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Geography-weather notes

The document outlines the differences between weather and climate, explaining that weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere while climate is the long-term average. It discusses factors affecting weather patterns, such as the Earth's shape, atmospheric circulation, and pressure systems, as well as types of rainfall and clouds. Additionally, it covers tropical cyclones and the various factors influencing climate, including latitude, Earth's tilt, and altitude.

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8 views

Geography-weather notes

The document outlines the differences between weather and climate, explaining that weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere while climate is the long-term average. It discusses factors affecting weather patterns, such as the Earth's shape, atmospheric circulation, and pressure systems, as well as types of rainfall and clouds. Additionally, it covers tropical cyclones and the various factors influencing climate, including latitude, Earth's tilt, and altitude.

Uploaded by

sharankrishna24246
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geog-weather

5.1
Weather:
the state of the atmosphere observed over a short period of time.
Climate:
How the weather usually is over a long period of time.

Why is weather is so different:


1. Because the earth is round
a. The earth is heated by beams of heat of the sun
b.When the beams hit the earth’s surface, they warm up the air.
c. Because the earth is round, some beams warm larger areas than others, these
areas don't get warmed up.

2. The heat gets moved from warmer places to colder places.


a. Warm air heated by the sun rises
b. Air cools as it rises so clouds form(condensation) and it rains(hail, sleet, or
snow).
c. The cooler air sinks
d. Cooler air sinks, so it’s drawn to the hot air area.

The atmosphere is a layer of gas around the earth, mainly, N, O,


and a smaller amount of Co2.
75% of the atmosphere exists in the troposphere(lowest layer of the atmosphere)
5.2

The global movement of air is called global atmospheric circulation.

Air circulates in bands called cells that curve around the earth, because of the
CORIOLIS EFFECT that happens because the earth is rotating.keyword:
“deflected”. Wind flowing to the equator towards west,winds to poles are
deflected towards east.

Cells:

Cells not very neat affected by shapes and size of continents,oceans,mountains


ranges and move up or down a bit in summer or winter

Prevailing wind: the wind that blows most often.


Air pressure is the force pressing down on us due to the weight of the atmosphere.
Ocean currents: currents of water in the ocean that are warmer or colder than the water
around them.warm currents go to cold places cold currents go to warm places.
5.3
Isobars are lines on a weather map joining together places of equal atmospheric pressure.
millibar, unit of air pressure in the metric system,
1013 mb is standard air pressure.

High pressure system and low pressure system

1.Warm air rises so air pressure falls


2.as rising air falls vapour condenses clouds form then rains
3.pressure A is lower than B so wind goes to A to balance pressure
4.Wind can't go fast as the warm air rising because of friction with the ground
Hence, there is rainfall in area b.

High pressure weather.

1.warm air rises at a point


2.so cold air gets pushed aside
3.at y sinks so pressure rises at y
4.as it sinks gets warmer so no condensation so no clouds form so sky is clear

5.4
Mixing zones-30-60 north and south of equator also called mid latitudes.

Air mass-A huge block of air which has similar temperature and moisture
5.5 Depressions
Depressions-A weather system made up of a warm front chased by a
cold front brings wet windy weather that can become big storms.

Life cycle of depressions


1.warm moist air starts a wedge and pushes into cold air mass as warm air is
lighter it rises,air pressure falls.
2.warm air spirals upwards (coriolis effect) cold air rushes below to replace it as
wind.
3.warm air cools and clouds form then rain
4.travels by high wind in troposphere called polar jet stream
5.as depression moves more warm air is pushed upwards cold front catching up
with warm front
6.warm air lifted and cools wind dies down rain may continue
Occluded front-a weather phenomenon that occurs when a cold
front catches up with a warm front, creating a boundary between
two air masses of different temperatures:

5.6 More about rain weather and clouds


Types of rainfalls
Convectional rainfall-
● Currents of warm air are called convection currents.
● Convectional rainfall is a type of precipitation that occurs when warm, moist
air rises into the atmosphere and condenses into clouds, which eventually
release rain

Relief rainfall-
● Moist air comes from the ocean/sea
● Air is forced to rise up due to relief
● Air eventually condenses then precipitates in the windward(facing wind)
● Leeward(sheltered side) side is dry
Frontal rainfall-
● Warm air mass meets cold air mass.
● Warm air mass moves over cold air mass creates frontal rainfall
● Creating depression

Types of clouds-
Cumulus-
● Warm fluffy clouds
● Sign that warm air is rising in convection currents
● Can give short showers or heavy rain
Stratus clouds-
● Blankets of dull cloud
● Sign that warm air rising more slowly and over a large area

5.7 What is a tropical cyclone?


● Tropical cyclones are giant spinning storms
● Called as hurricanes in atlantic and eastern pacific & typhoons and
cyclones in other places
● Made of 3 parts eye where it is calm and eyeband is band of dense cloud
● Below eyewall is very violent bands call rainbands
5.8 Climate and its factors

Weather and Climate:


● Weather: Short-term state of the atmosphere; changes frequently.
● Climate: Long-term average of weather patterns; includes temperature,
rainfall, etc.

Factors affecting climate:


● Latitude: Distance away from the equator affects the temperature eg: Colder places
are far away from the equatorial region.
● Earth's tilt:Causes seasons , Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the Sun in June
(summer) and away in December (winter).
● The movement of heat around the earth created low & high pressure belts,
Prevailing winds, and ocean currents.
● Distance from the sea-water warms slower than land so it is cooler in summer
● Altitude(height above sea level)-Higher the altitude cooler it is.

5.9-ClimatoGraph
A climate graph-
Shows temperature and precipitation average as a graph.

5.10-Climates around the world

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