Section 1: Cellular Growth

Cells grow until they reach their size

limit, then they either stop growing or
divide.
Cell Size Limitations
Ratio of surface area to volume
• Several factors influence cell size.
area covered by the plasma membrane
• Surface area is the ___________________________________.
• Volume is the space taken up by the inner
______________________.
contents of the_cell
• Cells with a higher surface area: volume ratios can __________
sustain
themselves more
____________________________________________________
easily
Ratios
ofsurface
volume
to
decrease as
it gets
bigger
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Cell Size Limitations
Ratio of surface area to volume
• _________
Smaller cells can transport substances more easily
• Diffusion is ______________________________
inefficient over long distances
• _______________________
Cytoskeleton less efficient when cells are larger
• Cellular communication ____________in
more efficient smaller cells
• i.e. The movement of signal proteins from outside to inside
the cell
The movement of proteins within the
• i.e. ______________________________________________
_________________________________________________
cell from organelle to organelle
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The Cell Cycle
• Once a cell reaches its size limit it must either ______________
__________________ stop growing
or divide
a cycle of growinganddividing called the
• Cells reproduce by _____________________________
_____________.
cell cycle
• Each time a cell goes through one complete cycle, it becomes
______________.
two cells daughters
pa.GE
• Three main stages of the cell cycle: this
______________: stage during which the cells grows, carries
• Interphase
out cellular functions, and replicates its DNA.
• Mitosis: ___________________________________________;
the cells nucleus and nuclear material divide
has four substages. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase

• Cytokinesis:cells
____________________,
cytoplasm divides creating two new cells.
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The Cell Cycle
The stages of interphase growth synthesis
gapgrowth

G1 S andGa
• Interphase has three substages:________________.
• During G1, the cell is growing and carrying out
__________________________________
_____________________
normal cellular functions

part of
G1 longestInterphase

Longest part of
Interphase
Cell cycle
Interphase

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The Cell Cycle
The stages of interphase
synthesis

• During ___________,
S phase the cell
copies ________in
its DNA preparation
for cell division.
• ________________
Chromosomes are the
structures that contain the
genetic material.
• ___________ is the relaxed
form of DNA in the cell’s
nucleus.
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The Cell Cycle
Prokaryotic cell division
• Eukaryotic cells divide via the cell cycle.
• Prokaryotic cells divide ______________________.
– The genetic material is copied and separates to opposite
sides of the cell.
– The cell pinches off into two cells.

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Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis, the

process of nuclear division, and cytokinesis,
the process of cytoplasm division.
Mitosis
P PROPHASE
M METAPHASE
A ANAPHASE
T TELOPHASE
Cytokinesis
Essential Questions
• What are the events of each stage of mitosis?
• What is the process of cytokinesis?

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Mitosis
• During mitosis, the cell’s replicated genetic material
separates, and the cell prepares to split into two cells.
• The key activity of mitosis is _____________________
_____________________________________________
– Accurate: each new daughter cell must _________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
• For humans, both daughter cells after mitosis
should contain _________________in their nuclei

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Mitosis
• Mitosis:
• ______________________________in a multicellular
organism as it grows
• ______________________

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The Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
• Prophase is ____________
______________________
• Cell’s ______________
tightens/condenses into
________________________
• ________________________are
structures that contain identical
copies of DNA.
• The sister chromatids are
attached at the ______________
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The Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
• As prophase continues, spindle fibers, centrioles,
and aster fibers form a ______________________.
• The spindle apparatus _______________________
___________________________ before cell division.

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The Stages of Mitosis

Metaphase
• The second stage of mitosis is _______________ – the
shortest phase.
• ________________are pulled along the spindle
apparatus toward the ___________________________.
• They line up in the
middle of the cell, called
_____________________

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The Stages of Mitosis
Anaphase
• During _____________, the chromatids ___________.
• The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to
shorten.
• _________________________
• The chromosomes move
toward the poles of the cell.

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The Stages of Mitosis
Telophase
• Telophase is when the ____________________ arrive at
the poles and begin to ______________.
• _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
• The spindle apparatus disassembles.

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Cytokinesis
• _______________
_________________
• In animal cells,
_________________
constrict/pinch off to
form two cells.
• In plant cells,
instead of pinching
in half, a new
structure called the
____________forms
between the two
daughter nuclei.

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Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

The normal cell cycle is regulated by cyclin proteins.

Essential Questions
• What is the role of cyclin proteins in controlling the
cell cycle?
• How does cancer relate to the cell cycle?
• What is the role of apoptosis?
• What are the two types of stem cells and what are
their potential uses?

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Normal Cell Cycle

The role of cyclins

• The timing and rate of cell division are important,
and controlled by ____________________________
• The cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is driven by a
combination of two substances.
• _____________ are proteins that bind to enzymes
called ____________________________________
• Different cyclin/CDK combinations control
different activities during different stages of the
cell cycle.

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Normal Cell Cycle

Quality control checkpoints

• The cell cycle has _________________that monitor
the cycle and _______________________________
• There are checkpoints after each stage of
interphase __________________________________

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Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
• Cancer _______________________________________.
• Cancer results when cells __________________to the
controls of the cell cycle.
• Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out
normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

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Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
Causes of cancer
• ________________________________________ cause
the cell growth and division of cancer cells.
• Various environmental factors can affect the
occurrence of cancer cells.
• Substances that are know to cause cancer are called
____________.

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Apoptosis
• Apoptosis ________________________
___________________
• Cells going through apoptosis shrink
and shrivel.
• Apoptosis occurs during development,
in cells that are damaged, and in cells
that may lead to cancerous growths.

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Stem Cells

• Multicellular organisms have specialized

cells.
• The _______________that can be directed to
become specialized cells are ____________.

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Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells
• After fertilization, the initial mass of cells (100-150 cells)
remain undifferentiated – these comprise _______________
__________________.
• As development continues, __________________________
_________________________________________________
• Pope Paul Vi’s encyclical Humanae Vitae clearly explains
why the Catholic Church is against embryonic stem cell
research
– The simplest reason is that since all life is sacred the use
of embryos for scientific research is immoral since it
requires the destruction of a living embryo, aka a human
being
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Stem Cells

Adult stem cells

• Found in various tissues in the body
• ___________________________________________.
• More developed/specialized than embryonic stem
cells, but _______________________________into
different kinds of cells.
• This type of research is ethical and in line with
Catholic morality.

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