En 14427
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ferreira.jpEUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14427
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2014
ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 14427:2004
English Version
LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable fully
wrapped composite cylinders for LPG - Design and construction
Équipements pour gaz de pétrole liquéfiés et leurs Flüssiggas-Geräte und Ausrüstungsteile - Ortsbewegliche
accessoires - Bouteilles en matériau composite, wiederbefüllbare vollumwickelte Flaschen aus
transportables et rechargeables, pour gaz de pétrole Verbundwerkstoff für Flüssiggas (LPG) - Auslegung und
liquéfiés (GPL) - Conception et fabrication Bau
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 January 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14427:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 14427:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................8
4 Design and manufacture .................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Liner ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.1 Metallic liners ...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.2 Non-metallic liners .............................................................................................................................. 12
4.2.3 Design drawing ................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Composite overwrap .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.3.1 Materials .............................................................................................................................................. 12
4.3.2 Winding ................................................................................................................................................ 13
4.3.3 Cylinders without liners comprising two parts ............................................................................... 13
4.4 Finished cylinder ................................................................................................................................ 13
4.4.1 Design drawings ................................................................................................................................. 13
4.4.2 Cylinders without liner ....................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.3 Autofrettage ......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.4 Manufacturing requirements for the finished cylinder ................................................................... 14
4.4.5 Neck ring .............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.4.6 Cylinder stability ................................................................................................................................. 15
5 Cylinder and material tests ................................................................................................................ 15
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.2 Test procedures and test requirements ........................................................................................... 16
5.2.1 Test No. 1 – Composite material tests, including adhesives (where applicable) ........................ 16
5.2.2 Test No. 2 – Liner material tests........................................................................................................ 17
5.2.3 Test No. 3 – Liner burst test .............................................................................................................. 18
5.2.4 Test No. 4 – Hydraulic proof test of finished cylinders .................................................................. 19
5.2.5 Test No. 5 – Cylinder burst test ......................................................................................................... 20
5.2.6 Test No. 6 – Pressure cycle test ........................................................................................................ 21
5.2.7 Test No. 7 – Artificial ageing test ...................................................................................................... 21
5.2.8 Test No. 8 – Exposure to elevated temperature at test pressure .................................................. 22
5.2.9 Test No. 9 – Cylinder body integrity impact tests ........................................................................... 23
5.2.10 Test No. 10 – Drop test ....................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.11 Test No. 11 – Flawed cylinder test .................................................................................................... 28
5.2.12 Test No. 12 – Extreme temperature cycle test ................................................................................. 29
5.2.13 Test No. 13 – Fire resistance test ...................................................................................................... 30
5.2.14 Test No. 14 – Spike puncture test ..................................................................................................... 31
5.2.15 Permeability test of cylinders with non-metallic liners or without liners ..................................... 32
5.2.16 Test No. 16 – Torque test ................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.17 Test No. 17 – Neck strength test ....................................................................................................... 33
5.2.18 Test No. 18 – Neck ring test ............................................................................................................... 34
5.3 Failure to meet test requirements ..................................................................................................... 34
5.3.1 Metallic liners ...................................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.2 Complete cylinder ............................................................................................................................... 34
6 Conformity assessment ..................................................................................................................... 35
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
7 Marking ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Annex A (normative) Prototype testing, design variant testing and production testing .......................... 36
A.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 36
A.2 Prototype testing ................................................................................................................................. 36
A.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 36
A.2.2 Definition of new design ..................................................................................................................... 36
A.2.3 Prototype testing requirements ......................................................................................................... 37
A.2.4 Prototype testing certificate ............................................................................................................... 38
A.3 Design variant testing ......................................................................................................................... 39
A.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 39
A.3.2 Definition of a design variant ............................................................................................................. 39
A.3.3 Design variant test requirements ...................................................................................................... 42
A.3.4 Design variant testing certificate ....................................................................................................... 43
A.4 Production testing ............................................................................................................................... 45
A.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 45
A.4.2 Production test requirements ............................................................................................................ 45
A.4.3 Liner batch tests and inspections ..................................................................................................... 45
A.4.4 Composite materials batch tests and inspections .......................................................................... 46
A.4.5 Tests and inspections of the finished cylinder ................................................................................ 46
A.4.6 Batch acceptance certificate .............................................................................................................. 48
Annex B (informative) Examples of type approval and production testing certificates ............................ 49
B.1 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders with metallic liners ............................................ 49
B.2 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders with non-metallic liners ..................................... 50
B.3 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders without liners ..................................................... 51
B.4 Design variant approval certificate - composite cylinders with metallic liners ............................ 52
B.5 Production test certificate .................................................................................................................. 53
Annex C (informative) Environmental checklist ............................................................................................ 55
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 14427:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 286 “Liquefied
petroleum gas equipment and accessories”, the secretariat of which is held by NSAI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2014 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14427:2004.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
This standard has been submitted for reference into the RID and ADR (see [11] and [12]).
Environmental considerations recorded in Annex C.
The main technical changes to this revision include a full revision of the manufacturing processes in line with
advances in manufacturing processes.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard calls for the use of substances and procedures that can be injurious to health if
adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability and does not absolve the user from
legal obligations relating to health and safety at any stage.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this European Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted
to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
It is recommended that manufacturers develop an environmental management policy. For guidance see
ISO 14000 series.
All pressures are gauge unless otherwise stated.
NOTE This standard requires measurement of material properties, dimensions and pressures. All such
measurements are subject to a degree of uncertainty due to tolerances in measuring equipment, etc. It may be beneficial
to refer to the leaflet “Measurement uncertainty leaflet SP INFO 2000 27” [14].
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard
— specifies minimum requirements for materials, design, construction, prototype testing and routine
manufacturing inspections of fully wrapped composite cylinders with a water capacity from 0,5 litre up to
and including 150 litres for liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) exposed to ambient temperatures, with a test
pressure of at least 30 bar;
— is only applicable to cylinders which are fitted with a pressure relief valve (see 4.1.3);
— is applicable to cylinders with a liner of metallic material (welded or seamless) or non-metallic material (or
a mixture thereof), reinforced by fibres of glass, carbon or aramid (or a mixture thereof);
— is also applicable to composite cylinders without liners.
Cylinders manufactured to this European Standard are suitable for temperatures down to −40 °C.
This European Standard does not address the design, fitting and performance of removable protective
sleeves. Where these are fitted, the choice of material and sleeve performance should be considered
separately.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1439, LPG equipment and accessories - Procedure for checking LPG cylinders before, during and after
filling
EN 1442, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable welded steel cylinders for LPG - Design
and construction
EN 1964-3, Transportable gas cylinders - Specification for the design and construction of refillable
transportable seamless steel gas cylinders of water capacities from 0,5 litre up to and including 150 litres -
Part 3: Cylinders made of seamless stainless steel with an Rm value of less than 1100 MPa
EN 12807, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable brazed steel cylinders for liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) - Design and construction
EN 13110, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable welded aluminium cylinders for liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) - Design and construction
EN 14140, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable welded steel cylinders for LPG -
Alternative design and construction
EN 14717, Welding and allied processes - Environmental check list
EN 14894, LPG equipment and accessories - Cylinder and drum marking
EN ISO 75-1, Plastics - Determination of temperature of deflection under load - Part 1: General test method
(ISO 75-1)
EN ISO 75-3, Plastics - Determination of temperature of deflection under load - Part 3: High-strength
thermosetting laminates (ISO 75-3)
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
EN ISO 175, Plastics - Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals
(ISO 175)
EN ISO 527-1, Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principles (ISO 527-1)
EN ISO 527-2, Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and
extrusion plastics (ISO 527-2)
EN ISO 1133 (all parts), Plastics - Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow
rate (MVR) of thermoplastics (ISO 1133)
EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics - Part 1: Immersion
method, liquid pyknometer method and titration method (ISO 1183-1)
EN ISO 1183-2, Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics - Part 2: Density
gradient column method (ISO 1183-2)
EN ISO 1183-3, Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics - Part 3: Gas
pyknometer method (ISO 1183-3)
EN ISO 1628-3, Plastics - Determination of the viscosity of polymers in dilute solution using capillary
viscometers - Part 3: Polyethylenes and polypropylenes (ISO 1628-3)
EN ISO 2555, Plastics - Resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions - Determination of apparent
viscosity by the Brookfield Test method (ISO 2555)
EN ISO 2884-1, Paints and varnishes - Determination of viscosity using rotary viscometers - Part 1: Cone-
and-plate viscometer operated at a high rate of shear (ISO 2884-1)
EN ISO 3146, Plastics - Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-
crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods (ISO 3146)
EN ISO 3231, Paints and varnishes - Determination of resistance to humid atmospheres containing sulfur
dioxide (ISO 3231)
EN ISO 7866, Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders - Design, construction and
testing (ISO 7866)
EN ISO 9227, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres - Salt spray tests (ISO 9227)
EN ISO 9809-1, Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders - Design, construction and testing -
Part 1: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength less than 1 100 MPa (ISO 9809-1)
EN ISO 9809-2, Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders - Design, construction and testing -
Part 2: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength greater than or equal to 1 100 MPa
(ISO 9809-2)
EN ISO 9809-3, Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders - Design, construction and testing -
Part 3: Normalized steel cylinders (ISO 9809-3)
EN ISO 10286, Gas cylinders - Terminology (ISO 10286)
EN ISO 11114-2, Gas cylinders - Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with gas contents - Part 2: Non-
metallic materials (ISO 11114-2)
EN ISO 14245, Gas cylinders - Specifications and testing of LPG cylinder valves - Self-closing (ISO 14245)
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
EN ISO 15995, Gas cylinders - Specifications and testing of LPG cylinder valves - Manually operated
(ISO 15995)
EN ISO 15512, Plastics - Determination of water content (ISO 15512)
EN ISO 16474-3:2013, Paints and varnishes - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 3:
Fluorescent UV lamps (ISO 16474-3:2013)
ISO 3341, Textile glass - Yarns - Determination of breaking force and breaking elongation
ISO 8521, Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Test methods for
the determination of the apparent initial circumferential tensile strength
ISO 11357-3, Plastics - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 3: Determination of temperature and
enthalpy of melting and crystallization
ASTM D 2196-10, Test methods for rheological properties of non-newtonian materials by rotational (Brookfield
type) viscometer
ASTM D 2290-08, Test method for apparent hoop tensile strength of plastics and reinforced plastic by split
disk method
ASTM D 2291-09, Standard practice for fabrication of ring test specimens for glass-resin composites
ASTM D 2343-09, Standard test method for tensile properties of glass fibre strands, yarns and rovings used in
reinforced plastics
ASTM D 2344-00, Standard test method for short-beam strength of polymer matrix composite materials and
their laminates
ASTM D 3418-08, Standard test method for transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and
crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry
ASTM D 4018-99, Standard test methods for tensile properties of continuous filament carbon and graphite
fibre tows
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 10286 and the following apply.
3.1
liquefied petroleum gas
LPG
low pressure liquefied gas composed of one or more light hydrocarbons which are assigned to UN 1011,
UN 1075, UN 1965, UN 1969 or UN 1978 only and which consists mainly of propane, propene, butane,
butane isomers, butene with traces of other hydrocarbon gases
3.2
ambient test temperature
temperature of surroundings varying between 10 °C and 35 °C (for test purposes only)
3.3
autofrettage
pressure application procedure which strains the metal liner past its yield point sufficiently to cause permanent
plastic deformation, and results in the liner having compressive stresses and the fibres having tensile stresses
when at zero internal gauge pressure
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
3.4
batch
<fibres> pre-impregnated fibres or components of the resin system homogeneous quantity of material,
identified and certified as such by the supplier
3.5
batch
<metallic liners> quantity of liners of the same nominal diameter, thickness, length and design, made
successively from the same material cast and subjected to the same heat treatment for the same length of
time
3.6
batch
<non-metallic liners> quantity of liners of the same nominal diameter, thickness, length and design, made
successively from the same batch of materials and subjected to the same manufacturing process
3.7
batch
<finished cylinders with liners> quantity of up to 200 finished cylinders, plus cylinders for destructive testing, of
the same nominal diameter, thickness, length and design
Note 1 to entry: The batch may contain different batches of liners, providing the batches are nominally the same and
have had the same treatment, fibres and matrix materials.
3.8
batch
<finished cylinders with no liners> quantity of up to 200 finished cylinders, plus cylinders for destructive
testing, of the same nominal diameter, thickness, length and design
3.9
burst pressure
highest pressure reached in a cylinder or liner during the relevant burst test
3.10
composite overwrap
fibres, or fibres embedded in a matrix taken together as a combined unit
3.11
elastomeric material
material which at ambient temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and will
return with force to approximately its original length immediately upon release of the stress
3.12
exterior coating
layer of clear or pigmented material applied to the cylinder as protection
3.13
fibre
strand
load-carrying part of the composite overwrap e.g. glass, aramid or carbon
3.14
fully wrapped composite cylinder
cylinder reinforced by wrapping to take both circumferential and longitudinal stress
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
3.15
liner
metallic or non-metallic vessel that retains the LPG in the cylinder, but may also contribute to the mechanical
behaviour of the cylinder
Note 1 to entry: This is a load sharing liner
3.16
non-load sharing liner
liner that contributes less than 5 % of the load bearing of the overall cylinder design at test pressure, and is
intended only to prevent diffusion of LPG
3.17
non-metallic liner
liner made from thermoplastic, thermosetting, or elastomer material
3.18
matrix
material which is used to bind and hold the fibres in place
3.19
thermoplastic
plastics capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of
temperature
3.20
thermoset
plastics which when cured by the application of heat or chemical means changes into a substantially infusible
and insoluble product
3.21
removable protective sleeve
external sleeve intended to provide protection to the cylinder during operation which is not an integral part of
the design, not permanently fixed to the cylinder but which can be removed during service without destroying
the sleeve without the use of special tools
4 Design and manufacture
4.1 General
4.1.1 Fully wrapped composite LPG cylinders may be manufactured with a metallic or non-metallic liner or
without a liner. Cylinder bodies without a liner may be manufactured from two parts joined together with
adhesive.
The thicknesses of the cylinder, including any liner, shall be determined by satisfactory completion of the
performance tests described in Clause 5. No design calculations are required.
The cylinder may also include an external coating and/or additional parts such as valve shrouds/handles,
bases and cages. Where these are an integral part of the design, they shall be permanently fixed to the
cylinder such that they cannot be removed during service without destroying them, or by use of special tools.
The design of the cylinder shall take the following into account:
— minimizing the use of materials;
— the fittings required for the cylinder;
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
— minimizing the environmental impact of in service maintenance and end of life disposal;
— efficient transport of finished product.
For the welding associated with metallic liners, the environmental impact of welding and allied processes shall
be assessed in accordance with EN 14717.
The manufacturer should endeavour to minimize wastage of material by selecting appropriately sized
materials related to the finished parts required for manufacture. Unavoidable waste/scrap material should be
recycled where possible.
Noise levels and harmful emissions from the production process should be evaluated and measures put into
place to minimize the impact upon the external environment.
4.1.2 The location of all openings for service connections shall be restricted to one end of the cylinder.
Where it is necessary, for production reasons, to have an opening in both ends, the non-service opening shall
be permanently sealed before completion of the cylinder. The sealing arrangement shall be:
— permanent;
— inaccessible to users of the cylinder in service; and
— designed so that any leakage of product past the seal can only be released local to the service valve(s)
so that it will be detectable during post-fill leak checks.
4.1.3 Due to the lack of volumetric expansion, cylinders designed to this European Standard are intended to
be used only when fitted with a pressure relief valve (see EN 13953).
4.2 Liner
4.2.1 Metallic liners
4.2.1.1 Metallic liners shall be manufactured in accordance with the relevant clauses of the following
European Standards:
a) seamless steel liners: EN ISO 9809-1, EN ISO 9809-2 or EN ISO 9809-3, as appropriate;
b) seamless stainless steel liners: EN 1964-3;
c) seamless aluminium alloy liners: EN ISO 7866;
d) welded steel liners: EN 1442 or EN 14140;
e) brazed steel liners: EN 12807;
f) welded aluminium liners: EN 13110.
4.2.1.2 The relevant clauses are those covering: materials, thermal treatments, neck design, construction
and workmanship, mechanical tests.
NOTE This excludes the design requirements, since the design is determined by the manufacturer in accordance
with this European Standard for the design of the composite cylinder.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
4.2.2 Non-metallic liners
4.2.2.1 A cylinder with a non-metallic liner shall be designed as if the liner will be non-load sharing. The
liner material shall be compatible with LPG as determined by EN ISO 11114-2.
4.2.2.2 Where a metal end boss is used in a non-metallic liner, it shall be considered part of the liner
material and shall fulfil the material requirements specified in the relevant standard listed in 4.2.1.1.
4.2.3 Design drawing
4.2.3.1 A fully dimensioned drawing of the liner shall be produced which shall include the specification of
the material and material properties.
4.2.3.2 The following properties shall be specified for metallic liners:
— minimum yield stress;
— minimum tensile strength;
— minimum elongation; and
— minimum burst pressure;
4.2.3.3 The following properties shall be specified for non-metallic liners:
— density;
— for thermoplastics, the melting point, as determined by EN ISO 3146 or ISO 11357;
— for thermoset materials, the temperature of deflection under load, as determined by EN ISO 75-1 and
EN ISO 75-3;
— for thermoset materials, the glass transition temperature as determined by differential scanning
calorimetry;
— composition;
— compatibility with LPG as determined by EN ISO 11114-2; and
— end boss material specification.
NOTE The end boss specifications includes:
— minimum yield stress;
— minimum tensile strength;
— minimum elongation of the boss material.
4.3 Composite overwrap
4.3.1 Materials
Material requirements for the fibre and the matrix, where applicable, shall be as specified by the manufacturer.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
4.3.2 Winding
4.3.2.1 Procedures shall be defined for the winding and curing process to ensure good repeatability and
traceability.
4.3.2.2 For all cylinders, the following parameters shall be defined and monitored:
a) the batch numbers of the fibres used;
b) the number of strands used;
c) the winding tension per strand, (if applicable);
d) the winding speed(s);
e) the winding angle and/or pitch for each layer; and
f) the number and order of layers.
4.3.2.3 Where a matrix system is used, the following additional parameters shall be defined and
monitored:
a) percentages of the components of the matrix system and their batch numbers;
b) resin bath temperature range, (where applicable);
c) the procedure used to obtain correct impregnation (e.g. wet winding or pre-impregnation);
d) the polymerisation cycle; and
e) the polymerisation process (e.g. thermal cycling, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, or radiation).
4.3.2.4 For thermal polymerisation, the temperature and the length of the polymerisation cycle of the
resin system shall be such that they do not adversely affect the mechanical characteristics of the liner. In
addition, tolerances for holding time and temperature at each stage shall be defined.
4.3.3 Cylinders without liners comprising two parts
For cylinders without liners which comprise two parts joined with adhesive, additional procedures and
parameters shall be defined, monitored and recorded for the adhesive system as follows:
a) percentages of the components and their batch numbers;
b) polymerisation cycle; and
c) polymerisation process (e.g. thermal cycling, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, or radiation).
4.4 Finished cylinder
4.4.1 Design drawings
4.4.1.1 A fully dimensioned drawing of all parts that constitute the finished cylinder shall be produced.
The design drawing shall also include tolerances on all dimensions, including out-of-roundness and
straightness.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
4.4.1.2 The drawing shall include the specification of the material(s), the material properties and the
reinforcement pattern. The specifications and the reinforcement patterns may be given in a technical
specification referenced on the drawing.
4.4.1.3 The details of any exterior coating and additional, permanently fixed parts, which are an integral
part of the design, shall be specified.
4.4.1.4 The manufacturer shall specify the minimum burst pressure for the design which shall be at least
67,5 bar (the test pressure shall be at least 30 bar) i.e. a burst ratio of 2,25.
4.4.1.5 The drawing shall specify any special characteristics or special limitations (e.g. maximum fitting
torque restrictions, the requirements for fitting a relief valve).
4.4.2 Cylinders without liner
4.4.2.1 The composition of the composite materials and their properties shall be specified, as follows:
a) tensile strength;
b) tensile modulus;
c) elongation;
d) heat distortion temperature;
e) viscosity.
4.4.2.2 The composite materials shall be compatible with LPG as determined by EN ISO 11114-2.
4.4.2.3 Where a metal end boss is used in a cylinder without a liner the drawing of the cylinder shall
include the specification of the material and material properties of the boss in accordance with 4.2.3.
4.4.3 Autofrettage
4.4.3.1 Internal pressurization to autofrettage pressure of cylinders with metallic liners can be part of the
manufacturing process; if so, this operation shall be executed after polymerisation of the composite for
thermosetting resins or after the consolidation process for thermoplastics.
4.4.3.2 During the autofrettage operation, the following parameters shall be recorded:
a) autofrettage pressure;
b) duration of application of this pressure;
c) expansion at autofrettage pressure;
d) permanent expansion after autofrettage.
4.4.3.3 Where autofrettage is performed, a check shall be made that the procedure has been effectively
performed on all cylinders.
4.4.4 Manufacturing requirements for the finished cylinder
The internal and external surfaces of the finished cylinder shall be free of defects which could adversely affect
the safe working of the cylinder. In addition there shall be no visible foreign matter present inside the cylinder
(e.g. resin, swarf or other debris).
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
4.4.5 Neck ring
Where a neck ring is provided, it shall be of a material compatible with that of the cylinder. It shall be securely
attached by a method appropriate to the cylinder or boss material so as to withstand the test specified in Test
No. 18 (see 5.2.18).
4.4.6 Cylinder stability
For cylinders designed to stand on their base, the variation from vertical shall be less than 1 % of their height.
The outer diameter of the surface in contact with the ground shall be greater than 75 % of the nominal outside
diameter.
Due consideration should be given to the safe handling (by mechanical or manual means) in relation to the
size and mass of the cylinder, e.g. handles or lifting points.
5 Cylinder and material tests
5.1 General
This clause describes the tests to be conducted on fully wrapped composite cylinders, cylinder liners and the
materials used in manufacture of cylinders, as required by Annex A, for:
— prototype testing of new cylinder designs (see A.2);
— design variant testing (see A.3); and
— production testing (see A.4).
NOTE In RID/ADR “production tests” are referred to as “initial inspection and tests”.
The tests listed are mandatory or optional, as identified in the schedule of testing and inspections in Annex A.
Cylinders subjected to the tests shall include all permanently fixed parts, unless otherwise specified.
No tests shall be performed with a removable protective sleeve fitted to the cylinder, except where specified
(see Test 10, 5.2.10.1).
Attention is drawn to the risks associated with testing pressurized cylinders. Appropriate safety precautions
should be taken in order to reduce the risks to testing personnel e.g. during positioning and handling of
cylinders they can be depressurised between individual tests.
Reference should also be made to EN 1439, which requires the cylinder manufacturer to perform additional
tests to determine the rejection limits for in-service damage and to include these limits in the documentation
for the cylinder.
Consideration should be given to minimising the environmental impact of the tests specified by including the
possible recovery of test fluids, recycling of mechanical test specimens, safe disposal of chemicals and
destroyed cylinders, etc.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2 Test procedures and test requirements
5.2.1 Test No. 1 – Composite material tests, including adhesives (where applicable)
5.2.1.1 Tests on all cylinders
5.2.1.1.1 Procedure
Tests on the composite materials to establish their mechanical properties shall be carried out as follows for:
a) Tensile properties of fibres in accordance with the following standards:
For glass, aramid:
— ISO 8521 or ASTM D 2290-08 and ASTM D 2291-09
— ISO 3341 or ASTM D 2343-09
For carbon:
— ASTM D 3418-08
— ASTM D 4018-99
b) Shear properties for thermosetting plastics in accordance with the following standard:
— ASTM D 2344-00
c) Matrix properties in accordance with the following standards:
— glass transition temperature: ASTM D 3418-08
— heat distortion temperature: EN ISO 75-3
— viscosity: ASTM D 2196-10
NOTE For tests specified above at a, b, and c, alternative standards are acceptable providing that they give
equivalent results.
d) Test temperature
Material tests specified in a) b) and c) above shall be carried out at ambient test temperature and at –20 °C
(with a tolerance of +0°C / −5°C) can be carried out.
At each temperature, three specimens shall be tested.
As an alternative, the cylinder impact tests (Test No. 9, see 5.2.9) with the cylinders at –20 °C (with a
tolerance of +0°C / −5°C) can be carried out.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.1.1.2 Criteria
The mechanical properties shall meet the minimum requirements for the design as specified by the
manufacturer.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
The average of the test results at –20 °C shall not be less than 95 % of the average value obtained at room
temperature.
5.2.1.2 Additional tests on cylinders without liners
5.2.1.2.1 Procedure
Additional tests on the composite materials and adhesives (where applicable) shall be carried out using the
following standards for:
Tensile strength - EN ISO 527-1 and EN ISO 527-2;
Tensile modulus - EN ISO 527-1 and EN ISO 527-2;
Elongation - EN ISO 527-1 and EN ISO 527-2;
Heat distortion temperature - EN ISO 3146 or ISO 11357 for thermoplastics and EN ISO 75-1 and
EN ISO 75-3 for thermoset materials;
Viscosity - EN ISO 1628-3 for thermoplastics and EN ISO 2884-1 or EN ISO 2555 and
ASTM D 2196–10 for thermosets;
Composition - Test specification as specified by the manufacturer.
Alternative standards are acceptable providing that they give equivalent results.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.1.2.2 Criteria
The mechanical properties shall meet the minimum requirements for the design as specified by the
manufacturer.
5.2.2 Test No. 2 – Liner material tests
5.2.2.1 Procedure
5.2.2.1.1 Metallic liner
Tests on the metallic liner material shall be carried out, following the test procedures of the appropriate
standards as follows:
a) Seamless steel - as described in EN ISO 9809-1, EN ISO 9809-2 or EN ISO 9809-3, as
appropriate;
b) Seamless stainless steel - as described in EN 1964-3;
c) Welded stainless steel - as described in EN 14140;
d) Seamless aluminium - as described in EN ISO 7866;
e) Welded steel - as described in EN 1442 or EN 14140;
f) Welded aluminium - as described in EN 13110;
g) Brazed steel - as described in EN 12807.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.2.1.2 Non-metallic liner
Tests on the non-metallic liner material shall be carried out, following the test procedures of the appropriate
standards as follows:
a) Thermoplastic materials:
Viscosity - EN ISO 1628-3;
Melting point - EN ISO 3146 or ISO 11357;
Water content - EN ISO 15512;
Density - EN ISO 1183-1, EN ISO 1183-2 or EN ISO 1183-3;
Melting flow index - EN ISO 1133;
Chemical resistance - EN ISO 175.
b) Thermoset and elastomeric materials:
Viscosity - EN ISO 2884-1 or ASTM D 2196-10;
Elongation at break - EN ISO 527-1 and EN ISO 527-2;
Tensile strength - EN ISO 527-1 and EN ISO 527-2;
Density - EN ISO 1183-1, EN ISO 1183-2 or EN ISO 1183-3;
Chemical resistance - EN ISO 175;
Glass transition temperature - By differential scanning calorimetry.
Alternative standards are acceptable providing that they give equivalent results.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.2.2 Criteria
The mechanical properties shall meet the minimum requirements for the design as specified by the
manufacturer.
5.2.3 Test No. 3 – Liner burst test
5.2.3.1 Procedure
The hydraulic burst test shall be carried out using a test rig, which allows pressure to be increased at a
controlled rate.
The test shall be carried out at ambient test temperature and the temperature on the external surface of the
liner shall be maintained at less than 50 °C. The rate of pressurization shall not exceed 10 bar per second and
the duration of the test shall be at least 40 s.
The cylinder shall be pressurized at a controlled rate until failure. The pressure against time curve or pressure
against volume curve shall be plotted.
The maximum pressure achieved during the test shall be recorded as the burst pressure.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
5.2.3.2 Criteria
The burst pressure of the liner shall be equal to or greater than the minimum design burst pressure, as
specified on the drawing required by 4.2.3.
The liner shall remain in one piece.
5.2.3.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
— burst pressure;
— the number of pieces after the test;
— a description of failure; i.e. brittle fracture, ductile fracture, etc.; and
— the pressure/time curve or pressure/volume curve.
5.2.4 Test No. 4 – Hydraulic proof test of finished cylinders
5.2.4.1 General
Where cylinders are subjected to autofrettage, the hydraulic proof pressure test may immediately follow or be
part of the autofrettage operation.
The test fluid shall be a non-corrosive liquid.
NOTE Subject to competent authority approval, a non-corrosive gas can be used provided that appropriate safety
precautions are taken.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling
The test fluid should be processed for recycling
5.2.4.2 Procedure
The test shall be carried out at ambient test temperature.
The pressure in the cylinder shall be increased at a controlled rate until at least 30 bar is reached. The
cylinder shall remain at this pressure for at least 30 s.
The tolerance of the applied test pressure shall be between –0 % to +3 %.
5.2.4.3 Criteria
The pressure shall remain steady.
There shall be no leaks.
After the test, the cylinder shall show no visible permanent deformation.
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5.2.4.4 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
— test pressure;
— leakage.
5.2.5 Test No. 5 – Cylinder burst test
5.2.5.1 Procedure
The hydraulic burst test shall be carried out using a test rig, which allows pressure to be increased at a
controlled rate.
The test shall be carried out at ambient test temperature and the temperature on the external surface of the
cylinder shall be maintained at less than 50 °C. The rate of pressurization shall not exceed 10 bar per second
and the duration of the test shall be at least 40 s.
The cylinder shall be pressurized at a controlled rate until failure, i.e. leakage through the pressure envelope
or burst. The pressure against time curve or pressure against volume curve shall be plotted.
The maximum pressure achieved during the test shall be recorded as the burst pressure.
5.2.5.2 Criteria
The burst pressure shall be greater than or equal to the manufacturer's minimum specified design burst
pressure and not less than 67,5 bar (see 4.4.1). Where the test is being conducted after completion of Test
No. 7 (see 5.2.7), Test No. 8 (see 5.2.8), Test No. 9 (see 5.2.9) and Test No. 10 (see 5.2.10), the minimum
burst pressure shall be 60 bar.
The cylinder shall not leak below the required burst pressure.
There shall be no fragmentation of the cylinder. Damage through impact during the burst test, which results in
additional fragments, together with individual fibres and dust, shall be disregarded.
For cylinders manufactured from two parts joined together without liners, the burst shall not result in failure at
the joint at a pressure below 85 bar. Where the test is being conducted after completion of Test No. 7 (see
5.2.7), Test No. 8 (see 5.2.8), Test No. 9 (see 5.2.9) and Test No. 10 (see 5.2.10), the burst shall not result in
failure at the joint at a pressure below 75 bar.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
5.2.5.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
— burst pressure;
— number of pieces;
— description of failure, i.e. brittle fracture, ductile fracture, etc.; and
— pressure/time curve or pressure/volume curve.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.6 Test No. 6 – Pressure cycle test
5.2.6.1 Procedure
The cycle test shall be carried out using a test rig which allows pressure to be increased and decreased at a
controlled rate and automatically suspends the test when the cylinder has failed, either by leakage or rupture.
The test shall be carried out with a non-corrosive liquid subjecting the cylinder to successive reversals at an
upper cyclic pressure not less than 30 bar. The value of the lower cyclic pressure shall not exceed 3 bar. The
cylinder shall actually experience the upper and lower cyclic pressures during the test.
The cycle tests shall be carried out at ambient conditions and the temperature on the outside surface of the
cylinder shall not exceed 50 °C during the test. The frequency of reversals of pressure shall not exceed
15 cycles per minute.
The temperature of the external surface of the cylinder shall be monitored at least twice a day.
The number of cycles achieved during the test shall be recorded.
After completion of this test, the cylinder shall then be destroyed (e.g. by bursting), or made incapable of
holding pressure.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
5.2.6.2 Criteria
The cylinder shall withstand 12 000 cycles without leakage.
5.2.6.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) the temperature of the external surface of the cylinder;
b) number of cycles achieving upper cyclic pressure;
c) minimum and maximum cyclic pressures;
d) cycle frequency;
e) test medium used; and
f) mode of failure, where appropriate.
5.2.7 Test No. 7 – Artificial ageing test
5.2.7.1 Procedure
Two closed cylinders, without the external coating unless this is an integral part of the design, shall be subject
to the following tests for a total period of 60 days.
The cylinders shall be pressurized to not less than 20 bar and exposed to the environment, test reagents and
exposure requirements, as follows:
a) 10 days in neutral salt spray (fog) in accordance with EN ISO 9227;
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
b) 10 days in a humid atmosphere containing sulphur dioxide in accordance with EN ISO 3231;
c) 10 days in fluorescent ultraviolet light and water in accordance with Test Method A in accordance with the
requirements of Table 4 of EN ISO 16474-3:2013;
The cylinders shall then be depressurised and subject to a further 3 × 10 days testing as specified above.
The pressure shall be recorded at least at the beginning of the test and after 30 days, prior to de-
pressurization.
Then, following the 60 day exposure:
1) one of the two cylinders shall be subjected to Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5);
2) the other cylinder shall be subjected to Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
After completion of Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6), the cylinder shall then be destroyed (e.g. by bursting), or made
incapable of holding pressure.
NOTE It can be necessary to take precautions against over-pressurization during the test.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
5.2.7.2 Criteria
For the first cylinder, the criteria shall be as specified in Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
For the second cylinder, the criteria shall be as specified in Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
5.2.7.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) the temperature of the test exposure, at least twice a day;
b) filling pressure;
c) duration of the exposure;
d) burst pressure;
e) description of failure; and
f) any visible corrosion of metallic parts, or alteration to non-metallic parts.
5.2.8 Test No. 8 – Exposure to elevated temperature at test pressure
5.2.8.1 Procedure
The test shall be conducted at (70 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of less than 50 %.
Two cylinders shall be hydraulically pressurized to at least 30 bar, at the test temperature, and shall be
maintained at this pressure for 2 000 h, alternatively, two cylinders shall be hydraulically pressurized to 60 bar,
at the test temperature, and shall be maintained at this pressure for 500 hrs.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
After this test, the cylinders shall be subjected to Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5);
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
Measures should be taken to minimize energy consumption and heat loss.
5.2.8.2 Criteria
The burst pressure shall be greater than or equal to 60 bar.
5.2.8.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) measurement of the water capacity before and after test;
b) temperature and relative humidity at least twice a day;
c) cylinder pressure at least twice a day; and
d) burst pressure.
5.2.9 Test No. 9 – Cylinder body integrity impact tests
5.2.9.1 General
The ability of the cylinder design (thickness, materials and mechanical properties) to withstand loadings other
than internal pressure shall be demonstrated by a series of impact tests.
The tests shall be carried out at ambient conditions unless the manufacturer has opted for the alternative test
permitted by 5.2.1.1.1 d), in which case the tests shall be carried out with the cylinders at –20 °C.
Each type of test shall be carried out on cylinders without internal pressure and cylinders pressurized to
20 bar.
The specified impact energy and striking velocity shall be achieved by striking the test cylinder with a moving
striker or by dropping the cylinder from an appropriate height. In all cases, the location of the impact shall be
as specified in the test procedure and the direction of impact shall intersect with the axis of the cylinder.
The strikers (flat surface and edge) shall be of metallic material having a hardness greater than that of the
cylinder and sufficiently robust to prevent the impact energy being absorbed by deflection of the striker.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling
5.2.9.2 Flat surface impact test
5.2.9.2.1 Procedure
The striker shall be a flat surface with a length equal to the overall cylinder length and width equal to the
cylinder diameter.
The impact energy, F, shall be determined by:
F = 30M
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
where
F is the energy, in joules;
M is the maximum operating mass of the cylinder, in kg.
The striking velocity shall be between 7 m/s and 8 m/s.
Two un-pressurized cylinders shall each be impacted with the surface parallel to the cylinder. The cylinders
shall then be impacted on the shoulder of the end, with the surface at 45° to the cylinder axis (see Figure 1).
On completion of both impacts, the cylinders shall be visually examined for signs of damage and assessed
against the rejection criteria established in accordance with EN 1439.
Where both cylinders show damage equal or worse than these rejection criteria, then both cylinders shall be
subject to a burst test in accordance with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
Where one or both of the cylinders show no visible damage or damage below the rejection criteria, or where
the rejection criteria has not been established, then one cylinder shall be subject to a burst test in accordance
with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5) and the other subject to a pressure cycle test in accordance with Test No. 6 (see
5.2.6).
The tests shall be repeated with two further cylinders, which have been pressurized to 20 bar.
Key
1 cylinder
2 point of impact
3 flat surface
Figure 1 — Impact test with a flat surface
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.9.2.2 Criteria
After impacts, the pressurized cylinders shall not leak.
Cylinders subject to the burst test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
Cylinders subject to the pressure cycle test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
If both cylinders show damage equal or worse than these rejection criteria, then both cylinders shall be subject
to a burst test in accordance with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
5.2.9.3 Edge impact test
5.2.9.3.1 Procedure
The profile of the striker shall be as shown in Figure 2 and the length shall be as shown in Figure 3.
The impact energy, F, shall be determined by:
F = 12M
where
F is the energy, in joules;
M is the maximum operating mass of the cylinder, in kg.
The striking velocity shall be between 4 m/s and 5 m/s.
Two un-pressurized cylinders shall each be impacted with the edge parallel to the cylinder axis (see Figure 3).
The cylinders shall then be impacted with the edge perpendicular to the cylinder axis (see Figure 4). The
position of the two impacts shall be separated by a minimum of 45° round the cylinder circumference.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 2 — Striker profile
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 test cylinder
2 striker (see Figure 2)
Figure 3 — Impact test with cylinder axis parallel to edge, L
Key
1 cylinder
2 striker (see Figure 2)
3 indentation from first drop
4 impact points to be separated by at least 45°
Figure 4 — Impact test with cylinder axis perpendicular to edge, L
On completion of both impacts, the cylinders shall be visually examined for signs of damage and assessed
against the rejection criteria established in accordance with EN 1439.
If both cylinders show damage equal or worse than these rejection criteria, then both cylinders shall be subject
to a burst test in accordance with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
Where one or both of the cylinders show no visible damage or damage below the rejection criteria, or where
the rejection criteria has not been established, then one cylinder shall be subject to a burst test in accordance
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5) and the other subject to a pressure cycle test in accordance with Test No. 6 (see
5.2.6).
The tests shall be repeated with two further cylinders, which have been pressurized to 20 bar.
5.2.9.3.2 Criteria
After impacts, the pressurized cylinders shall not leak.
Cylinders subject to the burst test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
Cylinders subject to the pressure cycle test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
5.2.10 Test No. 10 – Drop test
5.2.10.1 Procedure
Two finished cylinders, including any foot-ring and/or valve protection and any removable protective sleeve,
shall be weighted to represent the maximum operating mass and pressurized to 20 bar.
The cylinders shall each be dropped twice onto a flat surface from 1,2 m, in each of the five different
orientations illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5 — Orientations for 1,2 m drop onto flat surface
The surface shall consist of a steel plate, 10 mm thick, sufficiently flat so that the difference between any two
points on the surface is no more than 2 mm. It shall be replaced if the surface no longer meets this
requirement. The plate shall rest on a flat, smooth concrete bed, at least 100 mm thick. The plate shall be in
full contact with the concrete so that it is fully supported.
On completion of all 10 drops, one cylinder shall be visually examined for signs of damage and assessed
against the rejection criteria established in accordance with EN 1439.
Where both cylinders show damage equal or worse than these rejection criteria, then both cylinders shall be
subject to a burst test in accordance with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
Where one or both of the cylinders show no visible damage or damage below the rejection criteria, or where
the rejection criteria has not been established, then one cylinder shall be subject to a burst test in accordance
with Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5) and the other subject to a pressure cycle test in accordance with Test No. 6 (see
5.2.6).
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.10.2 Criteria
After ten drops, the cylinders shall not leak.
The cylinder subject to the burst test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
The cylinder subject to the pressure cycle test shall meet the requirements of Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
5.2.11 Test No. 11 – Flawed cylinder test
5.2.11.1 Procedure
Two flaws, one longitudinal and the other transverse, shall be made on each of two cylinders in the central
part along two planes forming an angle of approximately 120°. The flaws shall satisfy one of the following
conditions, as appropriate:
a) For cylinders with metallic liners, the two flaws shall be made with a 1 mm thick cutter to a depth equal to
at least 50 % of the composite overwrap thickness and a length at the bottom of the flaw equal to five
times the composite overwrap thickness.
b) For cylinders with non-load sharing liners or without liners, the two flaws shall be made with a 1 mm thick
cutter to a depth equal to at least 40 % of the composite overwrap thickness and a length at the bottom of
the flaw equal to five times the composite overwrap thickness.
After introducing the flaws one of the two cylinders shall be subjected to Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5). The other
cylinder shall be subjected to Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6) except that the upper cyclic pressure shall be 20 bar and
the number of cycles shall be not less than 5 000.
After completion of Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6), the cylinder shall then be destroyed (e.g. by bursting), or made
incapable of holding pressure.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.11.2 Criteria
For the first cylinder the burst pressure shall be greater than or equal to 40 bar.
The second cylinder shall withstand at least 1 000 pressure cycles to 20 bar without leakage. The cylinder can
leak after the 1 000 cycles but shall fail the test if it bursts within 5 000 cycles.
5.2.11.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) burst pressure;
b) number of cycles;
c) flaw size;
d) description of failure; and
e) parameters as specified in Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6).
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.12 Test No. 12 – Extreme temperature cycle test
5.2.12.1 Vacuum cycling preconditioning
5.2.12.1.1 General
For cylinders with non-load sharing liners only, the cylinder shall either be subjected to a vacuum conditioning
prior to the extreme temperature cycle test pressure cycling stages as specified in 5.2.12.2 or it shall be
clearly marked in accordance with the requirements of Clause 7.
5.2.12.1.2 Procedure
The cylinder shall be subjected to a series of cycles from atmospheric pressure to a vacuum as follows:
a) The cylinder contents shall be evacuated to reduce the pressure to a pressure of 0,2 bar absolute at
ambient temperature. The vacuum shall be maintained at this level for at least one min;
b) The pressure in the cylinder shall then be returned to atmospheric pressure; and
c) The above procedure shall be repeated for 50 cycles.
5.2.12.1.3 Parameters to monitor and record during the procedure
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) minimum and maximum cyclic pressures;
b) number of cycles; and
c) results of visual inspection.
5.2.12.2 Pressure cycling stages
5.2.12.2.1 Procedure
The cylinder and the contained pressurising medium shall be conditioned for 48 h at atmospheric pressure, at
between 60 °C and 70 °C and at a relative humidity greater than or equal to 95 %.
The hydraulic pressurising medium, located in the circuit external to the cylinder under test, shall commence
the cycle testing at ambient test temperature. 5 000 cycles shall be applied from a pressure approximately
equal to atmospheric pressure to 20 bar. The cycle testing procedure shall be in accordance with Test No. 6
(see 5.2.6) but with the exception that the extreme temperature cycle test has temperature and humidity
conditions as specified in this clause. The rate of pressure cycles for this test shall not exceed 5 cycles per
minute to enable the temperature conditions to be maintained.
On completion of these cycles the pressure shall be released and the cylinder stabilized at ambient
conditions.
The temperature shall then be reduced and the cylinder and the contained pressurising medium stabilized at a
temperature between −50 °C and −60 °C.
The hydraulic pressurising medium, located in the circuit external to the cylinder under test, shall commence
the second stage of cycle testing at ambient test temperature. 5 000 cycles shall be applied from a pressure
approximately equal to atmospheric pressure to 20 bar. The environmental chamber containing the cylinder
shall be maintained at the specified conditions by regulating the temperature. The cylinder skin temperature
shall be measured and recorded.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
On completion of these cycles the pressure shall be released and the cylinder stabilized at ambient
conditions.
30 cycles shall be applied from atmospheric pressure to at least 30 bar.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The test fluid should be processed for recycling.
Measures should be taken to minimize energy consumption and heat loss.
5.2.12.2.2 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) temperatures during each part;
b) humidity during 1st part of test;
c) test medium used;
d) number of cycles, achieving upper cyclic pressure, at each stage;
e) minimum and maximum cyclic pressures;
f) cycle frequency; and
g) result of visual inspection.
5.2.12.3 Concluding burst test
5.2.12.3.1 General
The cylinder shall be subjected to Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5).
5.2.12.3.2 Criteria
The burst pressure shall be greater than or equal to 50 bar.
5.2.12.3.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) burst pressure;
b) description of failure.
5.2.13 Test No. 13 – Fire resistance test
5.2.13.1 Procedure
Two cylinders shall undergo this test:
— one in a horizontal position;
— one in a vertical position.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
For the purpose of the test the cylinders shall be fitted with:
a) the service valve; or
b) a valve fitted with a bursting disc set to operate at between 30 bar and 34,5 bar; or
c) a valve fitted with a fusible plug set to operate at a minimum temperature of 100 °C.
The cylinders shall be filled with commercial propane (e.g. UN 1965 mixture C) to the maximum fill as defined
in ADR.
A fire shall be created to ensure full fire engulfment for a minimum period of 30 min.
NOTE For guidance on suitable fire test see EN 3-7 [1], EN ISO 11439 [6] and CGA C14 [10].
One cylinder shall be placed in the horizontal position and the other upright with the valve uppermost. The fire
shall be capable of enveloping the entire cylinder and valve, but in no case shall the flames be allowed to
impinge directly on to the pressure relief device. This may be achieved by applying suitable protection to the
valve.
After completion of this test the cylinders shall then be destroyed (e.g. by bursting) or made incapable of
holding pressure.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
Measures should be taken to minimize energy consumption and heat loss.
5.2.13.2 Criteria
The cylinders shall not burst in a catastrophic way during the test. They are permitted to vent through the
pressure relief device or leak through the cylinder wall or other surfaces.
5.2.13.3 Parameters to monitor and record during the test
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) type and characteristics of pressure relief device;
b) initial pressure;
c) time; and
d) mode of pressure release, if appropriate.
5.2.14 Test No. 14 – Spike puncture test
5.2.14.1 Procedure
The cylinder shall be pressurized to 20 bar with air, nitrogen or other inert gas. It shall be impacted by a steel
spike, 10 mm diameter having a sharp point, with sufficient velocity to ensure complete puncturing of the
cylinder wall. The point of impact shall be in the cylindrical part of the cylinder.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.14.2 Criteria
The tested cylinder shall reveal no evidence of a fragmentation failure.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.14.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) description of the spike;
b) test pressure;
c) description of failure; and
d) approximate size and location of the puncture opening.
5.2.15 Permeability test of cylinders with non-metallic liners or without liners
5.2.15.1 Procedure
One cylinder shall be hydraulically cycled 1 000 times from 0 bar to 20 bar before being emptied and
thoroughly dried. It shall then be re-valved, weighed and the empty weight recorded.
The cylinder shall be pressurized with test gas to 20 bar and the valve and the junctions of the non-metallic
liner or composite with metallic bosses or rings shall be visually checked for leaks e.g. with soapy water
(bubble test). The test gas shall have a permeability of at least the LPG to be contained. Any leaks shall be
eliminated before proceeding with the test. The test cylinder shall be depressurised and weighed empty.
The cylinder shall then be filled with commercial propane (e.g. UN 1965 mixture C) to the maximum fill as
defined in ADR. The cylinder shall then be heated to 40 °C. The temperature shall be maintained constant for
the duration of the test.
The cylinder shall be weighed and the weight of the gas stored determined and recorded. The cylinder shall
then be re-weighed periodically throughout the test to determine the rate of weight loss. Once a steady rate of
loss has been achieved, the test shall continue for a further 500 h.
After the test the cylinder shall be re-weighed empty. Any difference in weight between this measurement and
the initial measurement shall be used to determine the effect due to moisture absorption and the weights
obtained during the test shall be modified accordingly.
Alternative procedures may be used, providing they can be demonstrated to achieve the same accuracy of
results.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
The commercial Propane should be recycling.
5.2.15.2 Criteria
The maximum rate of weight loss shall not exceed 1 mg/h/l water capacity.
5.2.15.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) test gas used;
b) cycle test medium;
c) number of cycles, achieving upper cyclic pressure;
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
d) cycle frequency;
e) environmental temperatures and humidity at least twice a day;
f) cylinder weights;
g) rate of weight loss; and
h) time after achieving steady rate of loss.
5.2.16 Test No. 16 – Torque test
5.2.16.1 Procedure
The cylinder threads shall show no permanent expansion or deformation when mated with a corresponding
valve or plug and tightened to 110 % of the maximum torque specified and to the procedure specified in
EN ISO 14245 or EN ISO 15995, or as recommended in the manufacturer’s specification where this European
Standard does not apply. The internal neck thread shall be checked using gauges corresponding to the
agreed neck thread to ensure that it is within tolerance.
NOTE Where the neck thread is specified to be in accordance with EN ISO 11363-1, the corresponding gauges are
specified in EN ISO 11363-2.
Where special clamping arrangements are required to prevent rotation of the cylinder/neck boss, these shall
be specified by the cylinder manufacturer.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling
5.2.16.2 Criteria
The threads shall remain within gauge tolerance.
5.2.16.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) type of valve/plug material;
b) valving procedure; and
c) applied torque.
Where the torque recommended by the manufacturer differs from that specified in EN ISO 14245 or
EN ISO 15995, this shall be recorded on the label (see Clause 7).
5.2.17 Test No. 17 – Neck strength test
5.2.17.1 Procedure
The neck of the cylinder shall show no significant deformation and shall remain within the drawing tolerance
when mated with a corresponding valve or plug and tightened to 150 % of the torque specified and to the
procedure specified in EN ISO 14245 or EN ISO 15995 or as recommended in the manufacturer’s
specification, where this standard does not apply.
Where special clamping arrangements are required to prevent rotation of the cylinder/neck boss, these shall
be specified by the cylinder manufacturer.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Where the neck contains a threaded insert, the cylinder shall be pressurized to a minimum of 6 bar for a
minimum of 20 minutes and a leak test shall be carried out.
NOTE The leak test can be a water jacket test, helium gas detection test, permeability test in accordance with Test
No. 15 (see 5.2.15) or a suitable alternative that demonstrates an equivalent level of safety.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.2.17.2 Criteria
The neck shall show no significant deformation or movement relative to the cylinder.
Leakage shall not be greater than the criteria of Test No. 15 (see 5.2.15) or the calculated equivalent in case
of using an alternative test method.
5.2.17.3 Parameters to monitor and record
The following shall be monitored and recorded:
a) type of valve/plug material;
b) valving procedure;
c) applied torque; and
d) parameters required in Test No. 15 (see 5.2.15), where applicable.
Where the torque recommended by the manufacturer differs from that specified in EN ISO 14245 or
EN ISO 15995, this shall be recorded on the label (see Clause 7).
5.2.18 Test No. 18 – Neck ring test
When a neck ring is fitted, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the axial load required to remove the neck
ring is greater than 10 × the gross mass of the full cylinder and not less than 1 000 N. The minimum torque to
turn the neck ring shall be greater than 100 Nm.
Where possible after completing of the tests all material should be processed for recycling.
5.3 Failure to meet test requirements
5.3.1 Metallic liners
Where the mechanical properties of the liner have not met the requirements of the specification, they may be
treated in accordance with the appropriate clauses of the relevant standard, as listed in 4.2.1.
5.3.2 Complete cylinder
5.3.2.1 For complete cylinders (cylinders without permanently fixed parts), the following procedure may
be used for prototype testing, design variant testing and production testing.
5.3.2.2 In the event of failure to meet test requirements, re-testing shall be carried out, as follows:
— Where there is evidence of a fault in carrying out a test, or an error of measurement a second test shall
be performed on the same cylinder where possible. If the results of this test are satisfactory, the first test
shall be ignored;
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
— Where the test has been carried out in a satisfactory manner, the cause of test failure shall be identified
or the batch(es) shall be rendered unserviceable. If the cause of failure is identified the defective
cylinders may be rectified or shall be rendered unserviceable. If reclaimed, these acceptable cylinders
along with the original satisfactory cylinders shall be considered a new batch and the prototype testing
and/or batch test shall be performed again. If any test or part of a test is unsatisfactory, all the cylinders of
the batch covered by the test shall be rendered unserviceable.
5.3.2.3 For production testing only:
— Where a cylinder within a group of batches has been subjected to a burst test and a failure occurs, one
cylinder from each of the batches within the group shall be subjected to a burst test in accordance with
Test No. 5 (see 5.2.5). If any test or part of a test is unsatisfactory, all the cylinders of the batch covered
by these unsatisfactory tests shall be rendered unserviceable;
— where a cylinder within a group of batches has been subjected to a pressure cycle test and a failure
occurs, one cylinder from each of the batches within the group shall be subjected to a pressure cycle test
in accordance with Test No. 6 (see 5.2.6). If any test or part of a test is unsatisfactory, all the cylinders of
the batch covered by these unsatisfactory tests shall be rendered unserviceable.
Where possible all material and rejected cylinders should be processed for recycling
6 Conformity assessment
Cylinders designed and manufactured according to this standard are subject to the conformity assessment
system outlined in Annex A. This will consist of the prototype and design variant testing, approval of the
design type, the production testing with the initial inspection, testing of batches and all cylinders manufactured
according to the design type.
NOTE Detailed regulations on the conformity assessment system and the approval for the manufacture of pressure
receptacles are outlined in RID/ADR.
7 Marking
7.1 Each cylinder shall be marked clearly and legibly in accordance with EN 14894.
7.2 Specific additional information shall be included as follows:
— where a cylinder with non-load sharing liner has not completed the vacuum conditioning of the extreme
temperature cycle test (Test No. 12, see 5.2.12) the following words shall be marked clearly, legibly and
indelibly:
“WARNING – THIS CYLINDER MUST NOT BE SUBJECTED TO A VACUUM OR BE FILLED WITH
BUTANE”
— any restriction on valve torque.
An encapsulated, printed label can be used provided it is clearly legible through the encapsulating material.
7.3 Where marking is on the ends of cylinders it shall be demonstrated in the pressure cycle and burst test
that failure does not initiate in the markings and the markings are legible.
NOTE The marking provisions of RID/ADR do not allow the marking on the bottom end of the cylinder.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Prototype testing, design variant testing and production testing
A.1 General
This annex describes the tests to be carried out to verify new cylinder designs (prototype testing), to extend
prototype testing to permitted variants (design variant testing) and also to ensure compliance of a production
batch of cylinders with the design specification of the prototype cylinder design (production tests).
Some of the test requirements are specified in Clause 5. The applicability and number of tests, including tests
not described in Clause 5, are specified in Table A.1, Table A.2, Table A.3, Table A.4 and Table A.5.
In order to demonstrate consistency of production quality (homogeneity) within a batch, it may be necessary
for the manufacturer to carry out additional tests on non-metallic liners and cylinders without liners. The type
of test will depend on the materials used and the manufacturing processes. Any such test should be shown to
be effective during prototype testing.
Reference should also be made to EN 1439, which requires the cylinder manufacturer to perform additional
tests to determine the rejection limits for in-service damage and to include these limits in the documentation
for the cylinder.
Consideration should be given to minimising the environmental impact of the tests specified by including the
possible recovery of test fluids, recycling of mechanical test specimens, safe disposal of chemicals and
destroyed cylinders, etc.
A.2 Prototype testing
A.2.1 General
Prototype testing shall be carried out on each new design of cylinder.
All the tests shall be carried out on cylinders of identical design (i.e. materials, liner, manufacturing process)
from the same factory, equipment and the same sub-contractor, if applicable. The tests shall be performed on
cylinders having the same nominal dimensions (i.e. same diameter, length, liner wall thickness and composite
thickness).
A set of prototype tests is valid for cylinders having the same diameter but whose length may vary from twice
the diameter of the prototype tested cylinder to 1,5 times the length of the prototype tested cylinder. However,
any increase in length of the cylinder compared with the prototype tested shall require a repeat of the Tests
No. 9 (see 5.2.9) and Test No. 10 (see 5.2.10), using cylinders of the new length.
Shorter cylinders i.e. those cylinders whose length is less than twice the diameter of the nominated prototype
tested cylinder shall not be considered part of the family and shall be tested individually as a design variant
(see A.3).
A.2.2 Definition of new design
A cylinder shall be considered to be of a new design, compared with a previously prototype tested cylinder,
when any of the following conditions apply if:
a) it is manufactured in a different factory;
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
b) it is manufactured by a significantly different process that materially affects the performance of the liner
and/or finished cylinder;
c) the liner is manufactured from a material of different composition or outside the composition limits of the
material used in the original prototype tested design and/or detailed in the relevant standard listed in
4.2.1;
d) it is manufactured with a new fibre type;
e) a fibre shall be considered to be of a new fibre type when any of the following conditions apply:
1) the fibre is of a different classification, e.g. glass, aramid, carbon;
2) the fibre is produced from a different precursor (starting material), e.g. polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch
for carbon;
3) the nominal fibre modulus, specified by the fibre manufacturer, differs by more than ± 5 % from that
defined in the prototype tested design;
4) the nominal fibre strength, specified by the fibre manufacturer, differs by more than ± 5 % from that
defined in the prototype tested design;
f) the cylinder diameter has changed by more than 50 %;
g) the autofrettage pressure has changed by more than 5 %;
h) it is manufactured using not equivalent matrix materials (if applicable) e.g. resin, curing agent,
accelerator. Where a new matrix material has been prototype tested for an existing design, then all the
manufacturer’s existing prototype tested designs are regarded as prototype tested with the new matrix
system without the need for any additional prototype testing;
i) a matrix shall be considered to be of a new matrix type when any of the following conditions apply:
1) the matrix is of a different classification, e.g. polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy;
2) the matrix is produced from a different base material, e.g. bis-phenol A, epoxy, metacrylic acid;
3) the nominal matrix elongation at break, specified by the matrix manufacturer, is lower than 5 % from
that defined in the prototype tested design;
4) the nominal glass transitional temperature, specified by the matrix manufacturer, is lower than 5 %
from that defined in the prototype tested design.
A.2.3 Prototype testing requirements
The applicant for prototype testing shall, for each new design of cylinder, submit the documentation necessary
for the checks specified below. The applicant shall make available a batch of at least 50 cylinders, from which
the number of cylinders required for the tests referred to below will be taken. For cylinders with liners the
applicant shall also submit a suitable number of liners for testing taken at random from the same batch prior to
winding.
However, if the total production is less than 50 cylinders, enough cylinders shall be made to complete the
prototype testing in addition to the production quantity, but in this case the prototype testing validity is limited
to this particular production batch.
In the course of the prototype testing process, it shall be verified that:
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
a) the necessary cylinders for testing are selected in accordance with Table A.1, Table A.2, Table A.3 and
Table A.4, as applicable;
b) the design conforms to the requirements of Clause 4;
c) the liners are in accordance with the relevant liner design standard and in compliance with the
manufacturing drawing;
d) the internal and external surfaces of the cylinders are free of any defect which may make them unsafe to
use;
e) the tests are carried out in accordance with Tables A.1, A.2, A.3 and A.4, as applicable.
Table A.1 — Composite materials
Test / inspection / check Prototype testing and Production testing
design variant testing
No. / extent of tests No. / extent of tests
Test No. 1 – All cylinders
a) – Tensile properties of fibres 2 1 test per batch of
fibres
b) – Shear properties 2 1 test per batch of
fibres
a
c) – impact properties 2 -
Test No. 1 – Cylinders without liners
Tensile Strength 1 1
Tensile modulus 1 1
Elongation 1 1
Viscosity 1 -
Heat distortion temperature 1 -
Auto-ignition temperature 1 -
Composition 1 -
a
See 5.2.1.1.1 c) for alternative tests.
A.2.4 Prototype testing certificate
Where the results of the prototype testing are satisfactory, the design type specification shall be declared as
compliant with this standard and a certificate shall be issued, a typical example of which is given in Annex B.
Where the results are not satisfactory proceed in accordance with 5.3.
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Table A.2 — Metallic liners
Test / inspection / check Prototype testing Production testing
and design variant
testing
No. / extent of tests No. / extent of
tests
Test No. 2 – Liner material tests (see 5.2.2) Quantity prescribed -
to the appropriate standard
a by appropriate
standard
Test No. 2 – Liner material tests (see 5.2.2) - 1 per liner batch
a
to the appropriate standard – mechanical
properties only
Test No. 3 – Liner burst test (see 5.2.3) 1 -
Visual inspection 100 % 10 %
Dimensional check 100 % 10 %
a
For list of appropriate standards see 5.2.2.
Table A.3 — Non-metallic liners
Test / inspection / check Prototype testing Production testing
and design variant
No. / extent of tests No. / extent of
tests
a b
Test No. 2 – Materials tests 2 1
Visual inspection 100 % 10 %
Dimensional check 100 % 10 %
a
For list of appropriate standards see 5.2.2.
b
Only melting flow index (thermoplastic), viscosity (all), melting point (thermoplastic) and glass
transition temperature (thermoset) tests shall be carried out on each batch of material.
A.3 Design variant testing
A.3.1 General
A reduced testing programme may be carried out for cylinders within the definition of a design variant
compared with that required for a prototype testing. Design variant testing shall be conducted for each design
variant of a cylinder.
A.3.2 Definition of a design variant
A.3.2.1 Conditions to be satisfied
A cylinder shall be considered to be a design variant, compared with a previously prototype tested cylinder,
when any of the following conditions apply:
a) the fibres in the design are equivalent to the fibres in a previously prototype tested cylinder (see A.3.2.2);
b) the liner in the design is equivalent to the liner in a previously prototype tested cylinder (see A.3.2.3);
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
c) the cylinder conforms to the conditions in A.3.2.5.
A.3.2.2 Equivalent fibre
For a fibre having similar nominal mechanical and physical characteristics to the prototype tested fibre, its
equivalency shall be verified as follows before it can be considered as an equivalent fibre.
The new fibre with the existing prototype tested resin system, if applicable, shall be subjected to the strand
and interlaminar shear tests detailed in Test No. 1 (see 5.2.1).
The mechanical properties shall be within ± 5 % of the nominal properties of the prototype tested fibre.
Where a new equivalent fibre has been prototype tested for an existing design, then all the manufacturer’s
existing prototype tested designs are regarded as prototype tested with the new fibre without the need for any
additional prototype testing.
A.3.2.3 Equivalent Matrix
For a matrix having similar nominal mechanical and physical characteristics to the prototype tested matrix, its
equivalency shall be verified as follows before it can be considered as an equivalent matrix.
The new matrix with the existing prototype tested resin system, if applicable, shall be subjected to Test No. 1
(see 5.2.1).
The mechanical properties shall be within ± 5 % of the nominal properties of the prototype tested matrix.
Where a new equivalent matrix has been prototype tested for an existing design, then all the manufacturer’s
existing prototype tested designs are regarded as prototype tested with the new matrix without the need for
any additional prototype testing.
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Table A.4 — Tests on finished cylinders
Test / inspection / check Prototype testing Production testing
and design variant
testing
No. / extent of tests No. / extent of tests
d
Visual inspection 100 % 100 %
d
Autofrettage check (if applicable) 100 % 100 %
c
Dimensional check 100 % 1 per batch
c
Weight check 100 % 1 per batch
c
Water capacity check 100 % 1 per batch
c
Marking compliance check 100 % 1 per batch
c
Neck thread checks 100 % 1 per batch
Test No. 4 – Hydraulic (or proof) test (see 100 % 100 %
5.2.4)
e
Test No. 5 – Cylinder burst test (see 5.2.5) 3 1 per batch
Test No. 6 – Pressure cycling test (see 5.2.6) 2 Minimum of 1 per 5
batches
Test No. 7 – Artificial ageing test (see 5.2.7) 2 -
Test No. 8 – Exposure to elevated 2 -
temperature at test pressure (see 5.2.8)
Test No. 9 – Cylinder body integrity impact 8 -
test (see 5.2.9)
Test No. 10 – Drop test (see 5.2.10) 2 -
Test No. 11 – Flawed cylinder test (see 2 -
5.2.11)
Test No. 12 – Extreme temperature cycle 1 -
a
test
(see 5.2.12)
Test No. 13 – Fire resistance test (see 5.2.13) 2 -
Test No. 14 – Spike puncture test (see 5.2.14) 1 -
b
Test No. 15 – Permeability test (see 5.2.15) 1 -
Test No. 16 – Torque test (see 5.2.16) 1 -
Test No. 17 – Neck strength test (see 5.2.17) 1 -
Test No. 18 – Neck ring test (where 1 -
applicable)
(see 5.2.18)
a
For Test No. 12 (see 5.2.12) the vacuum conditioning is optional for cylinders with non-metallic liners and
cylinders without liners.
b
The permeability test is required for cylinders with non-metallic liners and cylinders without liners.
c
If one unacceptable defect is found, 100 % of the cylinders in the batch shall be inspected.
d
May be combined with hydraulic Test No. 4 (see 5.2.4). It is possible to reduce the inspection to 10 %
provided the manufacturer can demonstrate that his process provides an equivalent level of assurance.
e
Refer to A.4.5.1
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
A.3.2.4 Equivalent liner
An equivalent liner is defined when the liner is of the prototype tested design except when any one of the
following conditions apply:
a) manufactured in a different factory;
b) manufactured using a significantly different process that materially affects the performance of the liner; or
c) given a heat treatment outside the limits specified in the prototype tested design.
The new equivalent liner shall be subjected to the material tests specified in the relevant standards, as listed
in 5.2.2, and to the liner burst test, in accordance with Test No. 3 (see 5.2.3), and shall meet the minimum
requirements of the prototype tested design.
Where a new equivalent liner has been prototype tested for an existing design, then all the manufacturer’s
existing prototype tested designs are regarded as prototype tested with the new liner without the need for any
additional prototype testing.
A.3.2.5 Cylinder variant
A cylinder shall be considered to be a design variant, compared with a previously prototype tested cylinder,
when any one of the following conditions apply:
a) the nominal length of the cylinder has changed to less than 2 x diameter or has increased by more than
50 % of the prototype design tested;
b) the nominal outside diameter has changed by more than 2 % and less than or equal to 50 %. Where the
change in nominal diameter is between 2 % and 20 %, a different test regime shall be applied compared
to that for changes between 20 % and 50 % in accordance with Table A.5;
c) there have been changes to the composite thickness or wrap pattern;
d) there have been changes to the thickness of the liner, i.e. wall or base thickness has changed;
e) the liner has material properties outside the prototype tested design limits;
f) the liner is equivalent to an existing prototype tested design, as specified in A.3.2.4;
g) the matrix is equivalent to an existing prototype tested design, as specified in A.3.2.3
h) the new fibre is equivalent to the fibre in the prototype tested design as specified in A.3.2.2;
i) the neck thread size has changed;
j) the nominal autofrettage pressure has changed by 5 % or less, of the prototype tested design
autofrettage pressure.
A.3.3 Design variant test requirements
For each design variant, the applicant for design variant testing shall submit the documentation necessary for
the checks specified below. The applicant shall also make available a batch of cylinders equal to twice the
quantity of cylinders required for design variant testing together with any additional information required. In
addition the prototype testing certificate of the original design shall be presented.
For cylinders with metallic liners, the applicant shall also submit at least one liner taken at random from the
same batch just prior to winding.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
In the course of the design variant testing process, it shall be verified that:
a) the required level of testing is determined by consideration of the changes in the design variant compared
with the previously tested prototype;
b) the necessary cylinders selected for testing are in accordance with Table A.5;
c) the design conforms to the requirements of Clause 4;
d) the design is in accordance with the manufacturing drawing;
e) the internal and external surfaces of the cylinders are free of any defect which may make them unsafe to
use;
f) the tests as specified in Table A.5 are carried out.
A.3.4 Design variant testing certificate
Where the results of the design variant testing are satisfactory the design variant specification shall be
declared as compliant with this standard and a certificate shall be issued, a typical example of which is given
in Annex B.
If the results are not satisfactory proceed as described in 5.3.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
Table A.5 — Design variant test requirements
Test Test Design variant changes
New design
No. Nominal length Nominal diameter
or thickness
Liner design
wrap pattern
thickness or
Composite
Fibre
Matrix
Equivalent
change
Neck thread
pressure
Auto-frettage
L D
Changed by Changed by
New length New length > 2 % and > 20 % and
< 2D > 1,5L ≤ 20 % ≤ 50 %
f
1 Composite material ✓ ✓ ✓
e
2 Liner material ✓ ✓
a
3 Liner burst ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
4 Hydraulic proof ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
5 Cylinder burst ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
6 Pressure cycle ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
7 Artificial aging ✓
8 Exposure to elevated ✓ ✓ ✓
temperature
9 Cylinder body integrity impact ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
10 Drop ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
11 Flawed cylinder ✓ ✓ ✓
12 Extreme temperature cycle ✓ ✓
d
13 Fire resistance ✓ ✓
14 Spike puncture ✓
b
15 Permeability ✓ ✓ ✓
16 Torque ✓ ✓
17 Neck strength ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
c
18 Neck ring ✓
a
Cylinders with load bearing liners only.
b
Cylinders with non-metallic or no liners.
c
Cylinders with neck rings fitted only.
d
For cylinders leaking in the type approval bonfire test at a pressure > test pressure it is not necessary for this test to be carried out.
e
For equivalent liner testing.
f
For equivalent fibre testing.
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A.4 Production testing
A.4.1 General
These tests are a series of tests that shall be carried out on either the whole or part of the production batch,
as identified in A.4.2, A.4.3, A.4.4 and A.4.5, to ensure the compliance of the batch with the design
specification.
A.4.2 Production test requirements
A.4.2.1 For the purpose of production testing, the cylinder manufacturer shall provide the following
information:
a) the prototype testing certificate or the design variant testing certificate;
b) the material certificates stating the analyses of the liner material and composite materials;
c) the certificates of compliance stating that the composite overwrap materials meet the supply
specifications and report of material testing in accordance with Table A.1;
d) heat treatment documentation, as appropriate;
e) certificates covering any non-destructive testing of the liner, if applicable;
f) the serial numbers of the cylinders;
g) a statement of the thread checking method used and results thereof.
A.4.2.2 During production testing, the following checks and verifications shall be carried out:
a) check that the prototype testing certificate or design variant testing certificate has been obtained and that
the cylinders conform to it;
b) check whether the information supplied by the manufacturer referred to in A.4.2.1 is correct;
c) check that the necessary liners have been selected for testing in accordance with A.4.3.1 or A.4.3.2, as
appropriate;
d) verify that composite materials meet the test requirements, specified in A.4.4;
e) check whether the requirements set out in Clause 4 have been met and the inspections required by
A.4.5.2, have been carried out;
f) check that the necessary cylinders have been selected for testing in accordance with A.4.5.1;
A.4.3 Liner batch tests and inspections
A.4.3.1 Metallic liner
The inspections and tests shall be carried out on a batch of metallic liners as specified in Table A.2.
The liner shall comply with the design drawing of the prototype and the supply specifications. The inspections
shall include both non-destructive tests, i.e. visual, dimensions, etc., and destructive tests i.e. tensile tests.
A.4.3.2 Non-metallic liner
The inspections and tests shall be carried out on a batch of non-metallic liners as specified in Table A.3.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
The liner shall comply with the design drawing and the supply specifications. The inspections shall include at
least the non-destructive inspections - visual, dimensional, weight, etc., and any appropriate destructive tests.
The measured parameters shall not be less than the minimum design requirement.
Acceptance of non-metallic liners shall also depend on satisfying the following requirements:
— the properties of the material (raw material as granulate, etc.) shall be within the tolerances set by the
material manufacturer;
— the process parameters during liner manufacturing shall be within the tolerances agreed during prototype
testing of the process;
— the material properties of the liner shall be within the tolerances required by the design requirements.
This shall be verified by testing the material from a liner.
A.4.4 Composite materials batch tests and inspections
The tests and inspections shall be carried out on a batch of composite material, fibre, matrix, resin, and
adhesive, if applicable, as specified in Table A.1.
The materials shall comply with the design drawing of the prototype and the supply specifications.
A.4.5 Tests and inspections of the finished cylinder
A.4.5.1 Tests
A.4.5.1.1 For cylinders with non-load sharing liners (non-metallic or welded metallic) or without liners, the
manufacturer shall apply tests appropriate to the manufacturing process to demonstrate that the cylinder does
not leak.
A.4.5.1.2 The tests shall be carried out on a batch of finished cylinders with liners or batch of finished
cylinders with no liners as specified in Table A.4, as follows:
a) the hydraulic proof test (Test No. 4, see 5.2.4) on all cylinders;
b) a hydraulic burst test (Test No. 5, see 5.2.5) on one cylinder per batch;
It can be instructive to compare the results of the hydraulic burst test (Test No. 5, see 5.2.5) on the prototype
test cylinders, the design variant test cylinders and production test cylinders. If the results of the hydraulic
burst test (Test No. 5, see 5.2.5) from the design variant testing and production testing are consistently less
than 85 % of the minimum of the burst tests obtained during prototype testing, the cause of the variation
should be determined. Similarly, the maximum burst pressure should not be more than 150 % of the minimum
burst pressure specified by the manufacturer.
c) a pressure cycling test (Test No. 6, see 5.2.6) on not less than one cylinder per five batches (i.e. a
maximum of 1 000 cylinders produced sequentially).
A.4.5.1.3 For large volume manufacture, the frequency of sampling may be modified as follows
a) Following the successful testing of 15 batches of cylinders (in conformance with a single prototype)
consecutively manufactured, the Burst Test (Test 5, see 5.2.5) frequency may be reduced to every
5th batch. The reduced rate of sampling for large volume manufacture (above 3 000 cylinders) shall only
be applied where the manufacturer can demonstrate that the batch production test results and
manufacturing processes are consistently reliable without any major interruption of manufacture.
NOTE In this context “consecutively” need not imply continuous production.
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EN 14427:2014 (E)
b) When selecting cylinders for testing from a group of 5 batches they should be selected from the last batch
manufactured.
c) When Burst Testing (Test 5, see 5.2.5) every 5th batch if a cylinder fails the Burst Test (Test 5, see 5.2.5)
each of the previous 4 batches shall be Burst Tested (Test 5, see 5.2.5). If a cylinder fails the Pressure
Cycle Test (Test 6, see 5.2.6) one cylinder from each of the previous 4 batches shall be Pressure Cycle
Tested (Test 6, see 5.2.6).
d) If a cylinder fails a Burst Test (Test 5, see 5.2.5) or Pressure Cycle Test (Test 6, see 5.2.6) the testing
frequency process shall start again from the next batch successfully tested and a further 14 batches shall
be successfully tested before the Burst Test (Test 5, see 5.2.5) frequency can be reduced to every
5th batch.
Key
Batch of 200 finished cylinders
N Number of cylinders manufactured
T5 Test No. 5 = Cylinder burst test (see 5.2.5)
T6 Test No. 6 = Pressure cycle test (see 5.2.6)
Figure A.1 — Cylinder burst and pressure cycle test frequency for large volume production of
cylinders in conformance with a single prototype
A.4.5.2 Inspections
The inspections shall be carried out on a batch of finished cylinders with liners or batch of finished cylinders
with no liners as specified in Table A.4, as follows:
d
a) visual inspection, in accordance with 4.4.4 - 100 % (refer to Table A.4, footnote );
b) dimensional check - 1 per batch of finished cylinders;
c) weight check - 1 per batch of finished cylinders;
d) water capacity check - 1 per batch of finished cylinders;
e) compliance of marking - 1 per batch of finished cylinders.
For b), c), d), and e) if one unacceptable cylinder is found then 100 % of the cylinders in the batch shall be
inspected.
47
EN 14427:2014 (E)
A.4.6 Batch acceptance certificate
Where the results of the checks and tests are satisfactory, a production testing certificate shall be issued.
NOTE A typical example of a production testing certificate is given in Annex B.
Where the results are not satisfactory proceed as described in 5.3.
48
EN 14427:2014 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Examples of type approval and production testing certificates
B.1 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders with metallic liners
Issued by .........................................(Relevant authority).........................................on the basis of applying
ADR ……….. (year) and EN 14427, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable composite
cylinders for LPG — Design and construction
Approval No.° ................................................................................ Date .........………..............................
Approval Expires on ……………………………………………………….(the date of expiry of the type approval)
Cylinder description..……..(Family of cylinders which has received type approval) …..............................
Manufacturer’s drawing No: .. ..............................................................................................…….….......
Design life………..………. Special torque ……………….Pressure Relief Device…...………...……....….
Liner heat treatment details.................................................................................................... .........
Finished cylinder Liner Composite material
Capacity litres Material Fibre(s)
Test Pressure bar Min. thickness mm Fibre(s) tensile MPa
strength
Diameter mm Min. yield stress MPa Fibre(s) Modulus GPa
Length mm Min. tensile MPa Matrix components
strength
Thread Elongation % Shear strength MPa
Autofrettage bar Min. burst bar Thickness mm
pressure pressure
Compatible gases: ...........................................................................................................
Manufacturer or agent...............(Name and address of manufacturer or its agent)...........……...... …...
..............................................................................................................................…….................
..............................................................................................................................…….................
..............................................................................................................................…….................
Type approval mark ..............................................................................................……..................
Details of the results of the examination of the design for type approval are detailed in
Report .....................................................
All information may be obtained from..........(Name and address of the approving body) .....................
..............................................................................................................................…….................
..............................................................................................................................…….................
Date Place ..........................................................…….
Signature ...................................................….…
49
EN 14427:2014 (E)
B.2 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders with non-metallic liners
Issued by .........................................(Relevant authority).........................................on the basis of applying
ADR …….. (year) and EN 14427, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable composite
cylinders for LPG — Design and construction
Approval No .................................................................................Date ...................................……......
Approval Expires on ……………………………………………………….(the date of expiry of the type approval)
Cylinder description …….....(Family of cylinders which has received type approval)………….…....
Manufacturer’s drawing No: ...................................................................………..............................
Design life…………. Special torque …………….Pressure Relief Device……………………….….….….
Finished cylinder Liner Composite material
Capacity litres Material Fibre(s)
Test pressure bar Density Fibre(s) tensile MPa
strength
Diameter mm Melting point °C Fibre(s) modulus GPa
Length mm Glass transition °C Matrix components
temperature
Thread Auto-ignition °C Shear strength MPa
temperature
Min. thickness mm Thickness mm
Metal End Boss
Material Min. yield stress Min. tensile strength Elongation
MPa MPa %
Compatible gases: .............................................................................................................……......
Manufacturer or agent..................(Name and address of manufacturer or its agent)...............……….…
.............................................................................................................……........................…........
.............................................................................................................……........................…........
.............................................................................................................……........................…........
Type approval mark ..............................................................................……........................…........
Details of the results of the examination of the design for type approval are detailed in
Report …………………..
All information may be obtained from........... (Name and address of the approving body)......….....
.............................................................................................................……........................….......
.............................................................................................................……........................….......
.............................................................................................................……........................….......
Date .................................................................... Place ...........................................................
Signature .....................................................
50
EN 14427:2014 (E)
B.3 Type approval certificate - composite cylinders without liners
Issued by .........................................(Relevant authority).........................................on the basis of applying
ADR ……….(date) and EN 14427, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable composite
cylinders for LPG — Design and construction
Approval N° ................................................................................. Date……………………………………………
Approval Expires on ……………………………………………………….(the date of expiry of the type approval)
Cylinder Description .………...(Family of cylinders which has received type approval)………..…….…..
Manufacturer’s drawing No: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Design life……..…. Special torque…………..……. Pressure Relief Device………………….…….…….
Finished cylinder Adhesive Composite materials
Capacity Litres Material components Fibre(s)
Test Pressure Bar Viscosity Fibre(s) tensile MPa
Strength
Diameter mm Shear strength MPa Fibre(s) modulus GPa
Length mm Glass transition °C Matrix components
temperature
Thread Auto-ignition °C Shear strength MPa
temperature
Tensile strength MPa
Tensile modulus MPa
Elongation %
Min. thickness mm
Metal End Boss
Material Min. yield stress Min. tensile strength Elongation
MPa MPa %
Compatible gases…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Manufacturer or agent..................(Name and address of manufacturer or its agent) ……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Type approval mark………………………………………………………………………………………………
Details of the results of the examination of the design for type approval are detailed in
Report …………………..
All information may be obtained from...........(Name and address of the approving body) ………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Date ..........................................…..................... Place ………………………………………………
Signature …………………………………………
51
EN 14427:2014 (E)
B.4 Design variant approval certificate - composite cylinders with metallic liners
Issued by .........................................(Relevant authority).........................................on the basis of applying
ADR ……..(date) and EN 14427, LPG equipment and accessories - Transportable refillable composite
cylinders for LPG — Design and construction
Approval No° …………………………………………………………. Date ……………………………………….
Approval Expires on ……………………………………………………….(the date of expiry of the type approval)
Cylinder description .....(Cylinder which has received design variant approval) ……………………………
Manufacturer’s drawing No: ………………………………………………………………………………………
o
Original type approval N ………………………………………Date ………………………………………
Cylinder description ……………...(Cylinder which had received design approval) ……………………
Design life……..….…..……… Special torque…….…. Pressure Relief Device….…..….
Liner heat treatment details ………………………………………………………………………………………
Finished Cylinder Liner Composite material
Capacity litres Material Fibre(s)
Test pressure bar Min. thickness mm Fibre(s) tensile MPa
Strength
Diameter mm Min. yield stress MPa Fibre(s) modulus GPa
Length mm Min. tensile MPa Matrix components
strength
Thread Elongation % Shear strength MPa
Autofrettage bar Min. burst pressure bar Thickness mm
pressure
Compatible gases: …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Manufacturer or agent..................(Name and address of manufacturer or its agent) ……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Design variant approval mark ……………………………………………………………………………………
Details of the results of the examination of the design for design variant approval are detailed in
Report ………………………………………………
All information may be obtained from............(Name and address of the approving body) ………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………… Place …………………………………………………………
Signature …………………………………………………
52
EN 14427:2014 (E)
B.5 Production test certificate
Inspection body ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Inspection body’s mark ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Certificate No. ……………Cylinders manufactured by………………………………… Date ………………
Country………………………………………… Mark ……………………………………………………………
Specification: EN 14427 ……………. Type approval or design variant No ………………………………
Description of cylinders …………………………………………………………………………………………
Water capacity……………………………Test Pressure…………………Design Life …………………
Additional design requirements …………………………………………………………………………………
Quantity ….… Manufacturer’s part no. ………….…Serial numbers ……………….to ………………….
Date of hydraulic pressure test …………………………………………………………………………………
Customer ……………………………………Name and address………………………………………………
Manufacturing batch no. …………………………………………………………………………………………
Each cylinder was manufactured in accordance with the requirements of EN 14427 and the design defined in
type approval or design variant approval……………………………………………………………………
All the materials used in the manufacture of the cylinders were identified by individual batch numbers and their
properties were verified for compliance with the specification and approved design requirements.
The following materials were used in the manufacture of these cylinders (test reports and material certificates
may be attached):
Liner – Material designation
Supplier Batch Cylinder serial Yield Stress Tensile Strength Elongation %
No: numbers MPa MPa
Fibres
Supplier Fibre Batch No: Tensile Strength Shear Strength
Type MPa MPa
Resin system components
Resin and designation Curing Agent and Designation Accelerator and designation
Supplier Batch No: Supplier Batch No: Supplier Batch No:
Finished cylinder Batch No:
Serial No: Test pressure No: of cycles Cycle frequency
Serial No: Min. Burst pressure Actual burst pressure Mode of failure
53
EN 14427:2014 (E)
Pressure test results
Manufacturer’s part no: Design test pressure Autofrettage pressure
Weight Autofrettage expansions Pressure test expansions
3
kg cm
Batch Serial Liner Comp Total Volume Total Perm Total - Perm - Elastic P/T
No: No: litres T P %
I, the undersigned hereby declare that I have checked that the requirements of Table A.1, Table A.2,
Table A.3 and Table A.4 of EN 14427 have been met.
Special remarks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
General remarks …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Certified on (date) ……………………………………… Place…………………………………………………
Signature of the inspector ………………………
On behalf of…………………………………………… (Inspection body) …………………………………
54
EN 14427:2014 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Environmental checklist
All
Stages of the life cycle
stages
Acquisition Production Use End-of-Life
Raw materials and
Pre-manufactured
Maintenance and
Use of additional
Reuse / Material
Environmental
without energy
Transportation
materials and
Aspect
components
Incineration
and Energy
Production
Deposition
Packaging
Recovery
products
recovery
energy
repair
Use
Inputs
Materials 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
Water 5.1 5.2.4
A.1
Energy 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
5.2.8
5.2.12
5.2.13
Land
Outputs
Emissions to air 4.1 5.2.4
5.2.7
5.2.15
Discharges to 5.1 5.2.3.1
water A.1 5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.12
Discharges to
soil
Waste 4.1 5.1 5.2.1.1
5.1 5.2.1.2
A.1 5.2.2.1.1
5.2.2.1.2
5.2.3.1
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
55
EN 14427:2014 (E)
5.2.9
5.2.10
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
5.2.17
5.2.18
5.3.2
Noise, vibration, 5.2.8
radiation, heat 5.2.12
losses 5.2.13
Other relevant aspects
Risk to the Intro 4.1.3
environment
from accidents
or unintended
use
Customer 4.1 4.1
information
Comments:
56
EN 14427:2014 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 3-7, Portable fire extinguishers - Part 7: Characteristics, performance requirements and test
methods
[2] EN 13953, LPG equipment and accessories - Pressure relief valves for transportable refillable
cylinders for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
[3] EN ISO 7866, Gas cylinders - Refillable seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders – Design,
construction and testing (ISO 7866)
[4] EN ISO 11363-1, Gas cylinders - 17E and 25E taper threads for connection of valves to gas cylinders -
Part 1: Specifications (ISO 11363-1)
[5] EN ISO 11363-2, Gas cylinders - 17E and 25E taper threads for connection of valves to gas cylinders -
Part 2: Inspection gauges (ISO 11363-2)
[6] EN ISO 11439, Gas cylinders - High pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a
fuel for automotive vehicles (ISO 11439)
[7] EN ISO 14021, Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II
environmental labelling) (ISO 14021)
[8] EN ISO 14024, Environmental labels and declarations - Type I environmental labelling - Principles and
procedures (ISO 14024)
[9] EN ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations -
Principles and procedures (ISO 14025)
[10] CGA C14, Procedures for testing of DOT cylinder pressure relief device systems
[11] European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous goods by Road (ADR),
Geneva, 30 September 1957, as amended
[12] Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID), appearing as
Appendix C to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF), Vilnius, 3 June
1999, as amended
[13] Directive 2010/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 June 2010 on transportable
pressure equipment
[14] Measurement uncertainty leaflet (SP INFO 2000 27 uncertainty), Magnus Holmgren et al published by
Swedish National Testing and Research Institute
57
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