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The document explains the concept of numbers and number systems, detailing types such as decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It describes how to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in binary, along with examples of conversions between different number systems. The document also provides specific examples for converting numbers and performing binary arithmetic.

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8 views48 pages

Inbound 8857929041702102502

The document explains the concept of numbers and number systems, detailing types such as decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It describes how to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in binary, along with examples of conversions between different number systems. The document also provides specific examples for converting numbers and performing binary arithmetic.

Uploaded by

johndavegarcia622
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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👉 A number is a mathematical value used for counting

or measuring or labelling objects. Numbers are used to


performing arithmetic calculations. Examples of numbers are
natural numbers, whole numbers, rational and irrational
numbers, etc. 0 is also a number that represents a null value.
👉 In a number system, these numbers are used as
digits. 0 and 1 are the most common digits in the number
system, that are used to represent binary numbers. On the
other hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other number
systems. Let us learn here the types of number systems.
👉A number system is defined as a system
of writing to express numbers. It is the
mathematical notation for representing numbers
of a given set by using digits or other symbols in
a consistent manner. It provides a unique
representation of every number and represents
the arithmetic and algebraic structure of the
figures. It also allows us to operate arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction and division.
The value of any digit in a number can be
determined by:
 The digit
 Its position in the number
 The base of the number system
1. Decimal number system (Base- 10)
2. Binary number system (Base- 2)
3. Octal number system (Base-8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
👉 The decimal number system has a base 10
because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9. In the decimal
number system, the positions successive to the left of
the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds,
thousands and so on. This system is expressed
in decimal numbers. Every position shows a particular
power of the base (10).
👉 The base 2 number system is also known as the
Binary number system wherein, only two binary digits exist,
i.e., 0 and 1. Specifically, the usual base-2 is a radix of 2. The
figures described under this system are known as binary
numbers which are the combination of 0 and 1. For example,
110101 is a binary number.

We can convert any system into binary and vice versa.


👉In the octal number system, the base is 8 and it uses
numbers from 0 to 7 to represent numbers. Octal numbers are
commonly used in computer applications. Converting an octal
number to decimal is the same as decimal conversion.
👉 In the hexadecimal system,
numbers are written or represented with
base 16. In the hex system, the numbers
are first represented just like in decimal
system, i.e. from 0 to 9. Then, the numbers
are represented using the alphabets from A
to F. The below-given table shows the
representation of numbers in
the hexadecimal number system.
The decimal number 1457 consists of the digit 7 in the units
position, 5 in the tens place, 4 in the hundreds position, and 1
in the thousands place whose value can be written as

(1×103) + (4×102) + (5×101) + (7×100)

(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)

1000 + 400 + 50 + 7

1457
Write (14)10 as a binary number.

Therefore:
(14)10 = 11102
Example: Convert 2158 into decimal.

Solution:
2158 = 2 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 5 × 80
= 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 128 + 8 + 5
= 14110
Example: Convert (242)10 into hexadecimal.

Solution:
242 ➗ 16 = 15.125 = 15 Remainder 2
15 ➗ 16 = 0.9375 = 0 Remainder 15
15 → F
2

Therefore:
(242)10 = (F2)16
1. Convert 7528 into a decimal number.
2. Convert 01012 into a decimal number.
3. Convert 9210 into a binary number.
4. Convert 1110102 into an octal number.
5. Convert 3568 into a decimal number.
6. Convert 2438 into a hexadecimal number.
1. Convert 7528 into a decimal number.

Solution:

7528 = 7 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 2 x 80
= 7 x 64 + 5 x 8 + 2 x 1
= 448 + 40 + 2
= 49010
2. Convert 01012 into a decimal number.
Solution:

01012= (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20)


=0+4+0+1
= 510
3. Convert 9210 into a binary number.
Solution:

9210 = 92 ➗ 2 = 46 Remainder 0
= 46 ➗ 2 = 23 Remainder 0
= 23 ➗ 2 = 11 Remainder 1
= 11 ➗ 2 = 5 Remainder 1
Therefore:
= 5 ➗ 2 = 2 Remainder 1
9210 = 10111002
=2 ➗ 2 = 1 Remainder 0
= 1 ➗ 2 = 0 Remainder 1
4. Convert 1110102 into an octal number.

Solution:
1110102 = 111 = 010
= (1 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20) = (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20)
=4+2+1 =0+2+0
=7 =2

THEREFORE:
1110102 = 728
4. Convert 1110102 into an octal number.

Solution:
1110102 = (1 x 25) + (1 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20)
= (1 x 32 )+ (1 x 16) + (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
= 5810

5810 = 58 ➗ 8 = 7.25 Remainder 2


= 7 ➗ 8 = 0.875 Remainder 7

THEREFORE:
1110102 = 728
5. Convert 3568 into a decimal number.
Solution:
3568 = (3 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (6 x 80)
= (3 x 64) + (5 x 8) + (6 x 1)
= 192 + 40 + 6
=23810
6. Convert 2438 into a hexadecimal number.
Solution:
2 4 3
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
THEREFORE:
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2438 = A3
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
8+2 2+1
10 3
A 3
1. Convert 2168 into a decimal number.
2. Convert 11100112 into a decimal number.
3. Convert 12810 into a binary number.
4. Convert 24210 into a hexadecimal number.
5. Convert 202310 into a octal number.
1. Convert 2168 into a decimal number.

Solution:

2168 = 2 x 82 + 1 x 81 + 6 x 80
= 2 x 64 + 1 x 8 + 6 x 1
= 128 + 8 + 6
= 14210
2. Convert 11100112 into a decimal number.
Solution:

11100112 = + (1 x 26) + (1 x 25) +


(0 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
+ (1 x 20)
= 64 +32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 11510
3. Convert 12810 into a binary number.
Solution:

12810 = 128 ➗ 2 = 64 Remainder 0


= 64 ➗ 2 = 32 Remainder 0
= 32 ➗ 2 = 16 Remainder 0
= 16 ➗ 2 = 8 Remainder 0
Therefore:
= 8 ➗ 2 = 4 Remainder 0
12810 = 100000002
=4 ➗ 2 = 2 Remainder 0
= 2 ➗ 2 = 1 Remainder 0
= 1 ➗ 2 = 0 Remainder 1
4. Convert 24210 into a hexadecimal number.
Solution:

24210 = 242 ➗ 16 = 15.125 Remainder 2


= 15 ➗ 16 = 0.9375 Remainder 15

Therefore:
24210 = F216
5. Convert 202310 into a octal number.
Solution:

202310 = 2023 ➗ 8 = 252.875 Remainder 7


= 252 ➗ 8 = 31.5 Remainder 4
= 31 ➗ 8 = 3.875 Remainder 7
= 3 ➗ 8 = 0.375 Remainder 3

Therefore:
202310 = 37478
👉Binary arithmetic includes the
basic arithmetic operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. The following sections
present the rules
that apply to these operations when
they are performed on binary numbers.
👉 Binary addition is performed in the same way as
addition in the decimal system and is, in fact, much easier to
master. Binary addition obeys the following
four basic rules:

The results of the last rule may seem some what strange,
remember that these are binary numbers. Put into words, the last
rule states that binary one + binary one = binary two = binary
"one zero“.
👉 Binary subtraction is just as simple as addition
subtraction of one bit from another obey the following four
basic rules:

When doing subtracting, it is sometimes necessary to


borrow from the next higher-order column. The only it will
be necessary to borrow is when we try to subtract a 1 from
a 0. In this case a 1 is borrowed from the next higher-
order column, which leaves a 0 in that column and creates
a 10 i.e., 2 in the column being subtracted.
👉Binary multiplication is performed in the same
manner as decimal multiplication. It is much easier,
since there are only two possible results of multiplying
two bits. The Binary multiplication obeys the four basic
rules.
0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
👉Division in the binary number system
employees the same procedure as division in the
decimal system, as will be seen in the following
examples.
Example: Perform the following binary division.
(a) 110 ÷ 11
Examples:
1. 111 + 101 = 1100
2. 1010 + 1001 + 1101 = 10000
3. 1 + 10 = 11
4. 11011 + 10101 = 110000
5. 11 + 11 = 1010
Examples:
1. 111 – 11 = 100
2. 1010 – 1100 = 10
3. 110 – 11 = 11
Examples:
1. 111 x 11 = 010101
2. 10 x 10 = 100
3. 11010 x 1010 = 0100000100
Examples:
1. 1010 ÷ 10 = 0101
2. 100100 ÷ 110 = 110
3. 10101 ÷ 11 = 111
4. 110111 ÷ 101 = 1011
5. 101010 ÷ 110 = 111

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