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Lesson 1 History of Computer

The document provides a historical overview of computers, starting from the ancient abacus to the five generations of computers. It highlights key figures like Charles Babbage, who is known as the 'father of the computer,' and discusses the evolution from vacuum tubes to modern microprocessors. Each generation is characterized by significant technological advancements, culminating in the current era of artificial intelligence and ultra-large-scale integration.

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andreibalingit2007
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2 views

Lesson 1 History of Computer

The document provides a historical overview of computers, starting from the ancient abacus to the five generations of computers. It highlights key figures like Charles Babbage, who is known as the 'father of the computer,' and discusses the evolution from vacuum tubes to modern microprocessors. Each generation is characterized by significant technological advancements, culminating in the current era of artificial intelligence and ultra-large-scale integration.

Uploaded by

andreibalingit2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Prepared by: 2EZ4JPY


ABACUS

Also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that has been in use since ancient times and is still in use today.
It was used in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written
Arabic numeral system.

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CHARLES BABBAGE
Charles Babbage (1791-1871),
computer pioneer, designed the
first automatic computing engines.
He is considered the “father of the
computer” and is given credit for
devising the first ever mechanical
computer. His design served as
the blueprint for other, more
complex machines.

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Analytical engine
Analytical Engine- was a proposed
mechanical general-purpose computer
designed by English mathematician
and computer pioneer Charles
Babbage, with the assistance of Ada
Lovelace. It was first described in
1837 as the successor to Babbage's
difference engine, which was a
design for a simpler mechanical
computer.

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Difference engine
Difference Engine- are automatic
mechanical calculators designed to
tabulate polynomial functions. The
name, the difference engine, is
derived from the method of
divided differences, a way to
interpolate or tabulate functions by
using a small set of polynomial co-
efficient.

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What is a COMPUTER?

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it
under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future
use.

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Prepared by: 2EZ4JPY

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Following are the main five generations of computers
S.NO. GENERATION & Description
Generation in computer terminology is a FIRST GENERATION The period of first generation: 1946-
change in technology a computer is/was 1959. Vacuum tube based.
being used. Initially, the generation term SECOND GENERATION The period of second generation: 1959-
was used to distinguish between varying 1965. Transistor based.
hardware technologies. Nowadays, THIRD GENERATION The period of third generation: 1965-
1971. Integrated Circuit based.
generation includes both hardware and
FOURTH GENERATION The period of fourth generation: 1971-
software, which together make up an
1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
entire computer system.
FIFTH GENERATION The period of fifth generation: 1980-
onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
This generation is based on parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
FIRST GENERATION

The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The


computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a
lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently.
Therefore, they were very expensive and only large
organizations were able to afford it.

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FIRST GENERATION
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)- was the first
programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer. It was Turing-
complete, and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through
reprogramming.

• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)- was one of the earliest
electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than
decimal, and was designed to be a stored-program computer.

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FIRST GENERATION
• The main features of the first
generation are − • Slow input and output devices
• Vacuum tube technology • Huge size
• Unreliable • Need of AC
• Supported machine language only • Non-portable
• Very costly • Consumed a lot of electricity
• Generated a lot of heat

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SECOND GENERATION

The period of second generation was from 1959-1965.


In this generation, transistors were used that were
cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than the first-generation
machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation,
magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices.
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THIRD GENERATION
The period of third generation was
from 1965-1971. The computers of
third generation used Integrated
Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A
single IC has many transistors,
resistors, and capacitors along with
the associated circuitry.

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FOURTH GENERATION
The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful,


compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time-
sharing, real-time networks, distributed operating system
were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE
etc., were used in this generation.

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FIFTH GENERATION
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth
generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large-
Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.

This generation is based on parallel processing


hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an
emerging branch in computer science, which interprets
the means and method of making computers think like
human beings. All the high-level languages like C and
C++, Java, .NET etc., are used in this generation.

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references
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_generations.htm
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_first_generation.htm
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_second_generation.h
tm
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_third_generation.htm
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_fourth_generation.ht
m
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_fifth_generation.htm

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