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Solution R1.1: Using a computer does not require any advanced know-how or skill.
Most people are capable of turning a computer on and executing a program (such as
double clicking on the icon for Microsoft Word to bring up the word processor to type a
letter). Programming a computer, however, requires very specific knowledge. You must
know the rules of the programming language, and you must know how to construct a
program.
As an analogy, using a computer program would be like being able to drive a car, while
having the knowledge & skills to be an auto mechanic would be like being able to
program a computer.
Solution R1.2: When actively being used, both program code and user data are
maintained in primary storage. Primary storage consists of random access memory
(RAM), which hold the instructions of a program for the computer to execute, as well as
data (which can be changed by the program, as it is executed). RAM is relatively
expensive, and is volatile. Memory being volatile means that if power us turned off,
whatever programs or data were being held are then lost.
For long-term storage (such as when the computer is turned off), both program code and
data are typically stored long term in a computer’s secondary storage, such as a hard
disk, or thumb drive. Secondary storage is relatively inexpensive and retains information
even when the computer’s power is turned off; this is referred to as non-volatile memory.
In addition to a computer’s secondary storage, program code and data can also be
stored in a computer’s primary storage. Primary storage consists of read-only memory
(ROM), which holds programs that must always be present (such as the computer’s
operating system), and random access memory (RAM), which can hold changing data
and programs that are currently executing. RAM is relatively expensive when compared
to secondary storage, and is erased whenever the computer is turned off.
Solution R1.3: The user of a computer receives information from the computer’s
display screen, speakers, and printers (the computer’s output devices). The user can
input data using the computer’s keyboard, a pointing device such as a mouse, a
microphone, or a webcam (the computer’s input devices).
Solution R1.4: A simple cell phone that can only be used to make calls would be a
single-function device. If you can download programs (such as media players, web
browsers, and games) to the cell phone and execute them, then it would be considered
a programmable computer, as it can serve multiple purposes.
Solution R1.5: One advantage of C++ over machine code is that C++ statements are
independent of the machine (computer) they are being executed on; machine code
statements differ from one type of machine to the next. Another advantage of C++ is
that it is much more readable and understandable by humans than machine code.
Solution R1.6: The hello.cpp file that I created was found in the following folder on
my computer. The location will vary from machine to machine.
The iostream file was found in the following folder on my computer. The location will
vary from machine to machine.
As you can see, the location of the files on my computer shows that the computer I use
has the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment installed on it.
6 * 7 = 42
HelloWorld
Hello
World
Solution R1.10: Programs 1 to 3 below each have a different compile-time error (an
error that violates the rules of C++). Program 4 has a run-time error (an error that will
allow the program to execute, but which fails to provide the correct results).
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 cout << "Hello, World! << endl;
7 return 0;
8 }
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl
7 return 0;
8 }
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 int main
5 {
6 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
7 return 0;
8 }
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 cout << "Hello, Wolrd!" << endl;
7 return 0;
8 }
Solution R1.11: A compile-time error is typically found by the compiler during the
compilation process. A compile-time error is caused when the source code violates the
rules of the programming language being used.
A run-time error cannot be found by the compiler. It is found by testing the program and
carefully examining the output or results for errors.
Solution R1.12: Example algorithm to determine number of years until account
depletion:
Solution R1.13: If the user was allowed to enter the inputs into the algorithm written in
Solution R.1.12 above, there are a few number combinations that may not terminate (ie,
the program would run forever). For example, if the amount of interest added each
month is greater than the amount withdrawn each month, then the algorithm will never
terminate. We can fix this by adding some simple changes to the algorithm:
For the current problem, we will assume the user will not enter a negative amount.
Solution R1.14: Example algorithm to determine the exterior surface area of a house:
2. On the USB memory stick, create a new folder and name it “BACKUP”-date
(where date is the date you are backing up files).
3. Copy the files from the “My Documents” folder on the computer to the new
folder you just created on the USB memory stick.
4. Double-check to make sure the new folder contains the files you just
copied. If the folder is still empty, something went wrong. It’s possible you
backed-up the wrong folder. Please try it again, and be careful which folder
you copy from, and to.
5. Once you’ve verified the copy is complete, remove the USP memory stick
from the computer, and put it back where you got it from.
6. Thank you!!!
1. Card_cost
2. Card_number_of_days
3. Meal_rate
4. Average_meal_cost
5. Meals_per_day
3. Use only the integer part of this result, because you can’t get a partial free meal.
Solution R1.18:
Solution R1.20: The requirement for the boundary to be equally spaced from the center
cluster means that, in addition to the center cluster being either 2 or 3 tiles wide, it will
also either be 1 or 2 tiles high. An example algorithm for placing an array of rows by
columns tiles is:
Main algorithm:
1) Set ‘number_of_walls’, ‘number_of_windows’, and ‘window’ all to zero.
2) Find a corner, and set the starting position.
3) For each wall, examine the wall and count the number of windows.
4) When finished, display the number of windows.
5) Stop.
Finding a corner:
1) Check what is in front of the robot.
2) If neither a wall or window,
a. move forward,
b. repeat Step 1 of ‘finding a corner’.
3) otherwise,
a. add 1 to ‘number_of_walls’, then
b. turn right.
c. If ‘number_of_walls’ is 2,
i. Set ‘number_of_walls’ to 0.
ii. Step 2 of the main algorithm is done, continue with Step 3 of
the main algorithm.
d. Otherwise, repeat Step 1 of ‘finding a corner’.
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Examining the wall:
1) Turn left.
2) Check what is in front of the robot.
3) If a window is sensed,
a. If 'window’ is 0,
i. Change ‘window’ to 1.
ii. Add 1 to ‘number_of_windows’
b. Otherwise make no changes, it’s just a big window.
4) Otherwise,
a. Set ‘window’ to 0.
5) Turn right.
6) Check what is in front of the robot.
7) If neither a wall or window,
a. Move forward.
b. Begin again at Step 1 of ‘examining the wall’
8) Otherwise
a. Add 1 to ‘number_of_walls’
b. If ‘number_of_walls’ is 4,
i. Stop examining walls, and
ii. Return to the main algorithm, Step 4.
c. Otherwise, of a window is sensed,
i. Change ‘window’ to 1.
ii. Add 1 to ‘number_of_windows’
d. Otherwise,
i. Change ‘window’ to 0.
e. Turn right.
f. Move forward.
g. Begin again at Step 1 of ‘examining the wall’
Solution to R1.24: Example algorithm for using the right-hand rule to escape a
maze:
1) Find a wall.
a. Sense what is in front of the robot.
b. If neither a wall or exit
i. Move forward.
ii. Repeat Step 1)a.
c. Otherwise, if the exit,
i. Move forward.
ii. Stop, the maze has been exited.
d. Otherwise,
i. Turn left. (the wall will now always be on the right of the
robot.)
ii. Continue with step 2).
2) Execute the right-hand rule.
a. Sense what is in front of the robot.
b. If a wall, (left-turn corner)
i. Turn left.
ii. Continue with Step 2)a.
c. Otherwise, if an exit,
i. Move forward.
ii. Stop, the maze has been exited.
d. Otherwise, neither a wall or exit,
i. Move forward.
ii. Turn right.
iii. Sense what is in front of the robot.
iv. If a wall,
1. Turn left.
2. Move forward.
3. Continue with step 2)a.
v. Otherwise, if an exit,
1. Move forward.
2. Stop, the maze has been exited.
vi. Otherwise, neither a wall or exit,(a right-turn corner)
1. Move forward.
2. Continue with step 2)a.
Supplemental Business Exercise Solutions
Solution to BR1.25: Example algorithm for finding the best options from the
loyalty promotions online catalog. To assess the online catalog, we will keep
track of the current ‘best_price’, and a list of items which cost that much.
Given there are ‘rows’ number of rows, and ‘columns’ number of columns,
Find the centers of both the black elements, and the red elements.
If the centers coincide, indicate that “red eye” is present.
Given a ‘distance’ (in miles), and ‘velocity’ (in mph), and a constant acceleration is
given by how long it takes to reach 60 mph, t60 (in seconds):
Solution to ER1.30: Algorithm to calculate the tire radius desired to cheat riders:
Given the true distance, x, (in miles), the desired cheat distance, y, (also in miles),
and the proper tire radius, R, (in inches):
1. First, find the false number of rotations (with units, miles per inch):
faux_rotations = y / (2 * pi * R).
2. The cheat circumference would then be:
cheat_circumference = x / faux_rotations.
3. Which leads directly to the cheat radius: cheat_radius = cheat_circumference /
(2 * pi)
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qu'ils font à la guerre, et il en est même qui, indépendamment des
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Diodore de Sicile, liv. 5, ch. 28 à 32. Traduit par Miot.
Diodore de Sicile, historien grec, vivait au temps de César
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