unable to function in one area of the body.
What would you expect to happen in that area?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.
4. Complete the question and answer note taking chart below.

Question Answer

How do the tonsils help

fight disease?

What role does the

thymus play in the
immune system?

How does the spleen

help fight disease?

Vocabulary Check
5. The suffix -cyte means “cell.” What then is a lymphocyte?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. The doctor checks the lymph nodes in your neck and tells you that you have
lymphadenitis. Adeno- means “gland” and -itis means “inflammation.” What
does lymphadenitis mean, and what does it indicate about your health?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 12 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Study Guide B Section 6: Lymphatic System
 CHAPTER RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
30 Chapter Test A

Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer. (15 credits)

1. A pulmonary artery carries blood from 5. Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the
a. the right ventricle to the lung. a. aorta. c. bronchioles.
b. the lung to the left atrium. b. trachea. d. alveoli.
c. one lung to the other.
6. Why is it difficult for your body to
d. the pulmonary vein to the heart.
return blood from your feet when you
sit for too long?
2. In which direction would oxygen-rich
blood flow in this diagram? a. Blood has to travel a greater distance.
Structures of the Circulatory System b. Skeletal muscles are not squeezing
To heart D the veins.
From heart
c. Gravity makes the blood flow
backward.
d. The heart does not beat fast enough
C A at rest.
B
FIG. 30.1 7. What determines whether molecules
diffuse into or out of the blood?

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

a. from C to D
a. the number of capillaries the blood
b. from B to A
flows through
c. from A to C
b. the surface protein markers that
d. from C to A

CHAPTER 30
indicate blood type
c. the ratio of red blood cells to white
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

3. When your heart and breathing speed up

or slow down, your body is trying to blood cells
d. the concentration of molecules
a. increase lung volume.
dissolved in plasma
b. bring in more carbon dioxide.
c. increase its red blood cells. 8. How do respiratory diseases like asthma,
d. maintain homeostasis. emphysema, and cystic fibrosis affect
the respiratory system?
4. Which of the following enables the
a. They make gas exchange more
heart’s chambers to contract and relax
difficult.
after being stimulated?
b. They block all air from entering the
a. the mitral valve
lungs.
b. the septum
c. They prevent the blood from
c. the cardiac muscles carrying O2.
d. the tricuspid valve d. They keep white blood cells from
fighting infection.

Assessment Book Chapter Test A 597

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST A, CONTINUED

9. What happens when a part of the 13. What are the circular structures shown
lymphatic system does not function? in Figure 30.2?
a. Fluids become trapped in tissues, Gas Exchange
causing swelling in the area. alveolus capillary

b. Other parts take over immediately to

transport fluid.
c. Gas exchange and transport in the
area is greatly reduced.
d. Blood from the area does not return
to the heart.

10. What facilitates diffusion into and out

of capillaries?
a. They are located throughout the FIG. 30.2
body.
b. They are so small that blood cells a. alveoli
move in single file.
b. plasma
c. Their walls are only one cell thick.
c. white blood cells
d. Their muscles contract and relax.
d. red blood cells
11. The heart’s natural pacemaker is the
14. Blood pressure is a measurement of the
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

a. medulla and pons.

a. temperature of oxygen-rich blood.
b. diaphragm.
b. force against the walls of the veins.
c. right ventricle.
c. amount of blood in an artery.
CHAPTER 30

d. sinoatrial node.
d. force against the walls of an artery.

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

12. The first contraction of the heart takes
15. In addition to carrying O2 to body’s
place in the
cells, red blood cells
a. atria.
a. pick up CO2 from the cells.
b. ventricles.
b. carry excess water to the cells.
c. valves.
c. attack pathogens inside the body.
d. septum.
d. help form clots to control bleeding.

598 Chapter Test A Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST A, CONTINUED

Short Answer Use the diagram below to answer items 16–20. (5 credits)

Respiratory Structures

A B
C

E D

I
G

FIG. 30.3 F

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

16. Where does O2 enter this system? Include the letter that identifies any major parts
you discuss.

CHAPTER 30
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

17. What is one the function of the epiglottis (B)?

18. In which direction does the diaphragm (F) move when you inhale? What does this
movement accomplish?

19. Why are the lungs (G) filled with so many pathways for air to follow? What is the
advantage to having so many bronchioles (H) and alveoli (I)?

20. Explain the basic pathway taken by air that we breathe. Describe what happens to air at
each point in the system.

Assessment Book Chapter Test A 599

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST A, CONTINUED

Use the diagram below to answer items 21–25. (5 credits)

Circulatory System Lymphatic System

A
B
B C
C
D
D

F
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

FIG. 30.4
CHAPTER 30

21. What are some of the major differences between the vessels of these systems?

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

22. Where in the body is lymph collected? Describe the structures of the circulatory system
from which lymph leaks.

23. In which structure do both systems join?

24. What structure do both of these systems share to prevent fluids from flowing backward?

25. What is the largest structure of the lymphatic system? How are its functions similar to
the functions of the tonsils (A), the thymus (B), and other lymph nodes (D)?

600 Chapter Test A Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
30 Chapter Test B

Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer. (15 credits)

1. Blood that is transported in a pulmonary 5. Which part of the respiratory system

vein greatly increases its interior surface
a. flows to the lung.
area?
b. carries oxygen. a. alveoli clusters
c. leaves the left atrium. b. sinus cilia
d. picks up CO2. c. bronchiole openings
d. trachea cartilage rings
2. Which of the following is demonstrated
by this diagram? 6. What makes the heart such a powerful
Structures of the Circulatory System pump?
To heart D
From heart a. its SA node stimulating conductive
fibers
b. its aortic valves opening and closing
c. a large force being exerted on its
C A
small size
B d. all of its chambers contracting
FIG. 30.1

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

together
a. oxygen transportation
b. pulmonary circulation 7. The concentration of molecules
c. gas exchange
dissolved in plasma determines

CHAPTER 30
d. systolic and diastolic pressure a. which substances will diffuse into
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

and out of cells.

3. Which muscles help blood return to the b. the amount of oxygen that will bind
heart? to hemoglobin.
a. skeletal c. arterial c. how efficient the clotting process
b. cardiac d. smooth will be.
d. what the blood type and Rh factor
4. How does the shape of red blood cells will be.
damaged by sickle cell disease affect
their function? 8. How does emphysema differ from other
respiratory diseases?
a. They lack the same surface markers
on an equal-sized surface. a. It is a genetic disease that is not
b. They are smaller, carry less O2, and related to smoking cigarettes.
tend to clump in vessels. b. It is triggered by allergies, stress,
c. They tend to leak through vessel chemical exposure, or exercise.
walls into the lymphatic system. c. It covers the alveoli with tars, mucus,
d. They make up a smaller percentage and other chemicals.
of all blood contents. d. It damages the structures of the lung
beyond repair or treatment.

Assessment Book Chapter Test B 601

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

9. What is the relationship between the 13. Which of the following is the control
lymphatic and the circulatory system? center that regulates the rate of gas
a. The lymphatic system transports
exchange?
gases to every cell in the body. a. the diaphragm c. the lungs
b. The circulatory system prevents b. the heart d. the brainstem
fluids from swelling the tissues.
14. What part of the circulatory system
c. The lymphatic system returns fluids
that have leaked out of capillaries. keeps oxygen-poor blood from mixing
with oxygen-rich blood?
d. The circulatory system is a network
of organs, vessels, and nodes. a. spleen c. blood vessels
b. alveoli d. lymph nodes
10. Because capillary walls are only one cell
thick, 15. What substance is moving from the
a. they must be lined with muscle.
capillary to the alveolus, and what
substance is moving from the alveolus
b. oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
to the capillary?
mix.
Gas Exchange
c. materials easily diffuse through
alveolus capillary
them.
d. only gases can move through the
walls.
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

11. What unique property of cardiac muscle

fibers helps both ventricles contract
together?
CHAPTER 30

a. They control themselves separately

from the nervous system.

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

b. They are very strong for their size
and pump powerfully. FIG. 30.2
c. When one is stimulated, they all
contract. a. O2 moves from the capillary to the
d. They receive a signal from the SA alveolus, and water moves from the
node to contract. alveolus to the capillary.
b. CO2 moves from the capillary to the
12. In a healthy person, systolic pressure is alveolus, and O2 moves from the
always higher than diastolic pressure alveolus to the capillary.
because systolic pressure measures
c. Red blood cells from the capillary
a. blood pressure in the artery after the move to the alveolus, and plasma
left ventricle contracts. from the alveolus moves to the
b. the force with which blood returns to capillary.
the heart and lungs. d. Hemoglobin from the capillary
c. the maximum rate at which the heart moves to the alveolus, and CO2 from
pumps blood. the alveolus moves to the capillary.
d. the pressure in the artery after the
left ventricle relaxes.

602 Chapter Test B Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

Short Answer Use the diagram below to answer items 16–20. (5 credits)

Respiratory Structures

A B
C

E D

I
G

FIG. 30.3 F

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

16. What are the entry points of this system and why are those areas coated with mucus?
Include any letters that correspond to the parts you describe.

CHAPTER 30
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

17. Where is the epiglottis, and how does it control and protect this system? Include any
letters that correspond to the parts you describe.

18. What is the function of structure F, and how does it contribute to the respiratory system?

19. At what point do the respiratory and circulatory systems come into contact? Include any
letters that correspond to the parts you describe.

20. Explain how smoking and emphysema affect the parts of the respiratory system shown
here.

Assessment Book Chapter Test B 603

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

Use the diagram below to answer items 21–25. (5 credits)

Circulatory System Lymphatic System

A
B
B C
C
D
D

F
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

FIG. 30.4
CHAPTER 30

21. What is the purpose of the largest arteries and veins in the circulatory system?

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

22. How do the blood capillaries supply the lymphatic vessels? Identify each structure in
either the circulatory or lymphatic system as you explain the process.

23. How and where is lymph returned to the circulatory system?

24. What major structure does the circulatory system have for moving fluids that the
lymphatic system lacks? What structure do lymph vessels and veins have in common?

25. Compare and contrast the function of the tonsils and the spleen. Identify them in Figure
30.4 and discuss the importance of their function.

604 Chapter Test B Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology